Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 6th Edition

by John R. Holum (Augsburg College)

• ISBN13: 9780471175742
• ISBN10: 0471175749
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-10-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This sixth edition contains the recent advances in molecular basis of life. Includes illustrations, formulas, and worked-out examples and solutions to assist those interested in knowing how nature and human life work at the molecular level. New interactions (special topics) consist of: scurvy, lime juice, ascorbic acid, and the scientific method, air bags, melatonin - hope or hype?, mad cows, prions, and protein shapes, biochips, breast cancer, and the no-name protein and more. Each chapter provides a summary as well as review exercises.

Table of Contents

1 GOALS, METHODS, AND MEASUREMENTS	1	(28)
1.1 Chemistry and the Molecular Basis of Life	2	(1)
1.2 Facts, Hypotheses, and Theories in Science	3	(1)
1.3 Properties and the States of Matter	4	(2)
1.4 Physical Quantities, Measurement, and Significant Figures	6	(8)
1.5 Scientific Notation	14	(5)
1.6 Factor-Label Method in Calculations	19	(3)
1.7 Density and Specific Gravity	22	(2)
Summary	24	(1)
Review Exercises	25	(4)
2 MATTER AND ENERGY	29	(20)
This Chapter in Context	30	(1)
2.1 States and Kinds of Matter	30	(3)
2.2 Atoms, Chemical Symbols, and Equations	33	(5)
2.3 Kinetic and Potential Energy	38	(2)
2.4 Heat	40	(3)
2.5 Heat and Molecular Kinetic Energy	43	(2)
Summary	45	(1)
Review Exercises	46	(3)
3 ATOMIC THEORY AND THE PERIODIC TABLE	49	(25)
This Chapter in Context	50	(1)
3.1 The Nuclear Atom	50	(3)
3.2 Periodic Law and Periodic Table	53	(5)
3.3 Electron Configurations, an Overview	58	(2)
3.4 Electron Configurations and Atomic Orbitals	60	(9)
Summary	69	(1)
Review Exercises	70	(4)
4 CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND CHEMICAL BONDS	74	(43)
This Chapter in Context	75	(1)
4.1 Electron Transfers and Ionic Compounds	75	(6)
4.2 Monatomic Ions and the Octet Rule	81	(4)
4.3 Redox Reactions	85	(2)
4.4 Electron Sharing and Molecular Compounds	87	(2)
4.5 Lewis Structures and the Octet Rule	89	(7)
4.6 Structures of Polyatomic Ions	96	(3)
4.7 Writing Lewis Structures of Molecules and Polyatomic Ions	99	(6)
4.8 Shapes of Molecules	105	(2)
4.9 Polar Molecules	107	(4)
Summary	111	(1)
Review Exercises	112	(5)
5 QUANTITATIVE RELATIONSHIPS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS	117	(29)
This Chapter in Context	118	(1)
5.1 Mole Concept	118	(1)
5.2 Atomic, Formula, and Molecular Masses	119	(5)
5.3 Balanced Chemical Equations and Stoichiometry	124	(7)
5.4 Reactions in Solution	131	(2)
5.5 Molar Concentration	133	(5)
5.6 Preparing Dilute Solutions from Concentrated Solutions	138	(3)
Summary	141	(1)
Review Exercises	141	(5)
6 STATES OF MATTER AND THE KINETIC THEORY	146	(31)
This Chapter in Context	147	(1)
6.1 Gaseous State	147	(1)
6.2 Pressure-Volume-Temperature Relationships for a Fixed Amount of Gas	148	(5)
6.3 Ideal Gas Law	153	(3)
6.4 Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures	156	(3)
6.5 Kinetic Theory of Gases Revisited	159	(1)
6.6 Liquid State	160	(2)
6.7 Vapor Pressure, Dynamic Equilibria, and Changes of State	162	(3)
6.8 Water and the Hydrogen Bond	165	(4)
6.9 Solid State	169	(2)
Summary	171	(1)
Review Exercises	172	(5)
7 SOLUTIONS, AND COLLOIDS	177	(25)
This Chapter in Context	178	(1)
7.1 Types of Homogeneous Mixtures	178	(2)
7.2 Aqueous Solutions and How They Form	180	(5)
7.3 Solubilities of Gases	185	(4)
7.4 Percentage Concentration Expressions	189	(2)
7.5 Osmosis and Dialysis	191	(4)
7.6 Dialysis and the Bloodstream	195	(3)
Summary	198	(1)
Review Exercises	198	(4)
8 ACIDS, BASES, AND IONIC COMPOUNDS	202	(44)
This Chapter in Context	203	(1)
8.1 Electrolytes	203	(3)
8.2 Acids and Bases as Electrolytes	206	(7)
8.3 Chemical Properties of Aqueous Acids and Bases	213	(10)
8.4 Strengths of Bronsted Acids and Bases--A Qualitative View	223	(6)
