Fundamentals of Sports Injury Management

by Anderson, Marcia K.

• ISBN13: 9780781732727
• ISBN10: 0781732727
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2002-09-30
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

Completely revised Second Edition provides a foundation for the prevention, recognition, assessment, management, disposition, and rehabilitation of sports-related injuries and illnesses as it integrates basic medical concepts with relevant scientific information. This book speaks to students in coaching, exercise science, recreation and teacher education, for learning what to do as the first on-site respondent to a sports-related injury. Guidelines are provided to help identify common conditions initially cared-for on-site, and when to know to refer an individual to advanced care. The text contains major revisions and includes illustrations and additional tables. Connection Website: connection.LWW.com/go/andfund.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Acknowledgments	vii
Contents	ix
Field Strategies Log	xiii
Section 1 Foundations of Sports Injury Management	2	(61)
Introduction to Sports Injury Management	5	(8)
The Primary Sports Medicine Team	6	(1)
Team Physician	6	(1)
Primary Care Physician	6	(1)
Athletic Trainer	6	(1)
Coach	7	(1)
Legal Considerations	7	(6)
Standard of Care	7	(1)
Duty of Care	7	(1)
Clearance for Participation	7	(1)
Negligence	8	(1)
Legal Liabilities	8	(2)
Legal Defenses	10	(1)
Preventing Litigation	11	(2)
Emergency Procedures	13	(22)
The Emergency Action Plan	14	(1)
Developing an Emergency Plan	14	(1)
Responsibilities of Medical Personnel	14	(1)
Emergency Conditions	15	(1)
Obstructed Airway	16	(1)
Partial Airway Obstruction	16	(1)
Total Airway Obstruction	16	(1)
Cardiopulmonary Emergencies	16	(1)
Unconscious Athlete	17	(1)
Hemorrhage	17	(1)
Fracture	17	(1)
Shock	18	(1)
Anaphylaxis	18	(1)
Heat-Related Conditions	18	(6)
Internal Heat Regulation	19	(1)
Preventing Heat Emergencies	20	(2)
Heat Illnesses	22	(2)
Cold-Related Conditions	24	(2)
Preventing Cold-Related Injuries	24	(1)
Cold Conditions	24	(2)
Exercising in Thunderstorms	26	(1)
Injuries Due to Lightning	26	(1)
Lightning Safety Policy	26	(1)
Primary Injury Assessment	26	(1)
Secondary Injury Assessment	27	(3)
History of the Injury	28	(1)
Observation	28	(1)
Palpation	28	(1)
Special Tests	29	(1)
Determination of Findings	30	(5)
The Sports Injury Process	35	(6)
Mechanisms of Injury	35	(1)
The Healing Process	36	(5)
Acute Inflammatory Phase	36	(1)
The Proliferative Phase	37	(1)
Maturation Phase	38	(3)
Wound Care	41	(22)
Anatomical Foundations	42	(2)
Anatomical Position	42	(1)
Directional Terms	42	(2)
Soft Tissue Injuries	44	(1)
Skin	44	(1)
Anatomical Considerations	44	(1)
Open Soft Tissue Wound Classifications	44	(1)
Open Soft Tissue Injury Care	45	(1)
Muscles and Tendons	45	(4)
Anatomical Considerations	45	(3)
Muscle Injury Classifications	48	(1)
Joints	49	(2)
Anatomical Considerations	49	(1)
Joint Movements	50	(1)
Joint Injury Classifications	50	(1)
Closed Soft tissue Injury Care	51	(1)
Bones	51	(5)
Anatomical Considerations	52	(1)
Bone Injury Classifications	53	(2)
Fracture Care	55	(1)
Moving the Injured Participant	56	(1)
Ambulatory Assistance	56	(1)
Manual Conveyance	57	(1)
Transporting by Spine Board	57	(1)
Using Cryotherapy in the Injury Process	57	(2)
Using Thermotherapy in the Injury Process	59	(1)
Application of Common Treatments	60	(3)
Ice Massage	60	(1)
Ice Packs	60	(1)
