Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, Laboratory Manual, 6th Edition

by John R. Holum (Augsburg College)

• ISBN13: 9780471242840
• ISBN10: 0471242845
• Edition: Lab
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1998-02-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

This sixth edition contains the recent advances in molecular basis of life. Includes illustrations, formulas, and worked-out examples and solutions to assist those interested in knowing how nature and human life work at the molecular level. New interactions (special topics) consist of: scurvy, lime juice, ascorbic acid, and the scientific method, air bags, melatonin - hope or hype?, mad cows, prions, and protein shapes, biochips, breast cancer, and the no-name protein and more. Each chapter provides a summary as well as review exercises.

Table of Contents

Laboratory Operations, Reporting Data, and Safety	1	(26)
How to Protect Yourself in the Laboratory: Safety Rules	1	(3)
Protecting Our Environment: Laboratory Wastes	4	(1)
Important Techniques and Common Laboratory Operations Care of Laboratory Equipment	4	(1)
General Rules	4	(1)
Washing Glassware	4	(1)
The Burner	5	(4)
General Information	5	(2)
Heating Liquids and Solids	7	(2)
Reporting Data	9	(3)
General Suggestions for Prelab Preparations	9	(1)
Organization and Format of the Written Report	9	(1)
Precision versus Accuracy	10	(1)
Significant Figures	10	(1)
Significant Figures and Direct Results	11	(1)
Methods of Separating an Insoluble Solid From a Liquid	12	(2)
Decantation	12	(1)
Filtration	12	(2)
Measurement of Mass	14	(4)
Single-Arm Balances	14	(1)
Top-Loading Balances	15	(2)
Use and Care of the Balance	17	(1)
Weighing Solids	17	(1)
Weighing Liquids	18	(1)
Measurement of Volume	18	(3)
Graduated Cylinders and Pipets	18	(1)
Pipets and Pipet Bulbs	19	(1)
Calibrated Beakers and Flasks	20	(1)
Calibrated Test Tubes and Medicine Droppers	20	(1)
Volumetric Flasks	21	(1)
Making Solutions, Including Dilutions	21	(3)
Preparation of Solutions	21	(1)
Making Dilutions	22	(2)
Suggested Apparatus for Student Desks	24	(3)
Diagrams of Glassware and Equipment	24	(1)
Check-in Procedure and Equipment List	25	(1)
Care and Safety Agreement	26	(1)
Check-out Procedure	26	(1)
General Chemistry
Goals, Methods, and Measurements	27	(12)
The Measurement of Volume	27	(6)
The Measurement of Mass. Determination of Density	33	(6)
Matter and Energy, Molecules and Change	39	(10)
Comparison of the Physical Properties of Some Compounds with Those of Their Component Elements	40	(1)
Evidence of Chemical Reaction	40	(5)
Chemical Change: Heat Energy	45	(4)
Chemical Compounds and Chemical Bonds	49	(18)
Chemical Change: Oxidation and Reduction	49	(4)
Chemical Change: Electrical Energy	53	(6)
Ionic and Molecular Compounds	59	(4)
Consequences of a Molecule's Structure and Polarity	63	(4)
Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Reactions	67	(20)
Conservation of Mass During a Chemical Change	67	(4)
Mass Relationships in Chemical Changes	71	(4)
The Relationship Between Moles of Reactants and Moles of Products	75	(4)
Hydrates of Copper Sulfate and Calcium Sulfate (Plaster of Paris)	79	(4)
Effect of Limiting the Concentration of a Reactant	83	(4)
States of Matter and the Kinetic Theory	87	(16)
Boyle's Law: The Relationship Between Pressure and Volume at Constant Temperature	87	(6)
Charles' Law: The Relationship Between Volume and Temperature at Constant Pressure	93	(4)
The Partial Pressure of Oxygen in the Air (Percent Oxygen in Air)	97	(6)
Solutions and Colloids	103	(38)
Solubility and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory	103	(8)
Surface Tension and Surfactants	111	(1)
Distillation	111	(6)
Cooling Capacity of Ice Versus Water at °C; Heat of Fusion; Colligative Properties	117	(6)
Osmosis and Hemolysis	123	(8)
