Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health

by Friend, Mark A.; Kohn, James P.

• ISBN13: 9780865878143
• ISBN10: 0865878145
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-06-01
• Publisher: Rowman & Littlefield Pub Inc

Summary

Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health serves as an excellent introductory reference for both students and professionals who are new to the safety field. Readers will gain practical knowledge of the technology, management, and regulatory compliance issues and learn about crucial topics like organizing, staffing, directing, and evaluating the system. All major topics are addressed in this comprehensive new edition, and all major changes made to OSHA's recordkeeping standards are included, as well as a new chapter covering the issues and concerns raised by the threat of terrorism.

Table of Contents

List of Figures and Tables	xix
Preface	xxi
About the Authors	xxiii
Acknowledgments	xxv
Introduction to Occupational Safety and Health	1	(20)
Chapter Objectives	1	(1)
Case Study	1	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health	2	(1)
Importance of Occupational Safety and Health	3	(1)
Early Historical Examination of Occupational Safety and Health	4	(4)
Ancient Greek and Roman Physicians	4	(1)
European Renaissance and the Industrial Revolution	5	(3)
Terms and Concepts in the Safety Profession	8	(3)
Job Titles of Individuals Performing Occupational Safety and Health Activities	11	(1)
Safety and Health Professional's Role and Responsibility	12	(6)
Conclusion	18	(1)
Questions	18	(1)
References	19	(1)
Bibliography	19	(2)
Safety Legislation	21	(20)
Chapter Objectives	21	(1)
Case Study	21	(1)
Legislative History	21	(3)
Occupational Safety and Health Act	24	(1)
Who Is Covered?	25	(1)
OSHA Standards	26	(1)
Origin of OSHA Standards	27	(1)
Horizontal and Vertical Standards	28	(1)
Finding the OSH Act	28	(1)
Specific Requirements of the Act	29	(1)
Employer Responsibilities and Rights	30	(1)
Inspections	31	(1)
Inspection Process	31	(2)
Citations and Penalties	33	(2)
Appeals Process	35	(1)
OSHA-Approved State Programs	36	(1)
Standards Development	36	(1)
Other Considerations	37	(1)
NIOSH and OSHRC	37	(1)
Future Trends	38	(1)
Conclusion	39	(1)
Questions	39	(1)
References	39	(1)
Bibliography	40	(1)
Workers' Compensation and Recordkeeping	41	(16)
Chapter Objectives	41	(1)
Case Study	41	(1)
Early Workers' Compensation Laws	41	(2)
Modern Workers' Compensation	43	(2)
Exemptions	45	(1)
Premium Calculation	46	(1)
Experience Modification	46	(1)
Retrospective Rating	46	(1)
Self-Insured	47	(1)
Recordkeeping	47	(1)
Case Study	47	(1)
Background	47	(1)
Who Must Keep Records	48	(1)
Forms	49	(1)
OSHA 300, 300A, and 301 Forms	49	(1)
Recordable Occupational Injuries and Illnesses	49	(6)
First Aid Cases	53	(1)
Fatalities	54	(1)
Privacy Concern Cases	54	(1)
Posting Annual Summary Requirements	54	(1)
Conclusion	55	(1)
Questions	55	(1)
References	56	(1)
Bibliography	56	(1)
Safety-Related Business Laws	57	(16)
Chapter Objectives	57	(1)
Case Study	57	(1)
Important Terminology	58	(4)
Role of the Safety Professional	62	(1)
Product Liability	63	(4)
Product Safety Act	63	(1)
Theories of Product Liability	64	(2)
Lawsuits	66	(1)
Contracts	67	(2)
Insurance	69	(1)
Conclusion	70	(1)
Questions	70	(1)
References	71	(2)
Accident Causation and Investigation: Theory and Application	73	(26)
Chapter Objectives	73	(1)
Introduction	73	(2)
The Concept of Risk and Accidents	75	(4)
Accident Causation Theories	79	(10)
Single Factor Theory	79	(1)
Domino Theories	80	(1)
Heinrich's Domino Theory	80	(2)
Bird and Loftus' Domino Theory	82	(2)
Marcum's Domino Theory	84	(1)
