Gender Roles : A Sociological Perspective

by Lindsey, Linda L.

• ISBN13: 9780130104281
• ISBN10: 0130104280
• Edition: 4TH
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

The 4th edition ofGender Rolesprovides the best balance between "gender" and "women" as a focusespecially with the expanded content on men and masculinity. It addresses religion and integrates history at various points. An objective of the book is to dispel myths about gender. Both sociological and interdisciplinary content organized around clear and appropriate research serves this objective wellproviding readers with a sociological perspective of gender that can be meaningfully applied to their daily lives.The more controversial topics related to gender have a greater array of supporting references directing readers to explore the topics further.Gender Rolesintegrates insights and research from other disciplinesespecially biology, psychology, anthropology, and history. Interdisciplinary material is organized, presented, and guided by the sociological perspective, however, so readers can understand the commonalities and differences in the ways the various disciplines research and explain gender.An exciting and interesting read for anyone interested in gender roles and sexual identity.

Table of Contents

Preface	x
PART I Theoretical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives
The Sociology of Gender: Theoretical Perspectives and Feminist Frameworks	1	(19)
Basic Sociological Concepts	2	(2)
Key Concepts for the Sociology of Gender	3	(1)
Distinguishing Sex and Gender	4	(1)
Sociological Perspectives on Gender Roles	4	(9)
Functionalism	5	(2)
Preindustrial Society
Contemporary Society
Critique
Conflict Theory	7	(2)
Marx, Engels, and Social Class
Contemporary Conflict Theory
Gender and the Family
Critique
Symbolic Interaction	9	(2)
Social Construction of Reality
Doing Gender
Doing Difference
Critique
Feminist Sociological Theory	11	(2)
Linking Gender, Race, and Class
Feminist Perspectives on the Family
Critique
Feminism and Its Branches	13	(7)
Liberal Feminism	14	(1)
Cultural Feminism
Socialist Feminism	15	(1)
Radical Feminism	15	(1)
Multicultural and Global Feminism	16	(1)
Ecofeminism	17	(1)
Backlash to Feminism	17	(1)
Summary	18	(1)
Key Terms	19	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	19	(1)
Gender Development: Biology, Sexuality, and Health	20	(30)
Nature Versus Nurture	21	(5)
Margaret Mead	21	(1)
Critique
Sociobiology	22	(1)
Critique
The Hormone Puzzle	23	(3)
Aggression
Motherhood
Gendered Sexuality	26	(10)
Sigmund Freud: Anatomy Is Destiny	26	(1)
Critique
Feminism and Freud
Ambiguous Sex, Ambiguous Gender	27	(3)
Transsexuals
Does Nature Rule? A Case of Sex Reassignment
Sexual Orientation	30	(1)
Global Focus: Challenging Definitions of Sex and Gender	31	(1)
Sexual Scripts	32	(1)
Patterns of Sexual Attitudes and Behavior	33	(3)
Gender and Orgasm
Premarital/Nonmarital Sex
Extramarital Relationships
The Double Standard
Sexuality in Later Life
Gender and Health	36	(8)
Till Death Do Us Part: Gender and Mortality	36	(2)
Global Patterns
In Sickness and in Health: Gender and Morbidity	38	(6)
Men and Morbidity
Women and Morbidity
Premenstrual Syndrome
Menopause and Hormone Replacement Therapy
Eating Disorders
HIV/AIDS
Drug Use
Explaining Gendered Health Trends	44	(1)
The Women's Health Movement	44	(2)
Challenging Gender Bias in Research	45	(1)
Midwives and Medicine	45	(1)
Progress in Women's Health	46	(1)
Nature Versus Nurture Revisited: The Politics of Biology	46	(4)
Summary	48	(1)
Key Terms	48	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	49	(1)
Gender Development: The Socialization Process	50	(25)
Gender Socialization and Cultural Diversity	51	(4)
Culture and Socialization	51	(1)
Gender Socialization: The Impact of Social Class and Race	52	(3)
Theories of Gender Socialization	55	(6)
Social Learning Theory	55	(2)
Gender Socialization for Boys
Gender Socialization for Girls
Critique
Cognitive Development Theory	57	(2)
Critique
Gender Schema Theory	59	(2)
Critique
Agents of Socialization	61	(11)
The Family	61	(5)
Do You Want a Boy or a Girl?