Chemical Packs	60	(1)
Whirlpools	61	(1)
Hot Tubs and Jacuzzis	61	(2)
Section II Care of Specific Injuries	63	(175)
Cranial and Facial Injuries	67	(28)
Cranial Anatomy	67	(1)
Bones of the Skull	68	(1)
The Brain	68	(1)
Nerves of the Head and Face	69	(1)
Blood Vessels of the Head and Face	69	(1)
Protective Equipment for the Head and Face	69	(3)
Football Helmets	69	(1)
Other Helmets	70	(2)
Face Guards	72	(1)
Cranial Injury Mechanisms	72	(1)
Skull Fractures	73	(1)
Signs and Symptoms	73	(1)
Management	73	(1)
Focal Cerebral Injuries	73	(2)
Diffuse Cerebral Injuries	75	(3)
Conclusions	76	(1)
Post-traumatic Headaches	77	(1)
Postconcussion syndrome	77	(1)
Second Impact Syndrome	77	(1)
Scalp Injuries	78	(1)
Assessment of Cranial Injuries	78	(3)
History and Mental Status Testing	79	(1)
Observation and Inspection	79	(1)
Palpation	79	(1)
Special Tests	79	(2)
Functional Tests	81	(1)
Determination of Findings	81	(1)
Eye Injuries	81	(4)
Prevention	81	(2)
Hemorrhage into the Anterior Chamber	83	(1)
Detached Retina	84	(1)
Orbital ``Blowout'' Fracture	84	(1)
Conjunctivitis (Pinkeye)	84	(1)
Subconjunctival Hemorrhage	85	(1)
Periorbital Ecchymosis (Black Eye)	85	(1)
Foreign Bodies	85	(1)
Assessment	85	(1)
Nasal Injuries	85	(2)
Fractures	85	(1)
Epistaxis (Nosebleed)	86	(1)
Assessment	86	(1)
Facial Injuries	87	(1)
Fractures	87	(1)
Facial Lacerations	88	(1)
Oral and Dental Injuries	88	(1)
Prevention	88	(1)
Fractures	88	(1)
Subluxated and Dislocated Teeth	89	(1)
Mouth Lacerations	89	(1)
Assessment	89	(1)
Ear Injuries	89	(6)
Prevention	90	(1)
Auricular Hematoma (Cauliflower Ear)	90	(1)
Internal Ear Injury	90	(1)
Swimmer's Ear	91	(4)
Spinal Conditions	95	(20)
Anatomy Review of the Spine	96	(1)
Major Muscle Actions of the Spine	96	(1)
Prevention of Spinal Conditions	97	(2)
Physical Conditioning	97	(2)
Proper Skill Technique	99	(1)
Anatomical Variations Predisposing Individuals to	99	(1)
Spine Injuries	99	(1)
Spinal Curvatures	99	(1)
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis	99	(1)
Cervical Spine Injuries	99	(5)
Strains	102	(1)
Sprains	103	(1)
Fractures	104	(1)
Thoracic Spine Injuries	104	(2)
Strains and Sprains	104	(1)
Fractures	105	(1)
Nerve and Vascular Conditions	106	(1)
Spinal Cord Injury	106	(1)
Brachial Plexus Injuries	106	(1)
Lumbar Spine Injuries	107	(1)
Low Back Pain	107	(1)
Disc Injuries	108
Fractures	105	(3)
Sacrum and Coccyx Injuries	108	(1)
Assessment of the Spine	109	(6)
History	109	(1)
Observation and Inspection	109	(1)
Palpation	109	(1)
Special Tests	109	(6)
Throat, Thorax, and Abdominal Conditions	115	(16)
Prevention of Injuries to the Throat, Thorax, and Abdomen	115	(1)
Anatomy of the Throat	116	(1)
Throat Conditions	116	(1)
Lacerations	116	(1)
Contusions and Fractures	117	(1)
Anatomy of the Thorax	117	(1)
Thoracic Conditions	118	(5)
Stitch in the Side	118	(1)
Breast Injuries	118	(1)
Strain of the Pectoralis Major Muscle	119	(1)
Costochondral Injury	119	(1)
Fractures	120	(1)
Hyperventilation	120	(1)
Pneumothorax, Hemothorax, and Tension Pneumothorax	120	(1)
Heart Conditions	121	(2)
Anatomy of the Abdomen	123	(1)
Abdominal Injuries	123	(3)
Abdominal Wall Injuries	123	(2)
Intra-abdominal Injuries	125	(1)
Assessment of the Throat, Thorax, and Abdominal Regions	126	(5)
History	126	(1)
Observation and Inspection	126	(2)
Palpation	128	(1)
Special Tests	129	(2)
Shoulder Conditions	131	(22)
Anatomy Review of the Shoulder	131	(3)
Sternoclavicular Joint	132	(1)
Acromioclavicular Joint	132	(1)