Multiple Causation Accident Theories	85	(1)
Multiple Factors Theory	85	(1)
Systems Theory of Causation	86	(1)
Psychological/Behavioral Accident Causation Theories	87	(1)
Goals Freedom Alertness Theory	87	(1)
Motivation Reward Satisfaction Model	87	(1)
Human Factors Theory	88	(1)
Energy-Related Accident Causation Theories	88	(1)
Energy Release Theory	88	(1)
Incident Investigation	89	(7)
Conclusion	96	(1)
Questions	96	(1)
References	96	(1)
Bibliography	97	(2)
Introduction to Industrial Hygiene	99	(26)
Burton R. Ogle
Case Study	100	(1)
What Is Industrial Hygiene?	101	(1)
Profession of Industrial Hygiene	102	(2)
History of Industrial Hygiene	104	(2)
Toxicology	106	(1)
Routes of Entry	107	(1)
Acute and Chronic Exposures	107	(1)
Chemical Interactions	108	(1)
Classification of Toxic Materials	108	(3)
Toxicity versus Risk	111	(1)
Industrial Hygiene Practice	111	(1)
Recognition	111	(2)
Evaluation	113	(6)
Control	119	(4)
Conclusion	123	(1)
Questions	123	(1)
Bibliography	124	(1)
Ergonomics and Safety Management	125	(36)
Chapter Objectives	125	(1)
Case Study	125	(1)
Introduction to Ergonomics	126	(2)
Definition of the Term Ergonomics	128	(1)
Multidisciplinary Study of Ergonomics	128	(1)
Ergonomics Objective	129	(1)
Applying Ergonomics	129	(2)
Operator-Machine Systems	131	(6)
People Variables	132	(3)
Machine Variables	135	(1)
Environmental Variables	136	(1)
Anthropometry	137	(2)
Biomechanics	139	(1)
Classification of Body Movement, Postures, and Positions	140	(7)
Physiological Categories of Movement	141	(1)
Abduction/Adduction	141	(1)
Circumduction	141	(1)
Flexion/Extension	141	(5)
Neutral Plane/Deviation	146	(1)
Rotation	146	(1)
Supination/Pronation	146	(1)
Operational Categories of Movement	146	(1)
Workplace Layout and Design	147	(3)
Classification of Workstations	147	(3)
Ergonomic Hazards	150	(2)
Manual Material Handling	150	(2)
Cumulative Trauma Disorders	152	(6)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	152	(1)
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome	153	(1)
Tendonitis	154	(1)
Tenosynovitis	154	(1)
Video Display Terminal Workstation Design	155	(3)
Conclusion	158	(1)
Questions	159	(1)
References	159	(1)
Bibliography	160	(1)
Fire Prevention and Protection	161	(26)
Chapter Objectives	161	(1)
Case Study	161	(2)
Fire Tetrahedron	163	(4)
Categories of Fires and Extinguishers	167	(1)
National Fire Protection Association	167	(3)
Standards and Codes	168	(1)
NFPA 70	168	(1)
NFPA 101	169	(1)
NFPA 30	169	(1)
NFPA 13	170	(1)
NFPA 58	170	(1)
NFPA 99	170	(1)
Educational Materials	170	(2)
NFPA 704	172	(1)
DOT Marking System	173	(1)
OSHA Regulations	174	(6)
Fire Case History	180	(1)
Managing the Fire Program	181	(1)
Written Program	182	(1)
Conclusion	183	(1)
Questions	184	(1)
References	184	(1)
Bibliography	184	(3)
System Safety	187	(32)
Celeste A. Winterberger
Chapter Objectives	187	(1)
Case Study	187	(1)
Definitions	188	(2)
History of System Safety	190	(1)
Importance of System Safety Today	191	(1)
System Life Cycle	192	(2)
Management of System Safety	194	(3)
Organizational Location	194	(1)
Organizational Interfaces	195	(1)
Implementation	195	(1)
Implementation Difficulties	196	(1)
Elements of a System-Safety Program Plan (SSPP)	196	(1)
Tools and Techniques	197	(9)
Preliminary Hazard Analysis	197	(1)
Subsystem Hazard Analysis	198	(1)
Hazard Analysis Techniques	198	(3)
Technic of Operations Review (TOR)	201	(1)
Technique for Human Error Rate Prediction	202	(1)
Failure Mode and Effects Analysis	203	(1)
Fault Hazard Analysis	204	(1)
Fault Tree Analysis	204	(2)
Job Safety Analysis	206	(11)
Reasons for Conducting a JSA	206	(1)
Who Should Conduct JSAs?	207	(1)
