Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics

by Munson, Bruce R.; Young, Donald F.; Okiishi, Theodore H.

• ISBN13: 9780471170242
• ISBN10: 0471170240
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-08-01
• Publisher: John Wiley & Sons Inc

Summary

A look at fundamental aspects of fluid motion, including important fluid properties, regimes of flow, pressure variations in fluids at rest and in motion, fluid kinematics, and methods of flow description and analysis. This book describes the essential elements of kinematics, including Eulerian and Lagrangian mathematical descriptions of flow phenomena, and indicates the vital relationship between the two views.

Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION	3	(38)
1.1 Some Characteristics of Fluids	4	(1)
1.2 Dimensions, Dimensional Homogeneity, and Units	5	(7)
1.2.1 Systems of Units	7	(5)
1.3 Analysis of Fluid Behavior	12	(1)
1.4 Measures of Fluid Mass and Weight	12	(2)
1.4.1 Density	12	(1)
1.4.2 Specific Weight	13	(1)
1.4.3 Specific Gravity	13	(1)
1.5 Ideal Gas Law	14	(1)
1.6 Viscosity	15	(7)
1.7 Compressibility of Fluids	22	(3)
1.7.1 Bulk Modulus	22	(1)
1.7.2 Compression and Expansion of Gases	23	(1)
1.7.3 Speed of Sound	24	(1)
1.8 Vapor Pressure	25	(1)
1.9 Surface Tension	26	(2)
1.10 A Brief Look Back in History	28	(3)
References	31	(1)
Review Problems	31	(2)
Problems	33	(8)
2 FLUID STATICS	41	(62)
2.1 Pressure at a Point	41	(2)
2.2 Basic Equation for Pressure Field	43	(2)
2.3 Pressure Variation in a Fluid at Rest	45	(5)
2.3.1 Incompressible Fluid	45	(3)
2.3.2 Compressible Fluid	48	(2)
2.4 Standard Atmosphere	50	(1)
2.5 Measurement of Pressure	51	(2)
2.6 Manometry	53	(6)
2.6.1 Piezometer Tube	54	(1)
2.6.2 U-Tube Manometer	54	(4)
2.6.3 Inclined-Tube Manometer	58	(1)
2.7 Mechanical and Electronic Pressure Measuring Devices	59	(2)
2.8 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Surface	61	(7)
2.9 Pressure Prism	68	(4)
2.10 Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Surface	72	(2)
2.11 Buoyancy, Flotation, and Stability	74	(4)
2.11.1 Archimedes' Principle	74	(2)
2.11.2 Stability	76	(2)
2.12 Pressure Variation in a Fluid with Rigid-Body Motion	78	(6)
2.12.1 Linear Motion	78	(3)
2.12.2 Rigid-Body Rotation	81	(3)
References	84	(1)
Review Problems	84	(3)
Problems	87	(16)
3 ELEMENTARY FLUID DYNAMICS--THE BERNOULLI EQUATION	103	(62)
3.1 Newton's Second Law	103	(3)
3.2 F = ma Along a Streamline	106	(5)
3.3 F = ma Normal to a Streamline	111	(2)
3.4 Physical Interpretation	113	(4)
3.5 Static, Stagnation, Dynamic, and Total Pressure	117	(4)
3.6 Examples of Use of the Bernoulli Equation	121	(15)
3.6.1 Free Jets	121	(2)
3.6.2 Confined Flows	123	(8)
3.6.3 Flowrate Measurement	131	(5)
3.7 The Energy Line and the Hydraulic Grade Line	136	(3)
3.8 Restrictions on the Use of the Bernoulli Equation	139	(7)
3.8.1 Compressibility Effects	139	(3)
3.8.2 Unsteady Effects	142	(2)
3.8.3 Rotational Effects	144	(2)
3.8.4 Other Restrictions	146	(1)
References	146	(1)
Review Problems	146	(3)
Problems	149	(16)
4 FLUID KINEMATICS	165	(46)
4.1 The Velocity Field	165	(10)
4.1.1 Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions	167	(2)
4.1.2 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Flows	169	(1)
4.1.3 Steady and Unsteady Flows	170	(1)