Dialysis	131	(4)
Colloidal Dispersions Versus True Solutions	135	(6)
Acids, Bases, and Ionic Compounds	141	(30)
Conductivity (The Ability of Ions to Carry an Electric Current)	141	(6)
Reactions of Hydronium Ions	147	(4)
Predicting Reactions Using Solubility Rules	151	(4)
Tests for Various Ions	155	(4)
Special Inorganic Compounds	159	(1)
Constituents of Bones and Teeth	159	(6)
Complex Ions and Chelates	165	(6)
Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Equilibria. Acid-Base Equilibria	171	(36)
The Effects of Heat and Catalysts: Preparation of Oxygen	171	(4)
The Effect of Concentration of Reactants on Rate of Reaction: Properties of Oxygen	175	(4)
Reaction to Stress by Systems in Dynamic Equilibrium: Concentration Effects	179	(4)
Determination of pH	183	(4)
Hydrolysis of Salts: How Salts Can Change the pH of Aqueous Systems	187	(4)
Testing a Substance for Buffering Ability and Buffering Capacity	191	(4)
Effect of Dissolved Gases on pH of Buffered and Unbuffered Solutions	195	(4)
Total Acid Content: Acid-Base Titrations	199	(8)
Radioactivity and Nuclear Chemistry	207	(13)
Radioactivity	207	(8)
Determination of the Half-Life of a Radioactive Isotope	215	(5)
Organic Chemistry
Hydrocarbons	220	(13)
Studies in Structural Organic Chemistry: Isomerism	220	(5)
Hydrocarbons	225	(6)
Exercises in Structural Organic Chemistry: Hydrocarbons	231	(2)
Alcohols, Phenols, Ethers, and Thioalcohols	233	(14)
Structure and Solubility (Polarity)	233	(4)
Oxidation of Alcohols (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary)	237	(4)
Properties of Phenols	241	(4)
Exercises in Structural Organic Chemistry: Alcohols, Thioalcohols, and Ethers	245	(2)
Carbonyl Compounds: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids and Esters	247	(20)
Oxidation of Carbonyl Compounds	247	(4)
Carboxylic Acids and Their Salts	251	(4)
Esterification: Synthesis of Methyl Salicylate (Oil of Wintergreen) or Other Pleasant Odors	255	(4)
Aspirin	259	(4)
The Saponification of Methyl Benzoate	263	(2)
Exercises in Structural Organic Chemistry: Carbonyl Compounds	265	(2)
Amines and Amides	267	(8)
Basicity of Amines: A Comparison with Ammonia	267	(4)
Alkaline Hydrolysis of an Amide: Action of Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide on Benzamide	271	(4)
Special Topics in Organic Chemistry	275	(12)
Evaluation of Sunscreen Preparations	275	(4)
Nylon, A Polyamide	279	(3)
Preparation of a Synthetic Fiber From a Natural Polymer: The Esterification of Cellulose to Cellulose Acetate	282	(5)
Biological Chemistry
Optical Isomerism	287	(14)
Study of Isomerism via Molecular Models	288	(5)
Optical Activity: A Study Using a Polarimeter	293	(8)
Carbohydrates	301	(12)
Tests for Carbohydrates	301	(6)
Hydrolysis of Sucrose and of Starch	307	(4)
Exercises in Structural Biochemistry: Carbohydrates	311	(2)
Lipids	313	(20)
Tests for Lipids	313	(6)
Properties and Constituents of a Phospholipid (Lecithin)	319	(6)
Saponification: The Preparation of Soap; The Properties of Soap Compared to Synthetic Detergents	325	(6)
Exercises in Structural Biochemistry: Lipids	331	(2)
Proteins	333	(14)
Reactions of Proteins	333	(6)
pH and Protein Solubility: Isoelectric Point, pI	339	(6)
Exercises in Structural Biochemistry: Amino Acids and Peptides	345	(2)
Enzymes	347	(10)
Factors Affecting Enzymatic Activity	347	(10)
Extracellular Fluids of the Body	357	(12)
Normal and Pathological Urine Analysis	357	(6)
Analgesic Drug Analysis by TLC (Thin-Layer Chromatography)	363	(6)
The Chemistry of Heredity	369	(8)
Exercise in Structural Biochemistry: Elements of Protein Synthesis	369	(8)
Biochemical Energetics, Metabolism, and Nutrition	377	(6)
Determination of Ascorbic Acid (Vitamin C)	377	(6)
A Model of the Citric Acid Cycle: A Group Project	383	(1)
A Model of Beta Oxidation: A Group Project	383