What is included with this book?
Acknowledgments | |
A Note on the Companion Volume | |
A Note to Readers | |
Introduction | |
The Lay of the Land | |
Ethical Starting Points | |
Moral Reasoning | |
The Role of Moral Theory | |
Looking Ahead | |
The Good Life | |
Hedonism: Its Powerful Appeal | |
Happiness and Intrinsic Value | |
The Attractions of Hedonism | |
There Are Many Models of a Good Life | |
Personal Authority and Well-Being | |
Misery Clearly Hampers a Good Life | |
Happiness Clearly Improves It | |
The Limits of Explanation | |
Rules of the Good Life--and Their Exceptions | |
Happiness Is What We Want for Our Loved Ones | |
Is Happiness All That Matters? | |
The Paradox of Hedonism | |
Evil Pleasures | |
The Two Worlds | |
False Happiness | |
The Importance of Autonomy | |
Life's Trajectory | |
Unhappiness as a Symptom of Harm | |
Conclusion | |
Getting What You Want | |
A Variety of Good Lives | |
Personal Authority | |
Avoiding Objective Values | |
Motivation | |
Justifying the Pursuit of Self-Interest | |
Knowledge of the Good | |
Problems for the Desire Theory | |
Getting What You Want May Not Be Necessary for Promoting Your Good | |
Getting What You Want May Not Be Sufficient for Promoting Your Good | |
Desires Based on False Beliefs | |
Disinterested and Other-Regarding Desires | |
Passing Fancies | |
Disappointment | |
Ignorance of Desire Satisfaction | |
Impoverished Desires | |
The Paradox of Self-Harm and Self-Sacrifice | |
The Fallibility of Our Deepest Desires | |
Conclusion | |
Doing The Right Thing | |
Morality and Religion | |
Three Assumptions About Religion and Morality | |
First Assumption: Religious Belief Is Needed for Moral Motivation | |
Second Assumption: God Is the Creator of Morality | |
Third Assumption: Religion Is an Essential Source of Moral Guidance | |
Conclusion | |
Natural Law | |
The Theory and Its Attractions | |
Two Conceptions of Human Nature | |
Human Nature Is What Is Innately Human | |
Human Nature Is What All Humans Have in Common | |
Natural Purposes | |
The Argument from Humanity | |
Conclusion | |
Psychological Egoism | |
Egoism and Altruism | |
The Argument from Our Strongest Desires | |
The Argument from Expected Benefit | |
The Argument from Avoiding Misery | |
Two Egoistic Strategies | |
Appealing to the Guilty Conscience | |
Expanding the Realm of Self-Interest | |
Letting the Evidence Decide | |
Conclusion | |
Ethical Egoism | |
Why Be Moral? | |
Two Popular Arguments for Ethical Egoism | |
The Self-Reliance Argument | |
The Libertarian Argument | |
The Best Argument for Ethical Egoism | |
Three Problems for Ethical Egoism | |
Egoism Violates Core Moral Beliefs | |
Egoism Cannot Allow for the Existence of Moral Rights | |
Egoism Arbitrarily Assigns Priority to Self-Interest | |
Conclusion | |
Consequentialism: Its Nature and Attractions | |
The Nature of Consequentialism | |
Its Structure | |
Maximizing Goodness | |
Moral Knowledge | |
Actual versus Expected Results | |
Assessing Actions and Intentions | |
The Attractions of Utilitarianism | |
Impartiality | |
The Ability to Justify Conventional Moral Wisdom | |
Conflict Resolution | |
Moral Flexibility | |
The Scope of the Moral Community | |
Consequentialism: Its Difficulties | |
Measuring Well-Being | |
Utilitarianism Is Very Demanding | |
Deliberation | |
Motivation | |
Action | |
Impartiality | |
No Intrinsic Wrongness (or Rightness) | |
The Problem of Injustice | |
Potential Solutions to the Problem of Injustice | |
Justice Is Also Intrinsically Valuable | |
Injustice Is Never Optimific | |
Justice Must Sometimes Be Sacrificed | |
Rule Consequentialism | |
Conclusion | |
The Kantian Perspective: Fairness and Justice | |
Consistency and Fairness | |
The Principle of Universalizability | |
Morality and Rationality | |
Assessing the Principle of Universalizability | |
Integrity | |
Kant on Absolute Moral Duties | |
The Kantian Perspective: Autonomy and Respect | |
The Principle of Humanity | |
The Importance of Rationality and Autonomy | |
The Good Will and Moral Worth | |
Five Problems with the Principle of Humanity | |
Vagueness | |
Determining Just Deserts | |