4.1.4 Streamlines, Streaklines, and Pathlines	170	(5)
4.2 The Acceleration Field	175	(9)
4.2.1 The Material Derivative	175	(3)
4.2.2 Unsteady Effects	178	(1)
4.2.3 Convective Effects	179	(3)
4.2.4 Streamline Coordinates	182	(2)
4.3 Control Volume and System Representations	184	(1)
4.4 The Reynolds Transport Theorem	185	(14)
4.4.1 Derivation of the Reynolds Transport Theorem	188	(5)
4.4.2 Physical Interpretation	193	(1)
4.4.3 Relationship to Material Derivative	194	(1)
4.4.4 Steady Effects	195	(1)
4.4.5 Unsteady Effects	195	(2)
4.4.6 Moving Control Volumes	197	(1)
4.4.7 Selection of a Control Volume	198	(1)
References	199	(1)
Review Problems	199	(2)
Problems	201	(10)
5 FINITE CONTROL VOLUME ANALYSIS	211	(98)
5.1 Conservation of Mass--The Continuity Equation	212	(15)
5.1.1 Derivation of the Continuity Equation	212	(2)
5.1.2 Fixed, Nondeforming Control Volume	214	(7)
5.1.3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume	221	(3)
5.1.4 Deforming Control Volume	224	(3)
5.2 Newton's Second Law--The Linear Momentum and Moment-of-Momentum Equations	227	(30)
5.2.1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation	227	(2)
5.2.2 Application of the Linear Momentum Equation	229	(18)
5.2.3 Derivation of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation	247	(2)
5.2.4 Application of the Moment-of-Momentum Equation	249	(8)
5.3 First Law of Thermodynamics--The Energy Equation	257	(21)
5.3.1 Derivation of the Energy Equation	257	(3)
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation	260	(5)
5.3.3 Comparison of the Energy Equation with the Bernoulli Equation	265	(7)
5.3.4 Application of the Energy Equation to Nonuniform Flows	272	(4)
5.3.5 Combination of the Energy Equation and the Moment-of-Momentum Equation	276	(2)
5.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics--Irreversible Flow	278	(5)
5.4.1 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Energy Equation	278	(1)
5.4.2 Semi-infinitesimal Control Volume Statement of the Second Law of Thermodynamics	279	(1)
5.4.3 Combination of the Equations of the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics	280	(1)
5.4.4 Application of the Loss Form of the Energy Equation	281	(2)
References	283	(1)
Review Problems	283	(5)
Problems	288	(21)
6 DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF FLUID FLOW	309	(88)
6.1 Fluid Element Kinematics	310	(6)
6.1.1 Velocity and Acceleration Fields Revisited	310	(1)
6.1.2 Linear Motion and Deformation	311	(2)
6.1.3 Angular Motion and Deformation	313	(3)
6.2 Conservation of Mass	316	(7)
6.2.1 Differential Form of Continuity Equation	316	(3)
6.2.2 Cylindrical Polar Coordinates	319	(1)
6.2.3 The Stream Function	320	(3)
6.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum	323	(4)
6.3.1 Description of Forces Acting on the Differential Element	324	(2)
6.3.2 Equations of Motion	326	(1)
6.4 Inviscid Flow	327	(9)
6.4.1 Euler's Equations of Motion	327	(1)
6.4.2 The Bernoulli Equation	328	(2)
6.4.3 Irrotational Flow	330	(2)
6.4.4 The Bernoulli Equation for Irrotational Flow	332	(1)
6.4.5 The Velocity Potential	332	(4)
6.5 Some Basic, Plane Potential Flows	336	(10)
6.5.1 Uniform Flow	338	(1)
6.5.2 Source and Sink	339	(2)
6.5.3 Vortex	341	(3)
6.5.4 Doublet	344	(2)
6.6 Superposition of Basic, Plane Potential Flows	346	(12)
6.6.1 Source in a Uniform Stream--Half-Body	347	(3)