Procedures and Various Methods Used to Perform JSAs	207	(1)
Various Methods for Performing JSAs	208	(1)
Selecting the Job	208	(2)
Completing the JSA	210	(2)
Effectively Using a JSA in Loss Prevention	212	(1)
An Example	212	(4)
Accident Investigation	216	(1)
Conclusion	217	(1)
Questions	217	(1)
References	217	(1)
Bibliography	218	(1)
Managing the Safety Function	219	(18)
Chapter Objectives	219	(1)
Case Study	219	(1)
Planning	220	(1)
Organizing	221	(4)
Controlling	225	(5)
Directing	230	(1)
Staffing	230	(1)
Communications	231	(1)
Evaluation of the System	231	(2)
OSHA Guidelines	233	(1)
Conclusion	234	(1)
Questions	235	(1)
Reference	236	(1)
Psychology and Safety: The Human Element in Loss Prevention	237	(24)
Chapter Objectives	237	(1)
Case Studies	237	(1)
Introduction	238	(1)
Basic Terminology	239	(2)
Motivation	241	(9)
Goal-Directed School	241	(1)
Maslow's Needs-Hierarchy Theory	241	(3)
McClelland	244	(1)
Herzberg	245	(2)
Behavioral School	247	(1)
Pavlov	247	(1)
Skinner	247	(3)
The Rational Employee: Applying Motivation Theories	250	(1)
Organizational Environment and the Safety Culture	251	(3)
Incentives versus Inherent Reinforcement	254	(2)
Employee Empowerment and Job Enrichment	256	(1)
Conclusion	257	(1)
Questions	257	(1)
Reference	258	(1)
Bibliography	258	(3)
Improving Safety Performance with Behavior-Based Safety	261	(28)
Earl Blair
Chapter Objectives	261	(1)
Case Study	261	(1)
Introduction	262	(1)
Misconceptions about Behavioral Safety	263	(1)
Basic Definitions and Terminology	264	(1)
Principles and Strategies of Behavioral Safety	265	(1)
Common Problems with Safety Efforts	266	(1)
A Process Focusing on Improving Safety Behavior	267	(2)
Behavior Sampling for Proactive Measures	269	(1)
Employee-Driven Processes and Partial Empowerment	269	(1)
Implementing Behavioral Approaches	270	(7)
How to Implement Behavioral Safety---Common Steps	270	(1)
How to Conduct a Safety Assessment	271	(2)
Developing an Inventory of Critical Safety-Related Behaviors	273	(1)
What Are Critical Behaviors and Why Develop an Inventory of Critical Behaviors?	274	(1)
How Can We Identify Critical Behaviors?	274	(1)
Steps of the Observation Process	275	(1)
Steps for Continuous Improvement	276	(1)
Safety Coaching	277	(3)
Steps in the Coaching Process	278	(1)
How to Provide Meaningful Feedback	279	(1)
Common Performance Metrics for Behavioral Safety	280	(1)
Potential Barriers to Successful Implementation of Behavioral Safety	281	(2)
Success Factors for Behavioral Safety	283	(3)
Conclusion	286	(1)
Questions	286	(1)
References	287	(2)
Workplace Violence	289	(24)
J. Brett Carruthers
Mark A. Friend
Chapter Objectives	289	(1)
Case Study	289	(1)
Introduction	290	(1)
Nighttime Retailing	290	(3)
Workplace Epidemic of Violence	293	(3)
Background	294	(1)
High-Risk Workplaces	294	(1)
High-Risk Occupations	294	(1)
Cost to Business	295	(1)
Victimization of the American Workforce	296	(2)
Severity of Victimization	296	(1)
Profile of Victims	297	(1)
Formula for Failure	298	(1)
The Ingredients List	298	(1)
Baking the Ingredients	299	(1)
Recognizing the Potential Aggressor	299	(3)
Disgruntled Employee Red Flags	300	(1)
Employee Disenchantment	301	(1)
Acts of Violence	302	(1)
Revenge	302	(1)
Violence	303	(1)
Defusing a Timebomb: The Violent Employee	303	(6)
Nonharassment Policy	304	(1)
Pre-Employment Screening	304	(1)
Drug Testing	305	(1)
Employee and Management Training	306	(1)
Crisis Management Planning	306	(2)
Proper Security Measures	308	(1)
Liaison with Local Law Enforcement	309	(1)
Conclusion	309	(1)
Questions	310	(1)
References	310	(1)
Bibliography	311	(2)
Terrorism Preparedness	313	(12)
Chapter Objectives	313	(1)
Case Study	313	(1)
