Four in One : Rhetoric, Reader, Research Guide, and Handbook

by Dornan, Edward A.; Dees, Robert

• ISBN13: 9780321261618
• ISBN10: 0321261615
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Longman

Summary

"This all-in-one rhetoric, reader, research paper guide, and brief handbook provides a flexible, comprehensive resource that fully integrates critical thinking into sections on the writing process and patterns of organization." This text provides a flexible, comprehensive resource that integrates critical thinking into sections on the writing process and patterns of organization. Writing guide, handbook, research guide. General Interest

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART I Effective Thinking	1	(30)
CHAPTER 1 Critical and Creative Thinking	3	(4)
Creative Thinking Generates Information	3	(1)
Critical Thinking Evaluates Information	4	(1)
Creative and Critical Thinking Work Together	4	(3)
Activities	5	(2)
CHAPTER 2 Critical Thinking Basics	7	(14)
Profile of a Critical Thinker	8	(1)
Critical Thinkers Interrogate Cultural Values	8	(1)
Critical Thinkers Engage in Self-Analysis	8	(1)
Critical Thinkers Keep an Open Mind	8	(1)
Critical Thinkers Build Consensus	9	(1)
Becoming a Critical Thinker	9	(3)
Distinguish Between Facts and Opinions	9	(1)
Identify Assumptions Buried in Information	10	(1)
Analyze Inferences for Reliability	11	(1)
Verify the Reliability of Interpretations	11	(1)
Evaluate Information with Care	12	(1)
Identify Logical Fallacies	12	(9)
Activities	15	(9)
Gary Soto, "Like Mexicans"	17	(4)
CHAPTER 3 Critical Thinking and Reasoning	21	(10)
Examine the Language of an Argument	22	(1)
Examine Patterns of Reasoning	22	(1)
Inductive Reasoning	23	(1)
Tracing the Inductive Process	23	(1)
Evaluating Inductive Reasoning	24	(1)
Deductive Reasoning	24	(9)
Tracing the Deductive Process	24	(4)
Evaluating the Deductive Process	28	(1)
Activities	28	(3)
PART II Writing College Essays	31	(120)
CHAPTER 4 Preparing to Write an Essay	33	(13)
Writing and Thinking	33	(2)
Writing Sharpens Critical Thinking	33	(1)
Writing Provides a Record of Thinking	34	(1)
Levels of Thinking	34	(1)
Assess the Writing Situation	35	(5)
Determine an Assignment's Length and Time Limit	35	(1)
Clarify the Purpose of the Assignment	35	(3)
Use Common Information Sources	38	(1)
Picture a Reader	38	(2)
Employ Common Essay Conventions	40	(6)
Have a Dominant Purpose	40	(1)
Use a Consistent Essay Strategy	41	(1)
Use Consistent Paragraph Strategies	42	(1)
Activities	42	(4)
CHAPTER 5 The Composing Process: Prewriting and Informal Planning	46	(21)
A Student's Composing Process	47	(5)
Assessment of the Writing Situation	50	(2)
Use Prewriting Techniques to Explore an Assignment	52	(4)
Listing	52	(1)
Freewriting	53	(1)
Clustering	53	(2)
Asking Questions	55	(1)
Consulting	55	(1)
Identify and Limit a Subject	56	(1)
Compose a Purpose Statement	57	(1)
A Student's Prewriting Activities	58	(9)
Prewriting Activities at Work	58	(4)
Formulating a Purpose Statement	62	(1)
Developing an Informal Plan	62	(2)
Activities	64	(3)
CHAPTER 6 Writing a Thesis Statement a Formal Plan Write an Effective Thesis Statement	67	(11)
Make a Promise	68	(4)
Use Precise Language	69	(1)
Imply a Method of Development	70	(1)
Forecast a Development Pattern	71	(1)
Develop a Formal Plan	72	(6)
Plan with a Reader in Mind	72	(1)
Formal Outlines	72	(2)
A Student's Outlining Process	74	(1)
Activities	75	(3)
CHAPTER 7 Writing Paragraphs for the Rough Draft	78	(24)
Write the Introduction	79	(3)
A Student Roughs Out an Introduction	81	(1)
Write the Discussion	82	(13)
Organize Discussion Paragraphs	82	(10)
