Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering

by Reible; Danny

• ISBN13: 9781566700474
• ISBN10: 1566700477
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1998-10-14
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

The field of environmental engineering is rapidly emerging into a mainstream engineering discipline. For a long time, environmental engineering has suffered from the lack of a well-defined identity. At times, the problems faced by environmental engineers require knowledge in many engineering fields, including chemical, civil, sanitary, & mechanical engineering. Increased demand for undergraduate training in environmental engineering has led to growth in the number of undergraduate programs offered. Fundamentals of Environmental Engineering provides an introductory approach that focuses on the basics of this growing field. This informative reference provides an introduction to environmental pollutants, basic engineering principles, dimensional analysis, physical chemistry, mass, & energy & component balances. It also explains the applications of these ideas to the understanding of key problems in air, water, & soil pollution.

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction	1	(20)
1.1 What is Environmental Engineering?	1	(3)
1.2 The Environmental Engineering Process -- Modeling	4	(3)
1.3 Example Activities of Environmental Engineers	7	(3)
1.4 History of Environmental Pollution and Its Control	10	(8)
1.4.1 Early History	10	(1)
1.4.2 Air Pollution Episodes	11	(2)
1.4.3 Water Pollution Regulation in the U.S.	13	(1)
1.4.4 Air Pollution Regulation in the U.S.	14	(1)
1.4.5 Los Angeles "Smog"	15	(3)
Problems	18	(1)
References	19	(2)
Chapter 2 Environmental Hazards and Their Management	21	(68)
2.1 Introduction	21	(1)
2.2 Global Hazards	21	(14)
2.2.1 Population Growth and Standard of Living	21	(1)
2.2.1.1 Population	22	(3)
2.2.1.2 Standard of Living	25	(1)
2.2.2 Loss of Biological Diversity	26	(1)
2.2.3 Global Warming	27	(4)
2.2.4 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion	31	(4)
2.3 Air Pollutants	35	(13)
2.3.1 Introduction	35	(2)
2.3.2 Oxides of Carbon	37	(1)
2.3.3 Oxides of Sulfur	38	(4)
2.3.4 Oxides of Nitrogen	42	(1)
2.3.5 Organic Pollutants	43	(1)
2.3.6 Photochemical Oxidants	44	(1)
2.3.7 Particulates	45	(3)
2.4 Water Pollutants and Their Effects	48	(10)
2.4.1 Introduction	48	(1)
2.4.2 Organic Materials	49	(3)
2.4.3 Suspended and Floating Solids	52	(1)
2.4.4 Priority Pollutants	53	(1)
2.4.4.1 Pesticides	53	(1)
2.4.4.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls	54	(1)
2.4.4.3 Metals and Inorganics	55	(1)
2.4.4.4 Halogenated Aliphatics	55	(1)
2.4.4.5 Ethers	56	(1)
2.4.4.6 Phthalate Esters	56	(1)
2.4.4.7 Phenols	56	(1)
2.4.4.8 Monocyclic Aromatics	57	(1)
2.4.4.9 Polycyclic Aromatics	57	(1)
2.4.4.10 Nitrosamines	57	(1)
2.4.5 Inorganic Pollutants	58	(1)
2.4.6 Pathogens	58	(1)