Gender Socialization in Early Childhood
Gendered Childhood: Clothes and Toys
Gendered Parenting Practices
Peers and Preferences	66	(2)
Games
School	68	(1)
Television	69	(1)
Television Teaches
Global Focus: Son Preference in Asia	70	(2)
China
South Asia
Androgyny in Socialization	72	(3)
Summary	73	(1)
Key Terms	74	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	74	(1)
Gendered Language and Socialization	75	(20)
The Generic Myth	76	(4)
Titles and Occupations	77	(1)
What's in a Name?	78	(2)
Children's Names
Gendered Language Usage	80	(4)
Registers	81	(2)
Female Register
Male Register
The Language of Friendship	83	(1)
Nonverbal Communication	84	(2)
Facial Expressions and Eye Contact	84	(2)
Touch and Personal Space	86	(1)
Global Focus: The Language of Japanese Women	86	(2)
Explaining Gendered Language Patterns: Dual-Culture, Dominance, and Social Constructionist Models	88	(3)
The Dual-Culture Model	89	(1)
Critique
The Dominance Model	89	(1)
Critique
The Social Constructionist Model	90	(1)
Critique
The Impact of Linguistic Sexism	91	(4)
Toward Language Change	92	(1)
Summary	93	(1)
Key Terms	94	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	94	(1)
Western History and the Creation of Gender Roles	95	(36)
Placing Women in History	96	(2)
The Gender, Race, and Class Link in History	97	(1)
Historical Themes about Women	97	(1)
Classical Societies	98	(5)
The Glory That Was Greece	98	(3)
Partnership
Oppression
Athens
Sparta
The Grandeur That Was Rome	101	(2)
The Middle Ages	103	(4)
Christianity	103	(2)
Feudalism	105	(1)
The Renaissance	105	(2)
Martin Luther and the Reformation
The American Experience	107	(15)
The First American Women	107	(2)
Gender Role Balance
Colonization and Christianity
The Colonial Era	109	(3)
Gendered Puritan Life
A Golden Age for Colonial Women?
The Victorians: True Womanhood	112	(1)
Frontier Life	113	(2)
Industrialization	115	(3)
The Union Movement
The Depression
World War II	118	(4)
Demand for Women's Labor
Women's Diversity in the Labor Force
What about the Children?
Peacetime
The Postwar Era to the Millennium	122	(1)
The Women's Movement	122	(9)
The Early Movement: 1830 to 1890	124	(3)
The Seneca Falls Convention
The Nineteenth Amendment	127	(1)
The Contemporary Movement	127	(2)
National Organization for Women
Summary	129	(1)
Key Terms	130	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	130	(1)
Global Perspectives on Gender	131	(42)
The United Nations Conferences on Women	132	(3)
The Legacy of Beijing: A Personal Perspective	133	(2)
Women in Development	135	(2)
The Impact of Development on Women	135	(2)
A Model of Women in Development	137	(1)
Russia	137	(5)
The Soviet Legacy	138	(1)
Employment	138	(2)
The Collision of Family and Employment
Marriage and Family	140	(1)
Support or Backlash to Feminism?	141	(1)
China	142	(5)
Reform and the Chinese Family	142	(2)
Footbinding
Marriage
The One-Child Policy	144	(1)
Son Preference
To Get Rich Is Glorious	145	(1)
The Paradox of Women and Economic Development	146	(1)
India	147	(4)
The Religious-Political Heritage	147	(1)
The Social Reform Movement	147	(1)
The Gandhis and Nehru
The Gender Gap in Human Development	148	(2)
Health
Feminism in an Indian Context	150	(1)
Japan	151	(6)
The Occupation	151	(1)
Gender Equity and Public Policy	152	(1)
