Fundamentals of Noise and Vibration Analysis for Engineers

by M. P. Norton, D. G. Karczub

• ISBN13: 9780521495615
• ISBN10: 052149561X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2003-11-24
• Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Summary

Noise and Vibration affects all kinds of engineering structures, and is fast becoming an integral part of engineering courses at universities and colleges around the world. In this second edition, Michael Norton's classic text has been extensively updated to take into account recent developments in the field. Much of the new material has been provided by Denis Karczub, who joins Michael as second author for this edition. This book treats both noise and vibration in a single volume, with particular emphasis on wave-mode duality and interactions between sound waves and solid structures. There are numerous case studies, test cases, and examples for students to work through. The book is primarily intended as a textbook for senior level undergraduate and graduate courses, but is also a valuable reference for researchers and professionals looking to gain an overview of the field.

Table of Contents

Preface	xv
Acknowledgements	xvii
Introductory comments	xviii
Mechanical vibrations: a review of some fundamentals	1	(127)
Introduction	1	(2)
Introductory wave motion concepts - an elastic continuum viewpoint	3	(5)
Introductory multiple, discrete, mass-spring-damper oscillator concepts - a macroscopic viewpoint	8	(2)
Introductory concepts on natural frequencies, modes of vibration, forced vibrations and resonance	10	(2)
The dynamics of a single oscillator - a convenient model	12	(25)
Undamped free vibrations	12	(3)
Energy concepts	15	(1)
Free vibrations with viscous damping	16	(5)
Forced vibrations: some general comments	21	(1)
Forced vibrations with harmonic excitation	22	(8)
Equivalent viscous-damping concepts - damping in real systems	30	(2)
Forced vibrations with periodic excitation	32	(1)
Forced vibrations with transient excitation	33	(4)
Forced vibrations with random excitation	37	(15)
Probability functions	38	(1)
Correlation functions	39	(2)
Spectral density functions	41	(1)
Input-output relationships for linear systems	42	(8)
The special case of broadband excitation of a single oscillator	50	(2)
A note on frequency response functions and transfer functions	52	(1)
Energy and power flow relationships	52	(4)
Multiple oscillators - a review of some general procedures	56	(8)
A simple two-degree-of-freedom system	56	(3)
A simple three-degree-of-freedom system	59	(1)
Forced vibrations of multiple oscillators	60	(4)
Continuous systems - a review of wave-types in strings, bars and plates	64	(32)
The vibrating string	64	(8)
Quasi-longitudinal vibrations of rods and bars	72	(5)
Transmission and reflection of quasi-longitudinal waves	77	(2)
Transverse bending vibrations of beams	79	(5)
A general discussion on wave-types in structures	84	(1)
Mode summation procedures	85	(6)
The response of continuous systems to random loads	91	(3)
Bending waves in plates	94	(2)
Relationships for the analysis of dynamic stress in beams	96	(12)
Dynamic stress response for flexural vibration of a thin beam	96	(4)
Far-field relationships between dynamic stress and structural vibration levels	100	(2)
Generalised relationships for the prediction of maximum dynamic stress	102	(1)
Properties of the non-dimensional correlation ratio	103	(1)
Estimates of dynamic stress based on static stress and displacement	104	(1)
Mean-square estimates for single-mode vibration	105	(1)
Relationships for a base-excited cantilever with tip mass	106	(2)
Relationships for the analysis of dynamic strain in plates	108	(5)
Dynamic strain response for flexural vibration of a constrained rectangular plate	109	(3)
Far-field relationships between dynamic stress and structural vibration levels	112	(1)
Generalised relationships for the prediction of maximum dynamic stress	113	(1)
Relationships for the analysis of dynamic strain in cylindrical shells	113	(15)
Dynamic response of cylindrical shells	114	(3)
Propagating and evanescent wave components	117	(2)
Dynamic strain concentration factors	119	(1)