6.6.2 Rankine Ovals	350	(2)
6.6.3 Flow Around a Circular Cylinder	352	(6)
6.7 Other Aspects of Potential Flow Analysis	358	(1)
6.8 Viscous Flow	359	(3)
6.8.1 Stress-Deformation Relationships	359	(1)
6.8.2 The Naiver-Stokes Equations	360	(2)
6.9 Some Simple Solutions for Viscous, Incompressible Fluids	362	(10)
6.9.1 Steady, Laminar Flow Between Fixed Parallel Plates	362	(3)
6.9.2 Couette Flow	365	(2)
6.9.3 Steady, Laminar Flow in Circular Tubes	367	(3)
6.9.4 Steady, Axial, Laminar Flow in an Annulus	370	(2)
6.10 Other Aspects of Differential Analysis	372	(9)
6.10.1 Numerical Methods	373	(8)
References	381	(1)
Review Problems	381	(2)
Problems	383	(14)
7 SIMILITUDE, DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS, AND MODELING	397	(62)
7.1 Dimensional Analysis	397	(3)
7.2 Buckingham Pi Theorem	400	(1)
7.3 Determination of Pi Terms	400	(7)
7.4 Some Additional Comments About Dimensional Analysis	407	(5)
7.4.1 Selection of Variables	407	(2)
7.4.2 Determination of Reference Dimensions	409	(2)
7.4.3 Uniqueness of Pi Terms	411	(1)
7.5 Determination of Pi Terms by Inspection	412	(2)
7.6 Common Dimensionless Groups in Fluid Mechanics	414	(4)
7.7 Correlation of Experimental Data	418	(5)
7.7.1 Problems with One Pi Term	418	(2)
7.7.2 Problems with Two or More Pi Terms	420	(3)
7.8 Modeling and Similitude	423	(7)
7.8.1 Theory of Models	423	(5)
7.8.2 Model Scales	428	(1)
7.8.3 Practical Aspects of Using Models	428	(2)
7.9 Some Typical Model Studies	430	(11)
7.9.1 Flow Through Closed Conduits	430	(3)
7.9.2 Flow Around Immersed Bodies	433	(4)
7.9.3 Flow with a Free Surface	437	(4)
7.10 Similitude Based on Governing Differential Equations	441	(3)
References	444	(1)
Review Problems	444	(2)
Problems	446	(13)
8 VISCOUS FLOW IN PIPES	459	(92)
8.1 General Characteristics of Pipe Flow	460	(5)
8.1.1 Laminar or Turbulent Flow	461	(2)
8.1.2 Entrance Region and Fully Developed Flow	463	(1)
8.1.3 Pressure and Shear Stress	464	(1)
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow	465	(11)
8.2.1 From F = ma Applied to a Fluid Element	466	(5)
8.2.2 From the Navier-Stokes Equations	471	(1)
8.2.3 From Dimensional Analysis	472	(2)
8.2.4 Energy Considerations	474	(2)
8.3 Fully Developed Turbulent Flow	476	(13)
8.3.1 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow	477	(2)
8.3.2 Turbulent Shear Stress	479	(4)
8.3.3 Turbulent Velocity Profile	483	(5)
8.3.4 Turbulence Modeling	488	(1)
8.3.5 Chaos and Turbulence	488	(1)
8.4 Dimensional Analysis of Pipe Flow	489	(21)
8.4.1 The Moody Chart	489	(7)
8.4.2 Minor Losses	496	(12)
8.4.3 Noncircular Conduits	508	(2)
8.5 Pipe Flow Examples	510	(19)
8.5.1 Single Pipes	511	(12)
8.5.2 Multiple Pipe Systems	523	(6)
8.6 Pipe Flowrate Measurement	529	(7)
8.6.1 Pipe Flowrate Meters	529	(5)
8.6.2 Volume Flow Meters	534	(2)
References	536	(1)
Review Problems	537	(2)
Problems	539	(12)
9 FLOW OVER IMMERSED BODIES	551	(88)
9.1 General External Flow Characteristics	552	(10)
9.1.1 Lift and Drag Concepts	553	(4)
9.1.2 Characteristics of Flow Past an Object	557	(5)
9.2 Boundary Layer Characteristics	562	(29)
9.2.1 Boundary Layer Structure and Thickness on a Flat Plate	562	(4)
9.2.2 Prandtl/Blasius Boundary Layer Solution	566	(4)
9.2.3 Momentum Integral Boundary Layer Equation for a Flat Plate	570	(7)