Coracoclavicular Joint	132	(1)
Glenohumeral Joint	132	(1)
Scapulothoracic Joint	132	(1)
Bursae	133	(1)
Nerves and Blood Vessels of the Shoulder	134	(1)
Prevention of Injuries	134	(4)
Protective Equipment	134	(1)
Physical Conditioning	135	(1)
Proper Skill Technique	136	(2)
Sprains to the Shoulder Complex	138	(4)
Sternoclavicular Joint Sprain	139	(1)
Acromioclavicular or Coracoclavicular Joint Sprain	139	(1)
Glenohumeral Joint Sprain	139	(1)
Glenohumeral Dislocations	140	(2)
Overuse Injuries	142	(2)
Rotator Cuff/Impingement Injuries	142	(1)
Bursitis	143	(1)
Bicipital Tendinitis	143	(1)
Biceps Tendon Rupture	144	(1)
Thoracic Outlet Compression Syndrome	144	(1)
Fractures	144	(2)
Clavicular Fractures	144	(1)
Scapular Fractures	145	(1)
Epiphyseal Fractures	145	(1)
Humeral Fractures	146	(1)
Assessment	146	(7)
History	146	(1)
Observation and Inspection	147	(1)
Palpation	147	(1)
Special Tests	147	(6)
Elbow, Wrist, and Hand Conditions	153	(24)
Anatomy Review of the Elbow, Wrist, and Hand	154	(1)
Elbow Articulations	154	(1)
Wrist Articulations	154	(1)
Hand Articulations	154	(1)
Muscles	154	(1)
Nerves and Blood Vessels of the Elbow, Wrist, and Hand	155	(1)
Prevention of Injuries	155	(1)
Protective Equipment	156	(1)
Physical Conditioning	156	(1)
Proper Skill Technique	156	(1)
Soft Tissue Injuries	156	(3)
Contusions	156	(1)
Acute and Chronic Bursitis	157	(1)
Infected Bursitis	158	(1)
Ganglion Cysts	158	(1)
Subungual Hematoma	158	(1)
Sprains and Dislocations	159	(4)
Elbow Sprain	160	(1)
Elbow Dislocation	160	(2)
Radial Head Dislocation	162	(1)
Wrist Sprain	162	(1)
Thumb and Finger Sprains	162	(1)
Strains	163	(1)
Elbow Strains	164	(1)
Wrist and Finger Strains	164	(1)
Overuse Conditions	164	(2)
Medial Epicondylitis	165	(1)
Lateral Epicondylitis	165	(1)
Tendinitis and Stenosing Tenosynovitis	165	(1)
Nerve Entrapment Syndromes	166	(2)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome	167	(1)
Ulnar Neuropathy at the Elbow	167	(1)
Ulnar Neuropathy at the Hand	168	(1)
Fractures	168	(2)
Radial and Ulnar Fractures	168	(1)
Carpal Fractures	168	(1)
Metacarpal and Phalangeal Fractures	169	(1)
Assessment	170	(7)
History	170	(1)
Observation and Inspection	170	(1)
Palpation	171	(1)
Special Tests	172	(5)
Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh Conditions	177	(20)
Anatomy Review of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh	178	(1)
The Hip Joint	178	(1)
Bursae	179	(1)
Muscles	179	(1)
Q-Angle	179	(1)
Nerves and Blood Supply of the Pelvis, Hip, and Thigh	179	(1)
Prevention of Injuries	179	(2)
Protective Equipment	180	(1)
Physical Conditioning	181	(1)
Contusions	181	(3)
Hip Pointers	181	(2)
Quadriceps Contusion	183	(1)
Myositis Ossificans	183	(1)
Bursitis	184	(1)
Acute Bursitis	184	(1)
Snapping Hip Syndrome	184	(1)
Sprains and Dislocations	184	(1)
Strains	185	(1)
Hamstring Strains	185	(1)
Adductor Strain	185	(1)
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease	186	(1)
Hip Fractures	186	(3)
Avulsion Fractures	186	(1)
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis	187	(1)
Stress Fractures	187	(1)
Osteitis Pubis	187	(1)
Pelvic Fractures	188	(1)
Femoral Fractures	188	(1)
Injuries and Conditions of the Genitalia	189	(1)
Male Genital Injuries	189	(1)
Female Genital Injuries	190	(1)
Assessment	190	(7)
History	190	(1)
Observation and Inspection	190	(1)
Palpation	190	(1)
Special Tests	191	(6)
Knee Conditions	197	(20)
Anatomy Review of the Knee	197	(4)
The Knee Joint	198	(1)