Correlations between dynamic strain and velocity spatial maxima	119	(3)
References	122	(1)
Nomenclature	123	(5)
Sound waves: a review of some fundamentals	128	(65)
Introduction	128	(3)
The homogeneous acoustic wave equation - a classical analysis	131	(15)
Conservation of mass	134	(2)
Conservation of momentum	136	(3)
The thermodynamic equation of state	139	(1)
The linearised acoustic wave equation	140	(1)
The acoustic velocity potential	141	(2)
The propagation of plane sound waves	143	(1)
Sound intensity, energy density and sound power	144	(2)
Fundamental acoustic source models	146	(19)
Monopoles - simple spherical sound waves	147	(4)
Dipoles	151	(4)
Monopoles near a rigid, reflecting, ground plane	155	(2)
Sound radiation from a vibrating piston mounted in a rigid baffle	157	(5)
Quadrupoles - lateral and longitudinal	162	(2)
Cylindrical line sound sources	164	(1)
The inhomogeneous acoustic wave equation - aerodynamic sound	165	(18)
The inhomogeneous wave equation	167	(7)
Lighthill's acoustic analogy	174	(3)
The effects of the presence of solid bodies in the flow	177	(3)
The Powell-Howe theory of vortex sound	180	(3)
Flow duct acoustics	183	(10)
References	187	(1)
Nomenclature	188	(5)
Interactions between sound waves and solid structures	193	(61)
Introduction	193	(1)
Fundamentals of fluid-structure interactions	194	(3)
Sound radiation from an infinite plate - wave/boundary matching concepts	197	(6)
Introductory radiation ratio concepts	203	(4)
Sound radiation from free bending waves in finite plate-type structures	207	(9)
Sound radiation from regions in proximity to discontinuities - point and line force excitations	216	(5)
Radiation ratios of finite structural elements	221	(6)
Some specific engineering-type applications of the reciprocity principle	227	(3)
Sound transmission through panels and partitions	230	(14)
Sound transmission through single panels	232	(9)
Sound transmission through double-leaf panels	241	(3)
The effects of fluid loading on vibrating structures	244	(3)
Impact noise	247	(7)
References	249	(1)
Nomenclature	250	(4)
Noise and vibration measurement and control procedures	254	(88)
Introduction	254	(2)
Noise and vibration measurement units - levels, decibels and spectra	256	(11)
Objective noise measurement scales	256	(1)
Subjective noise measurement scales	257	(2)
Vibration measurement scales	259	(2)
Addition and subtraction of decibels	261	(2)
Frequency analysis bandwidths	263	(4)
Noise and vibration measurement instrumentation	267	(6)
Noise measurement instrumentation	267	(3)
Vibration measurement instrumentation	270	(3)
Relationships for the measurement of free-field sound propagation	273	(5)
The directional characteristics of sound sources	278	(1)
Sound power models - constant power and constant volume sources	279	(3)
The measurement of sound power	282	(12)
Free-field techniques	282	(1)
Reverberant-field techniques	283	(4)
Semi-reverberant-field techniques	287	(3)
Sound intensity techniques	290	(4)
Some general comments on industrial noise and vibration control	294	(7)
Basic sources of industrial noise and vibration	294	(1)
Basic industrial noise and vibration control methods	295	(4)
The economic factor	299	(2)
Sound transmission from one room to another	301	(3)
Acoustic enclosures	304	(4)
Acoustic barriers	308	(5)
Sound-absorbing materials	313	(7)
Vibration control procedures	320	(22)
Low frequency vibration isolation - single-degree-of-freedom systems	322	(3)
Low frequency vibration isolation - multiple-degree-of-freedom systems	325	(2)
Vibration isolation in the audio-frequency range	327	(3)
Vibration isolation materials	330	(2)
Dynamic absorption	332	(2)
Damping materials	334	(1)
References	335	(1)
Nomenclature	336	(6)
The analysis of noise and vibration signals	342	(41)
Introduction	342	(2)
Deterministic and random signals	344	(3)
Fundamental signal analysis techniques	347	(18)
Signal magnitude analysis	347	(4)
Time domain analysis	351	(1)
Frequency domain analysis	352	(3)
Dual signal analysis	355	(10)
Analogue signal analysis	365	(1)
Digital signal analysis	366	(4)
Statistical errors associated with signal analysis	370	(7)