8.5 Salts	229	(10)
Summary	239	(1)
Review Exercises	240	(6)
9 REACTION KINETICS AND CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIA. ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIA	246	(47)
This Chapter in Context	247	(1)
9.1 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates	247	(4)
9.2 Kinetic Theory and Chemical Reactions	251	(4)
9.3 Chemical Equilibria Revisited	255	(2)
9.4 Ion Product Constant of Water	257	(1)
9.5 pH Concept	258	(6)
9.6 Acid Ionization Constants	264	(3)
9.7 Base Ionization Constants	267	(4)
9.8 pK(a) and pK(b) Concepts	271	(2)
9.9 Buffers	273	(4)
9.10 Some Quantitative Aspects of Buffers	277	(7)
9.11 Acid-Base Titrations	284	(2)
Summary	286	(2)
Review Exercises	288	(5)
10 RADIOACTIVITY AND NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY	293	(30)
This Chapter in Context	294	(1)
10.1 Atomic Radiation	294	(5)
10.2 Ionizing Radiation -- Dangers and Precautions	299	(5)
10.3 Units to Describe and Measure Radiation	304	(2)
10.4 Synthetic Radionuclides	306	(1)
10.5 Radiation Technology in the Food Industry	307	(2)
10.6 Radiation Technology in Medicine	309	(3)
10.7 Atomic Energy and Radionuclides	312	(6)
Summary	318	(1)
Review Exercises	319	(4)
11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. SATURATED HYDROCARBONS	323	(38)
This Chapter in Context	324	(1)
11.1 Organic and Inorganic Compounds	324	(1)
11.2 Some Structural Features of Organic Compounds	325	(9)
11.3 Isomerism	334	(2)
11.4 Functional Groups	336	(3)
11.5 Alkanes and Cycloalkanes	339	(5)
11.6 Naming the Alkanes and Cycloalkanes	344	(7)
11.7 Chemical Properties of Alkanes	351	(5)
Summary	356	(1)
Review Exercises	357	(4)
12 UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS	361	(38)
This Chapter in Context	362	(1)
12.1 Occurrence	362	(1)
12.2 Naming the Alkenes	363	(4)
12.3 Geometric Isomers	367	(2)
12.4 Addition Reactions of the Double Bond	369	(9)
12.5 How Addition Reactions Occur	378	(5)
12.6 Addition Polymers	383	(3)
12.7 Benzene Ring and Aromatic Properties	386	(5)
12.8 Naming Compounds of Benzene	391	(1)
Summary	392	(2)
Review Exercises	394	(5)
13 ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS, ETHERS, AND THIOALCOHOLS	399	(29)
This Chapter in Context	400	(1)
13.1 Occurrence, Types, and Names of Alcohols	400	(7)
13.2 Physical Properties of Alcohols	407	(2)
13.3 Chemical Properties of Alcohols	409	(6)
13.4 Phenols	415	(2)
13.5 Ethers	417	(3)
13.6 Thioalcohols and Disulfides	420	(2)
Summary	422	(1)
Review Exercises	423	(5)
14 ALDEHYDES AND KETONES	428	(24)
This Chapter in Context	429	(1)
14.1 Structures and Physical Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones	429	(1)
14.2 Naming Aldehydes and Ketones	430	(4)
14.3 Oxidation of Aldehydes and Ketones	434	(2)
14.4 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones	436	(3)
14.5 Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones with Alcohols	439	(6)
Summary	445	(1)
Review Exercises	446	(6)
15 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS AND ESTERS	452	(27)
This Chapter in Context	453	(1)
15.1 Occurrences, Names, and Physical Properties of Carboxylic Acids	453	(3)
15.2 Acidity of Carboxylic Acids	456	(3)
15.3 Conversion of Carboxylic Acids to Esters	459	(4)
15.4 Occurrence, Names, and Physical Properties of Esters	463	(4)
15.5 Some Reactions of Esters	467	(3)
15.6 Organophosphate Esters and Anhydrides	470	(4)
Summary	474	(1)
Review Exercises	474	(5)
16 AMINES AND AMIDES	479	(19)
This Chapter in Context	480	(1)
16.1 Occurrence, Names, and Physical Properties of Amines	480	(2)
16.2 Chemical Properties of Amines	482	(5)
16.3 Amides of Carboxylic Acids	487	(6)
Summary	493	(1)
Review Exercises	493	(5)
17 STEREOISOMERISM	498	(18)
This Chapter in Context	499	(1)
17.1 Types of Isomerism	499	(1)
17.2 Molecular Chirality	500	(9)
17.3 Optical Activity	509	(5)
Summary	514	(1)
Review Exercises	514	(2)
18 CARBOHYDRATES	516	(29)
This Chapter in Context	517	(1)
18.1 Biochemistry -- An Overview	517	(1)
