Look to this authoritative, new resource for a comprehensive introduction to the emerging field of microfluidics. The book shows you how to take advantage of the performance benefits of microfluidics and serves as your instant reference for state-of-the-art technology and applications in this cutting-edge area. It offers you practical guidance in choosing the best fabrication and enabling technology for a specific microfluidic application, and shows you how to design a microfluidic device.

Nam-Trung Nguyen is an assistant professor at the School of Mechanical and Production Engineering at Nanyang Technological University.

Preface

xi

Acknowledgments

xiii

Introduction

1

(10)

Microfluidics - The Emerging Technology

1

(6)

What is Microfluidics?

1

(3)

Commercial Aspects

4

(2)

Scientific Aspects

6

(1)

Milestones of Microfluidics

7

(2)

Device Development

7

(1)

Technology Development

8

(1)

Organization of the Book

9

(2)

References

10

(1)

Fluid Mechanics Theory

11

(56)

Introduction

11

(9)

Intermolecular Forces

13

(2)

The Three States of Matter

15

(1)

Continuum Assumption

16

(4)

Continuum Fluid Mechanics at Small Scales

20

(27)

Gas Flows

21

(6)

Liquid Flows

27

(2)

Boundary Conditions

29

(5)

Parallel Flows

34

(6)

Low Reynolds Number Flows

40

(2)

Entrance Effects

42

(3)

Surface Tension

45

(2)

Molecular Approaches

47

(6)

MD

48

(3)

DSMC Technique

51

(2)

Electrokinetics

53

(9)

Electro-Osmosis

54

(3)

Electrophoresis

57

(3)

Dielectrophoresis

60

(2)

Conclusion

62

(5)

Problems

64

(1)

References

65

(2)

Fabrication Techniques for Microfluidics

67

(70)

Basic Microtechniques

67

(15)

Photolithography

67

(2)

Additive Techniques

69

(9)

Subtractive Techniques

78

(2)

Pattern Transfer Techniques

80

(2)

Silicon-Based Micromachining Techniques

82

(16)

Silicon Bulk Micromachining

82

(8)

Silicon Surface Micromachining

90

(8)

Polymer-Based Micromachining Techniques

98

(20)

Thick Resist Lithography

98

(6)

Polymeric Surface Micromachining

104

(3)

Soft Lithography

107

(5)

Microstereo Lithography

112

(4)

Micromolding

116

(2)

Other Micromachining Techniques

118

(4)

Subtractive Techniques

118

(3)

Additive Techniques

121

(1)

Assembly and Packaging of Microfluidic Devices

122

(5)

Wafer Level Assembly and Packaging

122

(2)

Device Level Packaging

124

(3)

Biocompatibility

127

(10)

Material Response

128

(1)

Tissue and Cellular Response

128

(1)

Biocompatibility Tests

128

(1)

Problems

129

(1)

References

129

(8)

Experimental Flow Characterization

137

(70)

Introduction

137

(7)

Pointwise Methods

138

(1)

Full- Field Methods

138

(6)

Overview of Micro-PIV

144

(19)

Fundamental Physics Considerations of Micro-PIV

144

(11)

Special Processing Methods for Micro-PIV Recordings

155

(5)

Advanced Processing Methods Suitable for Both Micro/Macro-PIV Recordings

160

(3)

Micro-PIV Examples

163

(13)

Flow in a Microchannel

163

(5)

Flow in a Micronozzle

168

(3)

Flow Around a Blood Cell

171

(2)

Flow in Microfluidic Biochip

173

(2)

Conclusions

175

(1)

Extensions of the Micro-PIV technique

176

(31)

Microfluidic Nanoscope

176

(7)

Microparticle Image Thermometry

183

(12)

Infrared Micro-PIV

195

(2)

Particle Tracking Velocimetry

197

(4)

Problems

201

(1)

References

201

(6)

Microfluidics for External Flow Control

207

(40)

Velocity and Turbulence Measurement

207

(15)

Velocity Sensors

208

(4)

Shear Stress Sensors

212

(10)

Turbulence Control

222

(4)

Microflaps

223

(1)