A Student Roughs Out Discussion Paragraphs	92	(3)
Write the Conclusion	95	(2)
A Student Roughs Out a Conclusion	96	(1)
Create the Title	97	(2)
A Student Creates a Title	98	(1)
Combine the Sections of the Rough Draft	98	(1)
A Student Completes a Rough Draft	99	(3)
Activities	101	(1)
CHAPTER 8 Responses to a Rough Draft: Instructor and Peer Comments	102	(5)
Instructor Comments	102	(1)
Peer Comments	103	(4)
Peer-Review Responsibilities	103	(3)
Activities	106	(1)
CHAPTER 9 Revising a Rough Draft Structure, Paragraphs, and Sentences	107	(32)
Approach Revision Systematically	108	(9)
Revise the Whole Essay	108	(1)
Revise from the Reader's Perspective	108	(1)
Revise to Add or Delete Content	109	(1)
Revise the Organization for Unity	110	(2)
Revise for Point of View	112	(2)
Revise the Paragraphs	114	(1)
Revise the Sentences	115	(2)
Guidelines for Revision	117	(1)
1. Cut Unnecessary Words	117	(2)
2. Cut Intensifiers	119	(2)
3. Select Specific and Concrete Words	121	(3)
4. Replace Weak Verbs with Strong Verbs	124	(2)
5. Make Passive Sentences Active	126	(1)
6. Eliminate Sexist Language	127	(1)
7. Consider the Denotations and Connotations of Words	128	(1)
8. Use Figurative Language with Care	128	(2)
9. Revise Sentences for Proper Coordination	130	(2)
10. Revise Sentences for Proper Subordination	132	(1)
11. Place Modifiers with Care	133	(1)
12. Correct Faulty Pronoun References	134	(1)
13. Eliminate Inconsistencies	135	(2)
14. Complete Incomplete Sentences	137	(1)
15. Maintain Parallelism	137	(1)
Activities	138	(1)
CHAPTER 10 Preparing to Submit an Essay	139	(12)
Proofread Your Revised Draft	139	(6)
Proofread for Consistent Diction	139	(1)
Proofread for Sentence Flow and Variety	140	(1)
A Student Proofreads Her Revised Draft	141	(4)
Prepare the Final Draft Using Standard Manuscript Form	145	(8)
Materials	145	(1)
Margins	145	(1)
Indentation	146	(1)
Pagination	146	(1)
Identification	146	(1)
Title	146	(1)
A Student's Final Draft	146	(4)
Activities	150	(1)
PART III Development Patterns	151	(148)
CHAPTER 11 Description: Rendering Experience	153	(17)
Thinking by Description	153	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Description	154	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Description	157	(8)
Provide Descriptive Detail	158	(2)
Distinguish Objective from Subjective Description	160	(2)
Create a Dominant Impression	162	(1)
Consider Arrangement of Details	163	(1)
Use Transitions	164	(1)
Revising Descriptive Paragraphs	165	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Descriptive Essays	166	(1)
Suggestions for Descriptive Essays	166	(4)
CHAPTER 12 Narration: Connecting Events	170	(18)
Thinking by Narration	170	(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Narration	172	(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Narration	176	(8)
Create a Narrative Effect	176	(2)
Follow a Narrative Structure	178	(1)
Use Scene and Summary	179	(2)
Establish Point of View	181	(1)
Follow Chronological or Psychological Time	182	(2)
Use Transitions	184	(1)
Revising Narrative Paragraphs	184	(4)
Guidelines for Writing Narrative Essays	185	(1)
Suggestions for Narrative Essays	185	(3)
CHAPTER 13 Examples: Illustrating Experience	188	(16)
Thinking by Examples	188	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Examples	189	(4)
Writing an Essay Developed by Examples	193	(6)
Use a Variety of Examples	193	(1)
Select Examples with Care	194	(1)
Use Examples with Purpose	194	(5)
Use Transitions	199	(1)
Revising Examples Paragraphs	199	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Examples Essays	201	(1)
Suggestions for Examples Essays	201	(3)