Historic Information	314	(1)
Overview	314	(1)
Responsibilities	315	(7)
Planning	316	(1)
Activities	316	(1)
Production	316	(1)
Bottlenecks	317	(1)
Location of Your Property	317	(1)
Fences and Entrances	318	(1)
Clear Area around the Premises	318	(1)
Doors, Windows, and Other Openings	318	(1)
Ventilation and HVAC Systems	319	(1)
Lighting Systems	319	(1)
Communication Systems	319	(1)
Security Systems	319	(1)
Surveillance Systems	320	(1)
Guards and Sentries	320	(1)
Entry and Movement of Vehicles and Visitors	320	(1)
Entry and Movement of Employees	320	(1)
Computers and Networks	321	(1)
Threats	321	(1)
Mail and Packages	322	(1)
Your Role	322	(1)
Insurance	323	(1)
Conclusion	323	(1)
Questions	323	(1)
Reference	324	(1)
Hazardous Materials	325	(24)
Chapter Objectives	325	(1)
Case Study	325	(1)
Introduction	326	(1)
Background	327	(1)
What Is a Hazardous Waste?	327	(1)
Determining Generator Status	328	(1)
Obtaining an EPA Identification Number	329	(1)
Managing Hazardous Waste On Site	330	(1)
CERCLA	330	(1)
SARA	331	(5)
Worker Protection Standards	336	(2)
Hazard Communication Standard (§1910.1200)	338	(5)
Written Program	340	(1)
Labeling	341	(1)
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs)	342	(1)
Training	343	(1)
Contingency Plans	343	(1)
Hazardous Waste Disposal	344	(1)
Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest and DOT Regulations	344	(1)
Additional Reporting Requirements	344	(1)
EPA Wears Many Hats	345	(1)
Conclusion	346	(1)
Questions	346	(1)
References	347	(1)
Bibliography	347	(2)
Construction Safety and the Multi-Employer Worksite Doctrine	349	(24)
Mark A. Friend
Dan Nelson
Chapter Objectives	349	(1)
Case Study	349	(1)
Introduction	350	(1)
Construction Safety Recommendations	351	(1)
Falls from Elevations	352	(2)
Struck by and Caught In-between	354	(2)
Electrical Shock	356	(2)
Other Hazards	358	(3)
Case Study	358	(1)
Trenching	358	(3)
Multi-Employer Worksite Policy	361	(9)
Doctrine History	362	(4)
Contractor Qualifications and Programs	366	(4)
Conclusion	370	(1)
Questions	370	(1)
References	371	(2)
Required Written Programs	373	(16)
Chapter Objectives	373	(1)
Case Study	373	(1)
Safety and Health Program	374	(2)
Hazard Communication Program	376	(1)
Emergency Action Plan	376	(1)
Fire Prevention Plan	377	(1)
Emergency Response Plan	378	(1)
Permit-Required Confined Space Plan	379	(1)
Lockout Tagout	380	(1)
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)	381	(1)
Respiratory Protection	382	(1)
Process Safety Management	383	(4)
Requirements	384	(1)
Written Procedures	384	(2)
Incident Investigation	386	(1)
Emergency Action Plan	386	(1)
Compliance Audits	386	(1)
Conclusion	387	(1)
Questions	387	(2)
Resources on Safety and Health	389	(24)
Agencies and Associations	389	(6)
Ergonomics	395	(4)
Biomechanics	395	(1)
Ergonomic Engineering: Hand and Power Tools	396	(1)
Ergonomics: Behavioral and Psychological Aspects	396	(1)
Ergonomics: General	397	(1)
Ergonomics Management	398	(1)
Industrial Hygiene	399	(2)
Air Pollution and Hazardous Waste	399	(2)
Health Physics and Radiation	401	(1)
Noise Control	401	(1)
Stress	402	(1)
Toxicology	403	(1)
Occupational Safety and Health	404	(8)
Accident Investigation	404	(1)
Electrical Safety	405	(1)
Emergency Response	406	(1)
Fire Prevention and Protection	407	(1)
Health and Safety Education and Training	408	(1)
Inspection and Audits	408	(1)
Regulatory Compliance	409	(3)
References	412	(1)
Appendix A: 29 CFR 1910---Osha General Industry Standards: OSHA General Industry Standards Summary and Checklist	413	(22)
Appendix B: 29 CFR 1926---OSHA Construction Standards Summary and Checklist	435	(28)
Appendix C: Anthropometric Data	463	(10)
Index	473