Work and Family: A Nondilemma	153	(1)
Marriage and the Family	154	(2)
Demography and Family Change
Motherhood
A Japanese Woman's Profile	156	(1)
Latin America	157	(3)
The Gender Divide	157	(1)
Family Planning
Latin American Women, Globalization, and Development	158	(1)
Feminist Agendas	159	(1)
The Class--Gender Link
Israel	160	(3)
Religion, Family, and Employment	161	(2)
Kibbutzim
Education
The Workplace
Jewish Feminism	163	(1)
The Muslim World	163	(6)
Islamization: Iran and Afghanistan	164	(2)
The Shah and Khomeini
Toward Reform
The Arab Middle East	166	(1)
North Africa: Female Genital Mutilation	167	(2)
To Veil or Not to Veil	169	(1)
Scandinavia: Norway and Sweden	169	(4)
Summary	170	(2)
Key Terms	172	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	172	(1)
PART II Gender Roles, Marriage, and the Family
Gendered Love, Marriage, and Emerging Lifestyles	173	(33)
Love	174	(6)
Linking Love and Marriage	174	(1)
Friends and Lovers	175	(1)
Defining Love
Distinguishing Love and Friendship
Same-Gender Friends
Other-Gender Friends
Gendered Love and Love Myths	176	(4)
Love Conquers All
Love Is Blind
Love at First Sight
Women Are the Romantic Sex (Gender)
No Sex Without Love
The Opposite of Love Is Hate
Gender and Styles of Romance
Critique
Androgynous Love
Mate Selection	180	(5)
The Marriage Gradient	180	(3)
Age
Race
Attractiveness
The Marriage Squeeze	183	(1)
African American Women
Sociological Perspectives on Mate Selection	184	(1)
Gender Roles in Marriage and the Family	185	(13)
Theoretical Perspectives on Marriage and the Family	185	(5)
Functionalism
Critique
Conflict Theory
Critique
Feminist Perspective
Critique
Symbolic Interaction
Critique
Gender and the Family Values Debate	190	(1)
Housewives	191	(2)
Housewife Status
The Issue of Housework	193	(2)
Global Trends
Dual Earners
Subcultural Variations
Extramarital Relationships	195	(2)
Gender Differences
Single Women
Global Focus: The Second Wives of Hong Kong Men	197	(1)
Gender Roles in Emerging Marriages and Lifestyles	198	(8)
Egalitarian Marriage	198	(2)
Scandinavia
Commuter Marriage	200	(1)
Cohabitation	201	(1)
Gender Differences
Singlehood	202	(2)
Gender Differences
Gender Stereotypes
Summary	204	(1)
Key Terms	205	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	205	(1)
Gender and Family Relations	206	(30)
The Parenthood Transition	207	(6)
Motherhood	208	(3)
The Motherhood Mandate
Functionalism
Conflict Theory
Challenging the Motherhood Mandate
Feminism
Fatherhood	211	(2)
New Fathers
Children's Development
A Fatherhood Mandate
Voluntary Childlessness	213	(1)
Parents as Dual Earners	213	(3)
Children of Employed Women	214	(2)
The Child Care Issue
Children's Time with Parents
Adolescents
Families in Multicultural Perspective	216	(8)
African American Families	216	(3)
The Myth of Black Matriarchy
Multiple Risks of Race, Class, and Gender
Latino Families	219	(3)
Puerto Rican Families
Mexican American Families
Cuban American Families
Asian American Families	222	(1)
Native American Families	223	(1)
Divorce	224	(5)
Gender and Adjustment in Divorce	224	(1)
Gender Role Beliefs and Emotional Well-Being
Age
Employment
The Impact of Gendered Law in Divorce	225	(4)
Custody
Divorce and Poverty
Remarriage
Single-Parent Families	229	(2)
Mothers and the Single-Parent Household	229	(1)