Menisci	198	(1)
Ligaments	199	(1)
Joint Capsule and Bursa	199	(1)
Muscles	200	(1)
Nerves and Blood Vessels of the Knee	200	(1)
Prevention of Injuries	201	(2)
Protective Equipment	201	(1)
Physical Conditioning	202	(1)
Superficial Wounds	203	(2)
Contusions	203	(1)
Bursitis	204	(1)
Ligamentous Injuries	205	(2)
Unidirectional Instabilities	205	(1)
Knee Dislocation	206	(1)
Meniscal Injuries	207	(1)
Patella and Related Injuries	208	(2)
Patellofemoral Stress Syndrome	208	(1)
Chondromalacia Patellae	208	(1)
Acute Patellar Subluxation and Dislocation	209	(1)
Patellar Tendinitis (Jumper's Knee)	209	(1)
Osgood-Schlatter Disease	209	(1)
Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome	210	(1)
Fractures	210	(1)
Patella Fractures	210	(1)
Avulsion Fractures	210	(1)
Stress Fractures	211	(1)
Chondral and Osteochondral Fractures	211	(1)
Assessment of the Knee	211	(6)
History	211	(1)
Observation and Inspection	212	(1)
Palpation	212	(1)
Special Tests	212	(1)
Stress Tests	213	(2)
Functional Tests	215	(2)
Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot Conditions	217	(21)
Anatomy Review of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	218	(3)
Tibiofibular Joints	218	(1)
Talocrural Joint	218	(1)
Subtalar Joint	218	(1)
Foot Joints	219	(1)
Muscles	219	(2)
Plantar Arches	221	(1)
Nerves and Blood Supply of the Lower Leg, Ankle, and Foot	221	(1)
Prevention of Injuries	221	(3)
Protective Equipment	222	(1)
Physical Conditioning	223	(1)
Ankle Sprains	224	(1)
Inversion Ankle Sprains	224	(1)
Eversion Ankle Sprains	224	(1)
Musculotendinous Injuries	225	(3)
Achilles Tendinitis	225	(1)
Achilles Tendon Rupture	226	(1)
Acute Compartment Syndrome	227	(1)
Exertional Compartment Syndrome	227	(1)
Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (MTSS)	227	(1)
Foot and Toe Conditions	228	(2)
Plantar Fasciitis	228	(1)
Turf Toe	228	(1)
Ingrown Toenail	229	(1)
Plantar Interdigital Neuroma	229	(1)
Bunions (Hallux Valgus)	229	(1)
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis	230	(1)
Fractures	230	(2)
Apophyseal and Stress Fractures	231	(1)
Avulsion Fractures	231	(1)
Displaced Fractures	231	(1)
Assessment of the Foot, Ankle, and Lower Leg	232	(6)
History	233	(1)
Observation and Inspection	233	(1)
Palpation	233	(1)
Special Tests	234	(4)
Section III Medical Emergencies and Other Conditions	238	(21)
Respiratory Tract Conditions	241	(6)
Upper Respiratory Conditions	241	(2)
Common Cold	241	(1)
Sinusitis	242	(1)
Pharyngitis (Sore Throat)	242	(1)
Influenza	243	(1)
Lower Respiratory Conditions	243	(4)
Bronchitis	243	(1)
Bronchial Asthma	243	(1)
Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm	244	(3)
Gastrointestinal Conditions	247	(6)
Upper Gastrointestinal Disorders	248	(1)
Gastroenteritis	248	(1)
Gastritis	248	(1)
Gastroesophageal Reflux	248	(1)
Indigestion	248	(1)
Lower Gastrointestinal Disorders	248	(2)
Diarrhea	248	(1)
Constipation	249	(1)
Irritable Bowel Syndrome	249	(1)
Other Gastrointestinal Problems	250	(3)
Anxiety and Stress Reaction	250	(1)
Vomiting	250	(1)
Food Poisoning	250	(3)
The Diabetic Athlete	253	(6)
The Physiological Basis of Diabetes	253	(1)
Types of Diabetes	254	(1)
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus	255	(1)
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus	255	(1)
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus	255	(1)
Hypoglycemia	255	(1)
Insulin Shock	256	(1)
Diabetic Coma	256	(1)
Exercise Recommendations	256	(3)
Glossary	259	(4)
Index	263