2.5 Management of Environmental Hazards	58	(23)
2.5.1 Approaches	58	(1)
2.5.2 Environmental Assessment Criteria	59	(1)
2.5.2.1 Source Performance Standards	60	(1)
2.5.2.2 Environmental Quality Standards	60	(4)
2.5.2.3 Risk-Based Standards	64	(1)
2.5.2.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis	64	(3)
2.5.2.5 Community-Based Standards	67	(1)
2.5.3 Assessment of Environmental Effects	68	(2)
2.5.3.1 Exposure Assessment	70	(4)
2.5.3.2 Human Health Risk Assessment	74	(7)
2.6 Management of Pollutant Releases	81	(4)
2.6.1 Pollution Prevention	81	(1)
2.6.1.1 Lifestyle Analysis	82	(1)
2.6.1.2 Operation for Pollution Prevention	83	(1)
2.6.2 Recycling of Waste Materials	84	(1)
2.6.3 Destruction, Treatment, or Storage of Wastes	84	(1)
Problems	85	(1)
References	86	(3)
Chapter 3 Introduction to Environmental Engineering Calculations	89	(42)
3.1 Systems of Units	89	(3)
3.2 Units and Nomenclature for Basic Environmental Variables	92	(13)
3.2.1 Density and Concentration	92	(6)
3.2.2 Reaction Stoichiometry	98	(2)
3.2.3 Temperature	100	(1)
3.2.4 Pressure	101	(4)
3.3 Dimensional Analysis	105	(4)
3.4 Treatment of Data	109	(17)
3.4.1 Mean and Standard Deviation	109	(3)
3.4.2 Probability Distributions	112	(1)
3.4.2.1 Gaussian Distribution	112	(3)
3.4.2.2 Log-Normal Distribution	115	(1)
3.4.3 Propagation of Error	116	(3)
3.4.4 Fitting Data	119	(2)
3.4.4.1 Linearization and Errors	121	(3)
3.4.4.2 General Linear Regression	124	(2)
Problems	126	(3)
References	129	(2)
Chapter 4 Physical and Chemical Equilibrium	131	(82)
4.1 Phase Behavior	131	(11)
4.1.1 Pure Ideal Gases	131	(2)
4.1.2 Non-Ideal Gases	133	(5)
4.1.3 Ideal Gas Mixtures	138	(2)
4.1.4 General Phase Behavior	140	(2)
4.2 Thermodynamics of Phase Changes	142	(8)
4.2.1 Sensible Heat Transitions	143	(6)
4.2.2 Latent Heat Transitions	149	(1)
4.3 Thermodynamics of Equilibrium	150	(9)
4.3.1 First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics	151	(3)
4.3.2 Gibb's Free Energy and Equilibrium	154	(5)
4.4 Vapor Pressure	159	(3)
4.5 Solubility	162	(4)
4.6 Fluid-Fluid Partitioning	166	(9)
4.6.1 Ideal Solutions	167	(2)
4.6.2 Nonideal Solutions	169	(5)
4.6.3 Ionic Solutions	174	(1)
4.7 Fluid-Solid Partitioning	175	(10)
4.7.1 Linear Partitioning	177	(4)
4.7.2 Langmuir Isotherm	181	(1)
4.7.3 Brauner-Emmett-Teller (BET) Isotherm	182	(2)
4.7.4 Freundlich Isotherm	184	(1)
4.8 Equilibrium Models	185	(7)
4.8.1 Fugacity Modeling	190	(2)
4.9 Chemical Equilibrium	192	(7)
4.10 Acid Dissociation Constant	199	(4)
4.11 Mineral Dissolution Reactions	203	(1)
4.12 Ion Exchange and Adsorption	204	(3)
4.13 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	207	(2)
4.14 Closure	209	(1)
Problems	209	(2)
References	211	(2)
Chapter 5 Rate Processes	213	(68)
5.1 Introduction	213	(3)
5.2 Material Balances	216	(15)
5.2.1 Basic Concepts	216	(4)
5.2.2 Steady-State Material Balance	220	(5)