Random and bias errors	370	(2)
Aliasing	372	(2)
Windowing	374	(3)
Measurement noise errors associated with signal analysis	377	(6)
References	380	(1)
Nomenclature	380	(3)
Statistical energy analysis of noise and vibration	383	(58)
Introduction	383	(1)
The basic concepts of statistical energy analysis	384	(3)
Energy flow relationships	387	(10)
Basic energy flow concepts	388	(1)
Some general comments	389	(2)
The two subsystem model	391	(2)
In-situ estimation procedures	393	(2)
Multiple subsystems	395	(2)
Modal densities	397	(10)
Modal densities of structural elements	397	(3)
Modal densities of acoustic volumes	400	(1)
Modal density measurement techniques	401	(6)
Internal loss factors	407	(10)
Loss factors of structural elements	408	(2)
Acoustic radiation loss factors	410	(2)
Internal loss factor measurement techniques	412	(5)
Coupling loss factors	417	(6)
Structure-structure coupling loss factors	417	(2)
Structure-acoustic volume coupling loss factors	419	(1)
Acoustic volume-acoustic volume coupling loss factors	420	(1)
Coupling loss factor measurement techniques	421	(2)
Examples of the application of S.E.A. to coupled systems	423	(7)
A beam-plate-room volume coupled system	424	(3)
Two rooms coupled by a partition	427	(3)
Non-conservative coupling - coupling damping	430	(1)
The estimation of sound radiation from coupled structures using total loss factor concepts	431	(2)
Relationships between dynamic stress and strain and structural vibration levels	433	(8)
References	435	(2)
Nomenclature	437	(4)
Pipe flow noise and vibration: a case study	441	(47)
Introduction	441	(2)
General description of the effects of flow disturbances on pipeline noise and vibration	443	(3)
The sound field inside a cylindrical shell	446	(5)
Response of a cylindrical shell to internal flow	451	(10)
General formalism of the vibrational response and sound radiation	451	(3)
Natural frequencies of cylindrical shells	454	(1)
The internal wall pressure field	455	(3)
The joint acceptance function	458	(2)
Radiation ratios	460	(1)
Coincidence - vibrational response and sound radiation due to higher order acoustic modes	461	(6)
Other pipe flow noise sources	467	(4)
Prediction of vibrational response and sound radiation characteristics	471	(6)
Some general design guidelines	477	(2)
A vibration damper for the reduction of pipe flow noise and vibration	479	(9)
References	481	(2)
Nomenclature	483	(5)
Noise and vibration as a diagnostic tool	488	(78)
Introduction	488	(1)
Some general comments on noise and vibration as a diagnostic tool	489	(4)
Review of available signal analysis techniques	493	(20)
Conventional magnitude and time domain analysis techniques	494	(7)
Conventional frequency domain analysis techniques	501	(2)
Cepstrum analysis techniques	503	(1)
Sound intensity analysis techniques	504	(3)
Other advanced signal analysis techniques	507	(4)
New techniques in condition monitoring	511	(2)
Source identification and fault detection from noise and vibration signals	513	(28)
Gears	514	(2)
Rotors and shafts	516	(2)
Bearings	518	(5)
Fans and blowers	523	(2)
Furnaces and burners	525	(2)
Punch presses	527	(1)
Pumps	528	(2)
Electrical equipment	530	(2)
Source ranking in complex machinery	532	(4)
Structural components	536	(3)
Vibration severity guides	539	(2)
Some specific test cases	541	(16)
Cabin noise source identification on a load-haul-dump vehicle	541	(6)
Noise and vibration source identification on a large induction motor	547	(3)
Identification of rolling-contact bearing damage	550	(4)
Flow-induced noise and vibration associated with a gas pipeline	554	(3)
Flow-induced noise and vibration associated with a racing sloop (yacht)	557	(1)
Performance monitoring	557	(2)
Integrated condition monitoring design concepts	559	(7)
References	562	(1)
Nomenclature	563	(3)
Problems	566	(33)
Appendix 1: Relevant engineering noise and vibration control journals	599	(1)
Appendix 2: Typical sound transmission loss values and sound absorption coefficients for some common building materials	600	(3)
Appendix 3: Units and conversion factors	603	(2)
Appendix 4: Physical properties of some common substances	605	(2)
Answers to problems	607	(14)
Index	621