Gastrointestinal Microbiology

by Ouwehand; Arthur C.

• ISBN13: 9780824726416
• ISBN10: 0824726413
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2006-06-05
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Univ. of Turku, Finland. Supplies a comprehensive and current overview of every aspect of gastrointestinal microbiota. Topics include molecular ecology of the human intestinal microbiota, sampling microbiota in the human gastrointestinal tract, immune modulations by the intestinal microbiota, and more. For gastroenterologists.

Table of Contents

Preface	v
Contributors	xvii
Molecular Ecology of the Human Intestinal Microbiota	1	(24)
Kaouther Ben Amor
Elaine E. Vaughan
Introduction	1	(1)
GI-Tract Microbiota as Identified by 16S rRNA Gene Analysis	2	(3)
Fingerprinting Reveals Characteristics of the Microbiota	5	(2)
16S rRNA-Targeted Probes Quantify the GI-Tract Microbiota	7	(5)
New Molecular Diversity Approaches	12	(1)
Assessment of Microbiota Vitality and Metabolic Activity	13	(2)
Perspectives	15	(1)
References	16	(9)
Sampling Microbiota in the Human Gastrointestinal Tract	25	(26)
Angele P. M. Kerckhoffs
Melvin Samsom
Gerard P. van Berge Henegouwen
Louis M. A. Akkermans
Vincent B. Nieuwenhuijs
Maarten R. Visser
Introduction	25	(3)
Esophagus: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques	28	(1)
Stomach: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques	29	(3)
Small Intestine: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques	32	(10)
Large Intestine: Microbiota and Sampling Techniques	42	(3)
Conclusion	45	(1)
References	46	(5)
The Normal Microbiota of the Human Gastrointestinal Tract: History of Analysis, Succession, and Dietary Influences	51	(24)
Anne L. McCartney
Glenn R. Gibson
Introduction	51	(1)
Role of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Humans	52	(2)
Acquisition of the Gut Microbiota	54	(1)
Composition of the Adult Fecal Microbiota Assessed by Culturing	55	(3)
Composition of the Adult Fecal Microbiota Assessed by Molecular Techniques	58	(10)
Investigations at the Subspecies Level	68	(1)
Conclusion	69	(1)
References	70	(5)
The Intestinal Microbiota of the Elderly	75	(18)
Fang He
Introduction	75	(1)
Colonization and Succession of Human Intestinal Microbiota with Age	75	(4)
Bifidobacteria in the Elderly	79	(9)
Conclusion	88	(1)
References	88	(5)
Immune Modulation by the Intestinal Microbiota	93	(30)
Marie-Christiane Moreau
Introduction	93	(1)
Brief Review of the Intestinal Microbiota	94	(1)
Brief Review of Immune Responses	95	(2)
The Intestinal Immune System	97	(6)
Relationships Between the Intestinal Immune System and Intestinal Microbiota	103	(9)
Relationships Between the Peripheral Immune System and Intestinal Microbiota	112	(4)
Conclusion	116	(1)
References	117	(6)
Mucosal Interactions and Gastrointestinal Microbiota	123	(14)
Wai Ling Chow
Yuan-Kun Lee
Introduction	123	(1)
Features of the Gastrointestinal Tract	124	(3)
Microbiota and Gastrointestinal System	127	(2)
Development of GI Tract Normal Microbiota in Humans	129	(2)
Cross-Talk Between Bacteria and Intestinal Epithelial Cells	131	(1)
Conclusion	132	(1)
References	133	(4)
The Metabolism of Nutrients and Drugs by the Intestinal Microbiota	137	(18)
Barry R. Goldin
Introduction	137	(1)
General Metabolism and Function of the Microbiota	137	(1)
Nutrients and Dietary Plant Compounds	138	(4)
Intestinal Bacterial Metabolism of Host Endogenously Synthesized Compounds	142	(1)
Other Bacterial Reactions	143	(1)
Bacterial Intestinal Formation of Mutagens	144	(3)
Bacterial Intestinal Drug Metabolism	147	(3)
Conclusion	150	(1)
References	150	(5)
The Metabolism of Polyphenols by the Human Gut Microbiota	155	(14)
Max Bingham
Summary	155	(1)
Introduction	155	(1)
Types of Polyphenols and Microbial Metabolism	156	(1)
Phenolic Acids---Hydroxycinnamates and Hydroxybenzoates	157	(2)
Flavonoids	159	(3)
Anthocyanidins	162	(1)
Proanthocyanidins	163	(1)
Perspectives	163	(1)
References	164	(5)
Molecular Analysis of Host-Microbe Interactions in the Gastrointestinal Tract	169	(20)
Peter A. Bron
Willem M. de Vos
Michiel Kleerebezem
Introduction	169	(1)
Bacterial Responses to the Host	170	(6)
Insights from Genomics	176	(4)
In Situ Profiling of Transcription in the GI Tract	180	(2)
Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives	182	(1)