CHAPTER 14 Comparison: Showing Similarities and Differences	204	(13)
Thinking by Comparison	204	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Comparison	204	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Comparison	207	(6)
Select Appropriate Subjects for Comparison	208	(1)
Establish the Comparison Early	209	(1)
Decide on the Appropriate Arrangement	210	(2)
Use Transitions	212	(1)
Revising Comparison Paragraphs	213	(4)
Guidelines for Writing Comparison Essays	214	(1)
Suggestions for Comparison Essays	214	(3)
CHAPTER 15 Cause and Effect: Exploring Reasons and Results	217	(19)
Thinking by Cause and Effect	217	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Cause and Effect	218	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Cause and Effect	221	(9)
Avoid Reasoning Errors	223	(1)
Distinguish Causes and Effects	224	(5)
Use Transitions	229	(1)
Revising Cause and Effect Paragraphs	230	(6)
Guidelines for Writing Cause and Effect Essays	231	(1)
Suggestions for Cause and Effect Essays	231	(5)
CHAPTER 16 Process Analysis: Explaining Step by Step	236	(13)
Thinking by Process Analysis	236	(1)
A Student Essay Developed by Process Analysis	237	(2)
Writing an Essay Developed by Process Analysis	239	(5)
Determine the Appropriate Type of Analysis	240	(3)
Consider the Reader's Level of Knowledge	243	(1)
Use Transitions	243	(1)
Revising Process Analysis Paragraphs	244	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Process Analysis Essays	245	(1)
Suggestions for Process Analysis Essays	245	(4)
CHAPTER 17 Classification and Division: Analyzing and Arranging Experience	249	(13)
Thinking by Classification and Division	249	(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Classification and Division	251	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Classification and Division	254	(3)
Create Categories	254	(1)
Arrange and Label Categories	255	(2)
Use Transitions	257	(1)
Revising Classification and Division Paragraphs	257	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Classification and Division Essays	259	(1)
Suggestions for Classification and Division Essays	259	(3)
CHAPTER 18 Definition: Creating Impressions	262	(16)
Thinking by Definition	262	(2)
A Student Essay Developed by Definition	264	(3)
Writing an Essay Developed by Definition	267	(6)
Determine the Appropriate Type of Definition	267	(4)
Use Extended Definition with Other Development Patterns	271	(2)
Use Transitions	273	(1)
Revising Definition Paragraphs	273	(5)
Guidelines for Writing Definition Essays	274	(1)
Suggestions for Extended Definition Essays	275	(3)
CHAPTER 19 Argumentation: Convincing Others	278	(21)
Thinking by Argument	278	(1)
Writing an Essay Developed by Argument	278	(12)
A Student Essay Developed by Argument	279	(5)
Establish an Assertion and Provide Evidence	284	(1)
Arrange the Argument Logically	285	(1)
Recognize the Reader	286	(1)
Examine the Argument	286	(2)
Structure Argument Paragraphs	288	(2)
Revising Argument Paragraphs	290	(9)
Guidelines for Writing Argument Essays	292	(1)
Suggestions for Argument Essays	293	(6)
PART IV The Research Essay
CHAPTER 20 Finding and Researching a Topic	299	(27)
What Is a Research Essay?	299	(3)
Length	300	(1)
Organization	300	(1)
Including Your Own Ideas	301	(1)
Getting Started: Find and Narrow a Suitable Topic	302	(9)
Frame a Research Question	302	(1)
Start with a Topic That Interests You	303	(1)
Select a Topic That Allows for Discussion	304	(1)
Use Library Resources to Find and Narrow a Topic	304	(3)
Research Other Libraries Online	307	(1)
Look for a Topic Online	307	(4)
Gather Information on the Research Topic	311	(3)