9.2.4 Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow	577	(2)
9.2.5 Turbulent Boundary Layer Flow	579	(6)
9.2.6 Effects of Pressure Gradient	585	(5)
9.2.7 Momentum-Integral Boundary Layer Equation with Nonzero Pressure Gradient	590	(1)
9.3 Drag	591	(19)
9.3.1 Friction Drag	591	(2)
9.3.2 Pressure Drag	593	(3)
9.3.3 Drag Coefficient Data and Examples	596	(14)
9.4 Lift	610	(15)
9.4.1 Surface Pressure Distribution	610	(11)
9.4.2 Circulation	621	(4)
References	625	(1)
Review Problems	626	(2)
Problems	628	(11)
10 OPEN-CHANNEL FLOW	639	(60)
10.1 General Characteristics of Open-Channel Flow	640	(1)
10.2 Surface Waves	641	(4)
10.2.1 Wave Speed	641	(3)
10.2.2 Froude Number Effects	644	(1)
10.3 Energy Considerations	645	(7)
10.3.1 Specific Energy	646	(5)
10.3.2 Channel Depth Variations	651	(1)
10.4 Uniform Depth Channel Flow	652	(13)
10.4.1 Uniform Flow Approximations	652	(1)
10.4.2 The Chezy and Manning Equations	653	(3)
10.4.3 Uniform Depth Examples	656	(9)
10.5 Gradually Varied Flow	665	(4)
10.5.1 Classification of Surface Shapes	666	(1)
10.5.2 Examples of Gradually Varied Flows	667	(2)
10.6 Rapidly Varied Flow	669	(17)
10.6.1 The Hydraulic Jump	671	(6)
10.6.2 Sharp-Crested Weirs	677	(3)
10.6.3 Broad-Crested Weirs	680	(3)
10.6.4 Underflow Gates	683	(3)
References	686	(1)
Review Problems	686	(2)
Problems	688	(11)
11 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW	699	(80)
11.1 Ideal Gas Relationships	700	(6)
11.2 Mach Number and Speed of Sound	706	(3)
11.3 Categories of Compressible Flow	709	(4)
11.4 Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas	713	(22)
11.4.1 Effect of Variations in Flow Cross-Section Area	714	(2)
11.4.2 Converging-Diverging Duct Flow	716	(18)
11.4.3 Constant-Area Duct Flow	734	(1)
11.5 Nonisentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas	735	(32)
11.5.1 Adiabatic Constant-Area Duct Flow with Friction (Fanno Flow)	735	(15)
11.5.2 Frictionless, Constant-Area Duct Flow with Heat Transfer (Rayleigh Flow)	750	(7)
11.5.3 Normal Shock Waves	757	(10)
11.6 Analogy Between Compressible and Open-Channel Flows	767	(1)
11.7 Two-Dimensional Compressible Flow	768	(3)
References	771	(1)
Review Problems	772	(1)
Problems	772	(7)
12 TURBOMACHINES	779	(67)
12.1 Introduction	780	(2)
12.2 Basic Energy Considerations	782	(4)
12.3 Basic Angular Momentum Considerations	786	(2)
12.4 The Centrifugal Pump	788	(14)
12.4.1 Theoretical Considerations	790	(4)
12.4.2 Pump Performance Characteristics	794	(2)
12.4.3 Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)	796	(2)
12.4.4 System Characteristics and Pump Selection	798	(4)
12.5 Dimensionless Parameters and Similarity Laws	802	(6)
12.5.1 Special Pump Scaling Laws	805	(2)
12.5.2 Specific Speed	807	(1)
12.5.3 Suction Specific Speed	807	(1)
12.6 Axial-Flow and Mixed-Flow Pumps	808	(2)
12.7 Fans	810	(1)
12.8 Turbines	811	(16)
12.8.1 Impulse Turbines	813	(10)
12.8.2 Reaction Turbines	823	(4)
12.9 Compressible Flow Turbomachines	827	(7)
12.9.1 Compressors	827	(5)
12.9.2 Compressible Flow Turbines	832	(2)
References	834	(1)
Review Problems	835	(2)
Problems	837	(9)
A UNIT CONVERSION TABLES	846	(4)
B PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS	850	(6)
C PROPERTIES OF THE U.S. STANDARD ATMOSPHERE	856	(2)
D COMPRESSIBLE FLOW DATA FOR AN IDEAL GAS	858	(1)
ANSWERS	859	(10)
INDEX	869