5.2.3 Dynamic Balance on a Stirred System	225	(4)
5.2.4 Balance on an Unstirred System	229	(2)
5.3 Fate Processes -- Sorption and Reaction	231	(9)
5.3.1 Irreversible Reactions -- Kinetic Models	231	(3)
5.3.2 Estimation of Reaction Rate Parameters	234	(2)
5.3.3 Reversible Reactions	236	(1)
5.3.4 Reversible Processes and System Dynamics	237	(3)
5.4 Transport Processes	240	(15)
5.4.1 Advection	240	(1)
5.4.2 Diffusion -- Fick's First Law	241	(4)
5.4.3 Film Theory of Mass Transfer	245	(2)
5.4.4 Two-Film Theory	247	(6)
5.4.5 Diffusion of Heat	253	(1)
5.4.6 Diffusion of Momentum	254	(1)
5.4.7 Total Flux	255	(1)
5.5 Turbulent Transport	255	(12)
5.5.1 Turbulent Fluctuations	255	(5)
5.5.2 Mixing Length Theory	260	(1)
5.5.3 The Logarithmic Velocity Profile Law	261	(2)
5.5.4 Heat, Mass, and Momentum Transfer Analogies	263	(1)
5.5.5 The Effect of Stratification on Turbulent Transport	264	(3)
5.6 Microscopic Mass, Energy, and Momentum Balances	267	(9)
5.6.1 Development of Microscopic Balances	267	(3)
5.6.2 Error Function Solution to the Microscopic Material Balance	270	(2)
5.6.3 Solutions to the Advection-Diffusion Equation	272	(4)
Problems	276	(3)
References	279	(2)
Chapter 6 Air Pollution and Its Control	281	(90)
6.1 Introduction	281	(1)
6.2 Atmospheric Processes	281	(25)
6.2.1 Global Atmospheric Structure and Mixing	281	(5)
6.2.2 Global Circulation	286	(4)
6.2.3 Regional Processes	290	(2)
6.2.3.1 Geostrophic Flow	292	(1)
6.2.3.2 Eckman Spiral	292	(2)
6.2.3.3 Local Winds	294	(1)
6.2.4 Observed Structure and Mixing in the Atmospheric Boundary Layer	295	(1)
6.2.4.1 Boundary Layer Temperature Structure	295	(8)
6.2.4.2 Boundary Layer Velocity Profile	303	(1)
6.2.4.3 Empirical Turbulence Classification Schemes	304	(2)
6.3 Pollutant Transport and Dispersion in the Boundary Layer	306	(21)
6.3.1 Well-Mixed Box Model for Area Sources	310	(2)
6.3.2 Point Source Dispersion Model	312	(1)
6.3.2.1 Plume Rise	313	(3)
6.3.2.2 Point Source Dispersion	316	(3)
6.3.2.3 Parameter Estimation	319	(8)
6.4 Particulate Control Processes	327	(23)
6.4.1 Gravity Settling	327	(5)
6.4.2 Particle Settling in the Atmosphere	332	(1)
6.4.3 Gravity Settlers	333	(1)
6.4.3.1 Unmixed Collector	334	(1)
6.4.3.2 Plug Flow Collector	335	(1)
6.4.3.3 Completely Mixed Settler	336	(1)
6.4.4 Cyclone Separator	337	(3)
6.4.5 Electrostatic Precipitator	340	(4)
6.4.6 Wet Collectors	344	(5)
6.4.7 Filter Collectors	349	(1)
6.5 Gaseous Control Processes	350	(15)
6.5.1 Process Changes to Control Gaseous Emissions	350	(2)
6.5.2 Reactive Processes	352	(1)
6.5.2.1 Afterburners	352	(1)
6.5.2.2 Catalytic Reaction Systems	353	(1)
6.5.3 Sorption Processes -- Adsorption	353	(6)
6.5.4 Sorption Processes -- Absorption	359	(6)
6.6 Summary	365	(1)
Problems	365	(4)
References	369	(2)
Chapter 7 Water Pollution and Its Control	371	(72)
7.1 Introduction	371	(1)
7.2 Surface Water Processes	371	(11)
7.2.1 Ocean and Lake Circulations	371	(2)