Consult Bibliographies	311	(1)
Use Book, Magazine, and Journal Indexes	312	(1)
Use Newspaper Indexes	313	(1)
Prepare a Working Bibliography	314	(2)
Take Notes on Your Research	316	(10)
Take Notes Strategically	316	(1)
Take Notes with a Purpose in Mind	316	(2)
Use Effective Notetaking Methods	318	(4)
Avoid Plagiarism	322	(1)
Work with a Preliminary Thesis	322	(2)
Research Exercises	324	(2)
CHAPTER 21 Researching on the World Wide Web	326	(20)
Web Addresses	326	(1)
Researching with URLs	327	(1)
Search Engines: Workhorses of the Web	327	(5)
Using a Search Engine	327	(1)
Directories	328	(1)
True Search Engines	329	(1)
Performing Keyword Searches	329	(1)
Refining a Search Engine Query	330	(1)
Using a Metasearch Engine	331	(1)
Finding a Search Engine to Use	331	(1)
A Sample Search: Locating Internet Sources to Narrow a Topic	332	(4)
E-Mail: Electronic Letters	336	(2)
Accessing E-Mail	336	(1)
Researching with E-mail	337	(1)
Listservs and Mailing Lists: Group E-Mail	338	(1)
Joining a Mailing List	338	(1)
Reasearching with Mailing Lists	338	(1)
Usenet/Newsgroups: Posting Information	339	(1)
Understanding Usenet Postings	339	(1)
Accessing Usenet	339	(1)
Researching with Usenet	340	(1)
Evaluating Internet Resources: Whom Can You Trust?	340	(6)
The Range of Web Content	342	(1)
A Reliability Checklist for Web Sources	342	(2)
Research Activities	344	(2)
CHAPTER 22 Writing the Research Essay	346	(29)
Planning Your Essay	346	(3)
Use Your Research Notes	346	(1)
Review Your Research Question	347	(1)
Review Your Preliminary Thesis Statement	347	(1)
Devise a Final (Working) Thesis Statement	348	(1)
Develop an Outline	348	(1)
Use Other Planning Strategies, as Needed	349	(1)
Writing Your Essay	349	(3)
Write an Effective Introduction	349	(1)
Develop a Discussion of the Topic	350	(1)
Write a Concluding Paragraph	351	(1)
Revise, Edit, and Proofread	352	(3)
Revise to Improve Global Qualities	353	(1)
Edit for Clarity and Correctness	353	(1)
Proofread to Make Minor Corrections	353	(2)
Guidelines for Typing Your Research Essay	355	(2)
A Student's Research Essay	357	(18)
Research Exercises	374	(1)
CHAPTER 23 Documenting Sources in a Research Essay	375	(46)
MLA-Style Documentation	376	(26)
Parenthetical Citation	376	(6)
Content Notes	382	(1)
Preparing the Works Cited Page	383	(19)
Sample Works Cited Page	402	(1)
APA-Style Documentation	402	(21)
Abstracts and Headings	403	(1)
Parenthetical Citation	403	(6)
Preparing the References Page	409	(10)
Sample References Page	419	(1)
Research Exercises	420	(1)
PART V Writing for Other Purposes	421	(46)
CHAPTER 24 Writing about Literature	423	(14)
Read to Respond to the Work	423	(1)
Take Notes As You Read	423	(1)
List Your Ideas As You Read	424	(1)
Formulate a Thesis Statement about the Work	424	(1)
Write an Effective Introduction to Your Essay	425	(1)
Develop Your Discussion of the Literary Work	426	(1)
Write an Effective Conclusion to Your Essay	427	(1)
Identify Your Sources	427	(2)
Use Parenthetical Citation	428	(1)
Follow Other Standard Practices for Writing about Literature	429	(2)
Mention Authors' Names	429	(1)
Write in the Present Tense	430	(1)
Avoid Using Excessive Summary	430	(1)
Create an Accurate Title	430	(1)
A Sample Essay on a Literary Work	431	(4)
Glossary of Literary Terms and Concepts	435	(2)
Activities	436	(1)
CHAPTER 25 Writing about Images	437	(8)
Interpreting Images	438	(1)
Structuring an Essay about Images	439	(3)
Writing an Introduction	439	(1)
Writing Discussion Paragraphs	440	(1)
Writing a Conclusion	441	(1)
A Sample Essay about Images	442	(3)
Activities	444	(1)
CHAPTER 26 Writing for an Essay Exam	445	(9)
