This text emphasizes an action-research approach that is more eclectic and practical than ideological - compelling readers to think critically about the theoretical underpinnings of current educational practice and motivating them to solve problems using sensible, realistic alterative approaches. In a time of high educational expectations and professional accountability, todayrs"s educational leaders must possess a broad variety of skills that enable them to function comfortably and effectively in changing environments and under highly politicized conditions. The mission ofFundamental Concepts of Educational Leadershipis to foster understanding of this reality among those preparing for administrative and managerial careers in pre-colligate educational institutions and to help them develop the skills necessary for working effectively within those environments.

Preface	p. xv
The Context of Educational Leadership	p. 1
The Imperative for Education Reform	p. 3
Adapting to a Global Society	p. 3
Causes for Concern	p. 5
The Education Reform Movement	p. 24
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 29
References	p. 29
The Power of Systems Thinking for Educational Change	p. 31
Conceptualizing Systems	p. 32
Organizational Implications of Systems Thinking	p. 39
Looking toward the Future	p. 43
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 50
Case Study	p. 50
References	p. 52
Schools as Organizational Systems	p. 54
Ways of Thinking about Organizations	p. 54
Systems Thinking and Learning Organizations	p. 57
Internal Processes of Organizations	p. 60
Other Characteristics of Organizations	p. 63
Images of Organizations	p. 66
Reflections on Organizational Theory and Practice	p. 71
A Fruitful Field for Further Study	p. 72
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 73
Case Study	p. 74
References	p. 74
Schools as Learning Organizations	p. 77
Leadership for Learning Organizations	p. 79
Leadership or Management	p. 79
Conceptualizing Leadership	p. 79
Leadership within a Cultural Context	p. 93
Women in Authority	p. 95
Leadership for Sustainable Change	p. 97
A New Paradigm for Leadership	p. 99
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 100
Case Study	p. 100
References	p. 101
Human Relations: The Base for Educational Leadership	p. 103
The Development of Human Relations Concepts	p. 103
Conceptualizing Human Relations Theories	p. 105
Theoretical Perspectives of Human Relations	p. 106
Human Nature	p. 106
Human Motivation	p. 108
Morale in Organizations	p. 115
Informal Organizations	p. 118
Human Relations Theory in Educational Administration	p. 120
Contemporary Issues in Human Relations	p. 125
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 126
Case Study	p. 127
References	p. 128
Communication: The Breath of Organizational Life	p. 131
Communications Theories	p. 131
Theory Genres in Communication	p. 132
Metaphors and Assumptions in Organizational Communication	p. 133
Distinguishing Features of Organizational Communication	p. 134
Factors Affecting Clarity, Credibility, and Directionality of Organizational Messages	p. 136
Types of Message Directionality	p. 139
Other Factors Affecting Organizational Communication	p. 141
Approaches to Organizational Communication	p. 141
Synthesizing Known Principles of Organizational Communication	p. 147
Combining the Metaphors	p. 149
Moving Forward: Potential New Directions	p. 152
Creating Effective Communication in an Organization	p. 153
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 154
Case Study	p. 155
References	p. 156
Values, Analysis, and Information	p. 159
The Impact of Personal Values on an Organization's Decision Outcomes	p. 161
Philosophical Guides to Leadership	p. 161
Values and Value Systems	p. 164
Inquiry into Educational Issues	p. 178
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 184
Case Study	p. 185
References	p. 186
Evaluation in Education	p. 189
Educational Evaluation: A Brief History	p. 189
Basic Aspects of Educational Evaluation	p. 190
Applications of Educational Evaluation	p. 194
Standards and Requirements for Educational Evaluation	p. 208
Evaluation and Accountability	p. 210
The Future	p. 214
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 215
Case Study	p. 216
References	p. 216
The Role of Information Technology	p. 220
Types of Information Systems and Their Uses	p. 221
The Role of Information Technology in Instruction and Learning	p. 224
Prototype and Implemented Integrated Information Systems to Manage Individualized Instruction	p. 231
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 237
References	p. 240
Decision Making	p. 243
Educational Policy Formulation in a Mixed Economy	p. 245
Education: A Public and Private Good	p. 246
The Influence of the Marketplace on Public Policy	p. 247
Models of Political Decision Making	p. 253
Distinctions between Judicial and Legislative Influence on Educational Policy Formulation	p. 271
Impact of Collective Bargaining on Policy Formation	p. 272
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 274
References	p. 275
District-and School-Based Decision Making: Strategy Formation and Planning	p. 278
Decision-Making Models	p. 278
Strategy Formation and Planning at the District and School Levels	p. 287
School-Based Decision Making	p. 299
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 303
References	p. 304
The Allocation of Resources for Education Adequacy, Equity, and Efficiency	p. 307
Equity in the Allocation of Resources to Schooling	p. 307
Defining and Measuring Adequacy	p. 316
Promoting High Student Achievement Efficiently	p. 319
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 337
References	p. 340
Implementation of Systemic Change	p. 345
Systemic Change	p. 347
What Is Change?	p. 347
Types of Change	p. 348
Resistance to Change	p. 349
Theoretical Implications of Change	p. 351
Strategies for Change	p. 352
Models for Planned Change and Their Use	p. 355
Leadership and Change	p. 356
Change Agents	p. 357
Managing Planned Change	p. 360
Decision Making	p. 360
Effecting Educational Change	p. 362
Planning for a Changing Future in Education	p. 365
Challenge and Opportunity	p. 366
Summary and Fundamental Concepts	p. 367
Case Study	p. 368
References	p. 368
Educational Leadership in a Flat World	p. 371
The Challenge	p. 371
Responses to the Challenge	p. 375
Critique of the Reform Efforts	p. 378
Systems Theory as a Guide for Education Leaders	p. 379
Implications for Persons in Leadership Positions in Education	p. 381
Parting Thoughts	p. 385
References	p. 385
Name Index	p. 387
Subject Index	p. 395
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