7.2.2 Flow in Streams	373	(3)
7.2.3 Surface Water Runoff	376	(2)
7.2.4 Stratification and Stability in Temperate, Shallow Freshwater Systems	378	(2)
7.2.5 Other Effects on Stability of Surface Waters	380	(2)
7.3 Contaminant Processes in Surface Waters	382	(17)
7.3.1 Phase Partitioning in Surface Waters	383	(3)
7.3.2 Turbulent Mixing and Transport in Streams, Lakes, and Oceans	386	(1)
7.3.2.1 Transport Across the Air-Water Interface	387	(2)
7.3.2.2 Transport Near the Sediment--Water Interface	389	(2)
7.3.2.3 Mixing in Lakes and Oceans	391	(2)
7.3.3 Chemical and Biological Degradation Processes in Surface Waters	393	(3)
7.3.4 Kinetics of Biological Degradation Processes	396	(3)
7.4 Modeling Contaminant Dynamics in Surface Waters	399	(6)
7.4.1 Basic Model Forms	399	(1)
7.4.2 Stream Model	399	(4)
7.4.3 Lake Model	403	(2)
7.5 Sediment Processes	405	(13)
7.5.1 Summary of Processes	405	(1)
7.5.2 Sediment Structure	406	(3)
7.5.3 Sediment Erosion	409	(3)
7.5.4 Bioturbation	412	(2)
7.5.5 Contaminant Transport by Sediment Relocation	414	(1)
7.5.6 Contaminant Transport by Porewater Processes	414	(4)
7.6 Primary Water Treatment	418	(6)
7.6.1 Fundamentals of Sedimentation	418	(3)
7.6.2 Flocculation	421	(1)
7.6.3 Hindered Settling	422	(2)
7.7 Secondary Wastewater Treatment	424	(7)
7.7.1 Aerated Lagoon	425	(1)
7.7.2 Activated Sludge System	426	(5)
7.8 Tertiary Wastewater Treatment	431	(8)
7.8.1 Adsorption	431	(1)
7.8.2 Stripping	431	(1)
7.8.3 Filtration	431	(3)
7.8.4 Ion Exchange	434	(1)
7.8.5 Membrane Processes	435	(4)
7.9 Summary	439	(1)
Problems	439	(3)
References	442	(1)
Chapter 8 Soil Pollution and Its Control	443	(56)
8.1 Introduction	443	(1)
8.2 Soil Characteristics	443	(19)
8.2.1 Solid Phase Characteristics	444	(3)
8.2.2 Flow of Fluid in Fully Saturated Media	447	(10)
8.2.3 Flow of Fluid in a Partially Saturated Media	457	(5)
8.3 Contaminant Transport in Soils	462	(20)
8.3.1 First Zone of Contamination -- NAPL Residual in the Vadose Zone	464	(4)
8.3.2 Second Zone of Contamination -- Contaminant Vapors in Vadose Zone	468	(3)
8.3.3 Third Zone of Contamination -- NAPL Residual in Initially Water-Saturated Zone	471	(2)
8.3.4 Fourth Zone of Contamination -- Dissolved Contaminant in Subsurface Water	473	(7)
8.3.5 Natural Attenuation of Contaminants in Soils	480	(2)
8.4 Remediation of Contaminated Soils	482	(1)
8.5 Removal Options for Soil Remediation	482	(3)
8.5.1 Incineration	482	(1)
8.5.2 Landfilling	483	(1)
8.5.3 Stabilization/Solidification	484	(1)
8.5.4 Ex Situ Bioremediation	485	(1)
8.6 In Situ Soil Remediation Processes	485	(9)
8.6.1 Pump and Treat Extraction of Contaminated Groundwater	486	(3)
8.6.2 Enhancement of Pump and Treat Processes	489	(1)
8.6.3 Vacuum Extraction in the Unsaturated Zone	489	(4)
8.6.4 In Situ Bioremediation of Soils	493	(1)
8.7 Summary	494	(1)
Problems	495	(2)
References	497	(2)
Appendix	499	(8)
Index	507