Preparing for an Essay Exam	445	(3)
Review Major Course Concepts	445	(1)
Use Direction Words to Write Practice Questions	446	(1)
Prepare a List or Outline	447	(1)
Write a Practice Response	447	(1)
Make a Spelling List	448	(1)
Prepare Yourself for the Exam	449
Writing the Essay Exam	448	(3)
Read and Understand the Question	448	(1)
Plan Your Time	449	(1)
Plan Your Answer	449	(1)
Write Your Response	449	(2)
Revise and Proofread	451	(1)
A Sample Essay Exam Response	451	(3)
Activities	453	(1)
CHAPTER 27 Writing for Business: Letters, Resumes, Memos, FAXes, and E-Mail	454	(13)
Writing a Business Letter	454	(5)
Formats of Business Letters	454	(2)
Elements of Business Letters	456	(3)
Writing a Resume and Cover Letter	459	(2)
Creating a Resume	459	(2)
Writing a Cover Letter	461	(1)
Writing a Memo	461	(2)
Memo Form	463	(1)
Writing a FAX and an E-Mail	463	(6)
Sending a FAX	463	(2)
Sending an E-Mail	465	(1)
Activities	466	(1)
PART VI Readings for Writers	467	(148)
CHAPTER 28 Critical Reading	469	(9)
Critical Reading Phases	469	(9)
Phase 1: Preview the Essay	470	(1)
Phase 2: Read the Essay	471	(1)
Phase 3: Reread the Essay	471	(2)
Phase 4: Evaluate the Essay	473	(1)
Phase 5: Write a Response to the Essay	474	(1)
Barbara Ehrenreich,
In Defense of Talk Shows	475	(3)
Contemporary Essays for Study	478	(108)
David Brooks,
Love, Internet Style	479	(3)
K.C. Cole,
Entropy	482	(3)
Rene Denfield,
The Lady of the Ring	485	(3)
Teresa L. Ebert and Masud Zavarzadeh,
Our American Diet Divides	488	(2)
Gretel Ehrlich,
About Men	490	(4)
Neal Gabler,
How Urban Myths Reveal Societys Fears	494	(3)
George Gilder,
Why Men Marry	497	(4)
Ellen Goodman,
Becoming Desensitized to Hate Words	501	(3)
Gina Greenlee,
No Tears for Frankie	504	(2)
Rose Del Castillo Guilbault,
Americanization Is Tough on "Macho"	506	(3)
Peter Hamill,
Crack and the Box	509	(5)
John Kifner,
Good as a Gun: When Cameras Define a War	514	(4)
Stephen King,
Why We Crave Horror Movies	518	(3)
Jeff Z. Klein,
Watching My Back	521	(3)
Marcus Laffey,
Cop Diary	524	(6)
Michael Levin,
The Case for Torture	530	(4)
William Lutz,
Doublespeak	534	(5)
Mary McNamara,
A Gentle Man and His Love of Guns	539	(3)
William Ian Miller,
Gifts and Honor: An Exchange	542	(6)
Charles Murray,
Well, It Seemed Like a Good Idea	548	(3)
Francine Prose,
Gossip	551	(4)
Torn Regan,
Animal Rights, Human Wrongs	555	(5)
Stephen Rose,
Proud to Be a Speciesist	560	(4)
George Simpson,
The War Room at Bellevue	564	(6)
Brent Staples,
Black Men and Public Space	570	(3)
Amy Tan,
Mother Tongue	573	(6)
Garry Trudeau,
Anatomy of a Joke	579	(4)
Marie Winn,
TV Addiction	583	(3)
Enduring Essays for Study	586	(29)
George Orwell,
A Hanging	586	(5)
Jonathan Swift,
A Modest Proposal	591	(7)
Lewis Thomas,
On Natural Death	598	(3)
Mark Twain,
The Damned Human Race	601	(8)
E.B. White,
Once More to the Lake	609	(6)
PART VII Writer's Handbook	615	(70)
Sentence Errors	617	(36)
Sentence Fragments	617	(3)
Run-On Sentences	620	(2)
Subject/Verb Agreement	622	(5)
Verb Tense	627	(1)
Pronoun Case	628	(5)
Pronoun/Antecedent Agreement	633	(2)
Pronoun Reference	635	(2)
Gender-Neutral Language	637	(2)
Reminders for ESL Writers	639	(14)
Punctuation	653	(23)
Commas	653	(8)
Semicolons	661	(1)
Colons	662	(2)
Dashes	664	(1)
Apostrophes	665	(2)
Quotation Marks	667	(4)
Ellipses	671	(1)
Parentheses	672	(1)
Brackets	673	(1)
Slashes	673	(1)
End Punctuation Marks	674	(2)
Mechanics	676	(9)
Capitalization	676	(2)
Underlining	678	(2)
Numbers	680	(1)
Abbreviations	680	(2)
Hyphens	682	(3)
Author Biographies	685	(4)
Rhetorical Index	689	(4)
Thematic Index	693	(2)
General Index	695	(16)
Text Credits	711	(2)
Photo Credits	713