Are We Autonomous? | |
Moral Luck | |
The Scope of the Moral Community | |
Conclusion | |
The Social Contract Tradition: The Theory and Its Attractions | |
The Lure of Proceduralism | |
The Background of the Social Contract Theory | |
The Prisoner's Dilemma | |
Cooperation and the State of Nature | |
The Advantages of Contractarianism | |
Morality Is Essentially a Social Phenomenon | |
It Explains and Justifies the Content of the Basic Moral Rules | |
It Offers a Method for Justifying Every Moral Rule | |
It Explains the Objectivity of Morality | |
It Explains Why It Is Sometimes Acceptable to Break the Moral Rules | |
More Advantages: Morality and the Law | |
Contractarianism Justifies a Basic Moral Duty to Obey the Law | |
The Contractarian Justification of Legal Punishment | |
Contractarianism Justifies the State's Role in Criminal Law | |
Contractarianism and Civil Disobedience | |
The Social Contract Tradition: Problems and Prospects | |
Why Be Moral? | |
The Role of Consent | |
Disagreement Among the Contractors | |
The Scope of the Moral Community | |
Conclusion | |
Ethical Pluralism and Absolute Moral Rules | |
The Structure of Moral Theories | |
Is Torture Always Immoral? | |
Preventing Catastrophes | |
The Doctrine of Double Effect | |
A Reply to the Argument from Disaster Prevention | |
How the DDE Threatens Act Consequentialism | |
Distinguishing Intention from Foresight | |
Moral Conflict and Contradiction | |
Is Moral Absolutism Irrational? | |
The Doctrine of Doing and Allowing | |
Conclusion | |
Ethical Pluralism: Prima Facie Duties and Ethical Particularism | |
Ross's Ethic of Prima Facie Duties | |
The Advantages of Ross's View | |
Pluralism | |
We Are Sometimes Permitted to Break the Moral Rules | |
Moral Conflict | |
Moral Regret | |
Addressing the Anti-Absolutist Arguments | |
A Problem for Ross's View | |
Knowing the Fundamental Moral Rules | |
Skepticism | |
Coherentism | |
Self-Evidence | |
Self-Evidence and the Testing of Moral Theories | |
Knowing the Right Thing To Do | |
Ethical Particularism | |
Three Problems for Ethical Particularism | |
Its Lack of Unity | |
Accounting for Moral Knowledge | |
Some Things Possess Permanent Moral Importance | |
Conclusion | |
Virtue Ethics | |
The Standard of Right Action | |
Moral Complexity | |
Moral Understanding | |
Moral Education | |
The Nature of Virtue | |
Virtue and the Good Life | |
Objections | |
Tragic Dilemmas | |
Does Virtue Ethics Offer Adequate Moral Guidance? | |
Is Virtue Ethics Too Demanding? | |
Who Are The Moral Role Models? | |
Conflict and Contradiction | |
The Priority Problem | |
Conclusion | |
Feminist Ethics | |
The Elements of Feminist Ethics | |
Moral Development | |
Women's Experience | |
The Ethics of Care | |
The Importance of Emotions | |
Against Unification | |
Against Impartiality and Abstraction | |
Against Competition | |
Downplaying Rights | |
Challenges for Feminist Ethics | |
Conclusion | |
The Status Of Morality | |
Ethical Relativism | |
Moral Skepticism | |
Two Kinds of Ethical Relativism | |
Some Implications of Ethical Subjectivism and Cultural Relativism | |
Moral Infallibility | |
Moral Equivalence | |
No Intrinsic Value | |
Questioning Our Own Commitments | |
Moral Progress | |
Contradiction and Disagreement | |
Ideal Observers | |
Conclusion | |
Moral Nihilism | |
Error Theory | |
Expressivism | |
How Is It Possible to Argue Logically about Morality? | |
Expressivism and Amoralists | |
The Nature of Moral Judgment | |
Conclusion | |
Ten Arguments Against Moral Objectivity | |
Objectivity Requires Absolutism | |
All Truth is Subjective | |
Equal Rights Entail Equal Plausibility | |
Moral Objectivity Supports Dogmatism | |
Moral Objectivity Supports Intolerance | |
Moral Disagreement Undermines Moral Objectivity | |
Atheism Undermines Moral Objectivity | |
The Absence of Categorical Reasons Undermines Moral Objectivity | |
Moral Motivation Undermines Moral Objectivity | |
Values Have No Place in a Scientific World | |
Conclusion | |
References | |
Suggestions for Further Reading | |
Glossary | |
Index" | |
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