18.2 Introduction to Monosaccharides	518	(3)
18.3 D- and L-Families of Carbohydrates	521	(5)
18.4 Cyclic Forms of Monosaccharides	526	(8)
18.5 Disaccharides	534	(3)
18.6 Polysaccharides	537	(4)
Summary	541	(1)
Review Exercises	541	(4)
19 LIPIDS	545	(22)
This Chapter in Context	546	(1)
19.1 What Lipids Are	546	(6)
19.2 Chemical Properties of Triacylglycerols	552	(3)
19.3 Phospholipids	555	(4)
19.4 Steroids	559	(3)
19.5 Cell Membranes -- Their Lipid Components	562	(2)
Summary	564	(1)
Review Exercises	564	(3)
20 PROTEINS	567	(34)
This Chapter in Context	568	(1)
20.1 Amino Acids. The Building Blocks of Proteins	568	(6)
20.2 Overview of Protein Structure	574	(1)
20.3 Primary Structures of Proteins	575	(3)
20.4 Secondary Structures of Proteins	578	(3)
20.5 Tertiary Structures of Proteins	581	(1)
20.6 Quaternary Structures of Proteins	582	(3)
20.7 Common Properties of Proteins	585	(5)
20.8 Cell Membranes Revisited -- Glycoprotein Components	590	(6)
20.9 Classes of Proteins	596	(1)
Summary	597	(1)
Review Exercises	598	(3)
21 ENZYMES	601	(21)
This Chapter in Context	602	(1)
21.1 The Nature of Enzymes	602	(4)
21.2 Enzyme-Substrate Complex	606	(2)
21.3 Kinetics of Simple Enzyme-Substrate Interactions	608	(4)
21.4 Regulation of Enzymes	612	(4)
21.5 Enzymes in Medicine	616	(3)
Summary	619	(1)
Review Exercises	620	(2)
22 HORMONES AND NEUROTRANSMITTERS	622	(18)
This Chapter in Context	623	(1)
22.1 Chemical Communication -- How It Works	623	(4)
22.2 Hormones and Neurotransmitters	627	(9)
22.3 Retrograde Messengers	636	(2)
Summary	638	(1)
Review Exercises	638	(2)
23 EXTRACELLULAR FLUIDS OF THE BODY	640	(27)
This Chapter in Context	641	(1)
23.1 Digestive Juices	641	(4)
23.2 Blood and the Absorption of Nutrients by Cells	645	(6)
23.3 Blood and the Exchange of Respiratory Gases	651	(6)
23.4 Acid-Base Balance of the Blood	657	(5)
23.5 Blood and the Functions of the Kidneys	662	(1)
Summary	663	(1)
Review Exercises	664	(3)
24 NUCLEIC ACIDS	667	(38)
This Chapter in Context	668	(1)
24.1 Heredity and the Cell	668	(2)
24.2 Structure of Nucleic Acids	670	(7)
24.3 Ribonucleic Acids	677	(5)
24.4 mRNA-Directed Polypeptide Synthesis	682	(5)
24.5 Viruses	687	(3)
24.6 Recombinant DNA Technology and Genetic Engineering	690	(7)
24.7 Hereditary Diseases and Genetic Engineering	697	(4)
Summary	701	(1)
Review Exercises	702	(3)
25 BIOCHEMICAL ENERGETICS	705	(20)
This Chapter in Context	706	(1)
25.1 Energy for Living--An Overview	706	(5)
25.2 Citric Acid Cycle	711	(4)
25.3 Respiratory Chain	715	(7)
Summary	722	(1)
Review Exercises	723	(2)
26 METABOLISM OF CARBOHYDRATES	725	(19)
This Chapter in Context	726	(1)
26.1 Glycogen Metabolism	726	(5)
26.2 Glucose Tolerance	731	(3)
26.3 Catabolism of Glucose	734	(5)
26.4 Gluconeogenesis	739	(2)
Summary	741	(1)
Review Exercises	742	(2)
27 METABOLISM OF LIPIDS	744	(21)
This Chapter in Context	745	(1)
27.1 Absorption and Distribution of Lipids	745	(2)
27.2 Storage and Mobilization of Lipids	747	(3)
27.3 Oxidation of Fatty Acids	750	(3)
27.4 Biosynthesis of Fatty Acids	753	(3)
27.5 Biosynthesis of Cholesterol	756	(3)
27.6 Ketoacidosis	759	(3)
Summary	762	(1)
Review Exercises	763	(2)
28 METABOLISM OF NITROGEN COMPOUNDS	765	(15)
This Chapter in Context	766	(1)
28.1 Synthesis of Amino Acids in the Body	766	(1)
28.2 Catabolism of Amino Acids	767	(6)
28.3 Formation of Urea	773	(2)
28.4 Catabolism of Other Nitrogen Compounds	775	(3)
Summary	778	(1)
Review Exercises	778	(2)
29 NUTRITION	780
This Chapter in Context	781	(1)
29.1 General Nutritional Requirements	781	(4)
29.2 Protein Requirements	785	(4)
29.3 Vitamins	789	(6)
29.4 Minerals and Trace Elements in Nutrition	795	(3)
Summary	798	(1)
Review Exercises	799
APPENDICES
A Mathematical Concepts	A-1
B Electron Configurations of the Elements	B-1
C Some Rules for Naming Inorganic Compounds	C-1
D Three Organic Reaction Mechanisms	D-1
E Answers to Practice Exercises and Selected Review Exercises	E-1
GLOSSARY	G-1
PHOTO CREDITS	P-1
INDEX	I-1