References	183	(6)
The Infant Intestinal Microbiota in Allergy	189	(18)
Pirkka V. Kirjavainen
Gregor Reid
Introduction	189	(1)
Allergies---An Overview	190	(1)
Allergy-Associated Compositional Characteristics of Infant Gut Microbiota	191	(3)
Interpreting the Gut Microbiota Characteristics	194	(4)
Conclusion	198	(1)
References	199	(8)
Probiotics: A Role in Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease	207	(18)
Barbara Sheil
Jane McCarthy
Liam O'Mahony
Malik M. Anwar
Fergus Shanahan
Introduction	207	(1)
The Role of the Enteric Microbiota in the Normal Gut	208	(1)
The Importance of the Enteric Microbiota in Inflammatory Bowel Disease	209	(2)
Probiotics	211	(2)
Efficacy of Probiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease	213	(5)
Discussion	218	(1)
References	219	(6)
The Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Cancer	225	(12)
Patricia M. Heavey
Ian R. Rowland
Joseph J. Rafter
Introduction	225	(1)
The Stomach	226	(2)
The Large Intestine	228	(2)
Surrogate Markers for Diet-Related Colon Cancer Studies	230	(3)
Conclusion	233	(1)
References	234	(3)
In Vitro Methods to Model the Gastrointestinal Tract	237	(16)
Harri Makivuokko
Paivi Nurminen
Introduction	237	(1)
Types of Intestinal Simulator Models	237	(7)
Simulating the Rumen	244	(6)
Conclusion	250	(1)
References	250	(3)
Animal Models for the Human Gastrointestinal Tract	253	(20)
Anders Henriksson
Introduction	253	(3)
Animal Models Used for Studies on the Human GI Microbiota	256	(9)
Conclusion	265	(1)
References	265	(8)
Born Germ-Free---Microbial Dependent	273	(12)
Elisabeth Norin
Tore Midtvedt
Introduction	273	(1)
Terminology	274	(1)
Germ-Free Animals and Dietary Requirements	274	(1)
Intestinal Microbiota, Gross Anatomy, Histology, and Motility	275	(1)
Biochemical Functions and the Gastrointestinal Microbiota	276	(3)
Immunology and Germ-Free Life	279	(2)
Conclusion	281	(1)
References	281	(4)
Modifying the Human Intestinal Microbiota with Prebiotics	285	(30)
Ross Crittenden
Martin J. Playne
Introduction	285	(1)
Why Modify the Intestinal Microbiota?	285	(1)
The Prebiotic Strategy to Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota	286	(1)
A Brief History of the Development of Bifidus Factors and Prebiotics	287	(2)
Currently Available Prebiotic Carbohydrates	289	(1)
Modifying the Intestinal Bifidobacterium Population	290	(4)
Synbiotics	294	(1)
Mechanisms of the Bifidogenic Effect	295	(1)
Advantages of the Prebiotic Strategy	295	(5)
Disadvantages of the Prebiotic Approach	300	(1)
Safe Dosage Levels	300	(1)
Conclusion and Future Directions	300	(2)
References	302	(13)
Modifying the Gastrointestinal Microbiota with Probiotics	315	(20)
Chandraprakash D. Khedkar
Arthur C. Ouwehand
Introduction	315	(1)
Probiotics	316	(1)
Proposed Health Benefits of Probiotics	317	(5)
Modifying Intestinal Microbiota Composition Through Intake of Probiotics	322	(2)
Modifying the Microbial Metabolic Activity	324	(3)
Conclusion	327	(1)
References	327	(8)
Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota with Antibiotics	335	(36)
Asa Sullivan
Carl Erik Nord
Introduction	335	(1)
Antimicrobial Agents That Inhibit the Synthesis of the Bacterial Cell Wall---β-Lactam Antibiotics	336	(12)
Other Agents with Inhibitory Effect on the Synthesis of the Cell Wall---Glycopeptides	348	(1)
Antimicrobial Agents Interfering with the Synthesis of Proteins	349	(6)
Agents Blocking the Metabolism of Folic Acid	355	(1)
Antimicrobial Agents That Interfere with the Synthesis of DNA	355	(7)
Conclusion	362	(1)
References	362	(9)
The Intestinal Microbiota of Pets: Dogs and Cats	371	(10)
Minna Rinkinen
Introduction	371	(1)
Development of Intestinal Microbiota in Dogs and Cats	371	(1)
Canine and Feline Gastrointestinal Microbiota	372	(3)
Modifying the Intestinal Microbiota: Pre- and Probiotics	375	(1)
Conclusion	376	(1)
References	376	(5)
The Gastrointestinal Microbiota of Farm Animals	381	(20)
Alojz Bomba
Zuzana Jonecova
Sona Gancarcikova
Radomira Nemcova
Introduction	381	(1)
Microbiota of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Farm Animals	382	(5)
Influencing the Ecosystem of the Digestive Tract in Farm Animals	387	(6)
The Use of Gnotobiotic Animals in Studies of the Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Farm Animals	393	(2)
Conclusion	395	(1)
References	395	(6)
Index	401