Microballoon

224

(1)

Microsynthetic Jet

225

(1)

Microair Vehicles

226

(21)

Fixed-Wing MAV

227

(2)

Flapping-Wing MAV

229

(3)

Microrotorcraft

232

(2)

Microrockets

234

(9)

Problems

243

(2)

References

245

(2)

Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Microvalves

247

(46)

Design Considerations

250

(4)

Actuators

250

(2)

Valve Spring

252

(1)

Valve Seat

253

(1)

Pressure Compensation Design

253

(1)

Pneumatic Valves

254

(3)

Pneumatic Actuators

254

(1)

Design Examples

255

(2)

Thermopneumatic Valves

257

(6)

Thermopneumatic Actuators

257

(4)

Design Examples

261

(2)

Thermomechanical Valves

263

(8)

Solid-Expansion Valves

263

(1)

Bimetallic Valves

264

(4)

Shape-Memory Alloy Valves

268

(3)

Piezoelectric Valves

271

(4)

Piezoelectric Actuators

271

(2)

Design Examples

273

(2)

Electrostatic Valves

275

(6)

Electrostatics Actuators

275

(4)

Design Examples

279

(2)

Electromagnetic Valves

281

(2)

Electromagnetic Actuators

281

(1)

Design Examples

281

(2)

Electrochemical Valves

283

(2)

Capillary-Force Valves

285

(8)

Capillary-Force Actuators

285

(3)

Design Examples

288

(1)

Problems

289

(1)

References

289

(4)

Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Micropumps

293

(50)

Mechanical Pumps

295

(23)

Design Considerations

295

(2)

Check-Valve Pumps

297

(7)

Peristaltic Pumps

304

(4)

Valveless Rectification Pumps

308

(5)

Rotary Pumps

313

(2)

Centrifugal Pumps

315

(2)

Ultrasonic Pumps

317

(1)

Nonmechanical Pumps

318

(16)

Electrical Pumps

318

(9)

Surface Tension Driven Pumps

327

(4)

Chemical Pumps

331

(1)

Magnetic Pumps

332

(2)

Scaling Law for Micropumps

334

(9)

Problems

336

(1)

References

337

(6)

Microfluidics for Internal Flow Control: Microflow Sensors

343

(30)

Nonthermal Flow Sensors

345

(9)

Differential Pressure Flow Sensors

345

(4)

Drag Force Flow Sensors

349

(3)

Life Force Flow Sensors

352

(1)

Coriolis Flow Sensors

352

(1)

Electrohydrodynamic Flow Sensors

353

(1)

Thermal Flow Sensors

354

(19)

Design Considerations

354

(5)

Thermoresistive Flow Sensors

359

(4)

Thermocapacitive Flow Sensors

363

(1)

Thermoelectric Flow Sensors

364

(1)

Thermoelectronic Flow Sensors

365

(3)

Pyroelectric Flow Sensors

368

(1)

Frequency Analog Sensors

369

(1)

Problems

369

(1)

References

370

(3)

Microfluidics for Life Sciences and Chemistry

373

(80)

Microfilters

373

(6)

Design Considerations

374

(2)

Design Examples

376

(3)

Microneedles

379

(7)

Design Considerations

380

(3)

Design Examples

383

(3)

Micromixers

386

(15)

Design Considerations

389

(5)

Design Examples

394

(7)

Microreactors

401

(22)

Design Considerations

403

(1)

Design Examples

404

(19)

Microdispensers

423

(11)

Design Considerations

424

(4)

Design Examples

428

(6)

Microseparators

434

(19)

Design Considerations

435

(2)

Gas Chromatography

437

(2)

Liquid Chromatography

439

(1)

Electrophoresis

440

(2)

Problems

442

(3)

References

445

(8)

Appendix A List of Symbols

453

(4)

Appendix B Resources for Microfluidics Research

457

(2)

Appendix C Abbreviations of Different Plastics

459

(2)

Appendix D Linear Elastic Deflection Models

461

(2)

About the Authors

463

(1)

Index

465

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Fundamentals and Applications of Microfluidics

9781580533430

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