Fathers and the Single-Parent Household	230	(1)
Gender Patterns in Gay and Lesbian Families	231	(5)
Same-Sex Marriage	231	(1)
Children, Egalitarianism, and Gender Roles	232	(1)
Lesbian Mothers	233	(1)
Gay Fathers	233	(1)
Summary	234	(1)
Key Terms	235	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	235	(1)
Men and Masculinity	236	(31)
Historical Notes and Masculine Markers	237	(4)
Patriarchy and History	237	(2)
War and Soldiering
The Depression
Vietnam and the Gulf Wars
Sports	239	(2)
Brutalized Bodies
Sports Violence
On Masculinity	241	(6)
Hegemonic Masculinity	241	(1)
Masculinity's Norms	241	(6)
Antifeminine Norm (No Sissy Stuff)
Interpersonal Relations
Success Norm (The Big Wheel)
Gendered Occupations
Intellectual Success
Toughness Norm (Sturdy Oak)
Aggression Norm (Give 'Em Hell)
School Violence
Sexual Prowess Norm (Macho Man)
Tenderness Masculinity (Sensitive Guy)
Homophobia	247	(3)
The Demography of Homophobia	247	(2)
The Risks of Race and Ethnicity
Gender
Masculinity and Homophobic Labels	249	(1)
Gay Men
Gay Rights
Masculinity and Fatherhood	250	(3)
Images of Fatherhood	250	(1)
Socialization
Parents as Partners	251	(2)
Men in the Delivery Room
Divorce	253	(1)
Men at Middle Age and in Later Life	253	(3)
Retirement	253	(1)
Midlife as Crisis	254	(1)
Families at Midlife
Widowhood	255	(1)
Widows
Widowers
Gendered Violence	256	(6)
Rape	257	(3)
Profile of the Rapist
Rape on College Campus
Pornography and Rape
Masculinity and Rape
Domestic Violence and Battered Women	260	(2)
Why Doesn't She Leave?
Sociological Perspectives
The Men's Movement in the United States	262	(5)
National Organization of Men Against Sexism	262	(1)
Mythopoetic Men	263	(1)
African American Men	263	(1)
Promise Keepers	264	(1)
Critique: Looking Toward the Future	264	(1)
Summary	265	(1)
Key Terms	266	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	266	(1)
PART III Gender Roles: Focus on Social Institutions
Gender, Work, and the Workplace	267	(26)
Historical Overview	268	(2)
The Home as the Workplace	268	(2)
The Industrial Revolution
War and Jobs
Balancing Multiple Work and Family Roles	270	(3)
Employment and Health	270	(1)
Caregiving	271	(1)
Unpaid Work	272	(1)
Money and Mental Health
Summary
Gendered Institutions in Choice of Work	273	(6)
The Impact of Family on Workplace	273	(4)
Socialization
The Child Care Crisis
Married with Children: The Demography of Career Achievement
Career versus Job
Economic Trends and the Family	277	(1)
The Legal System	278	(1)
Women in the Labor Force	279	(10)
Gender-Typing in Occupational Distribution	280	(2)
Women in the Professions
White Collar Women
Blue Collar Women
The Wage Gap	282	(3)
Triple Jeopardy: Gender, Race, and Social Class
The Human Capital Model
Symbolic Interaction and Conflict Theory
Summary
Corporate Women	285	(1)
Corporate Barriers
The Glass Ceiling
Toward Corporate Success
Women as Business Owners	286	(1)
Gendered Management Styles: The Partnership Alternative	287	(2)
Critique
Global Focus: Microenterprise and Women	289	(4)
Women and Microcredit	289	(1)
Critique
Summary	290	(1)
Key Terms	291	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	291	(2)
Education and Gender Role Change	293	(25)
A Brief Lesson in History	294	(2)
The Enlightenment	294	(1)
Progressive Education	295	(1)
The Process of Education	296	(13)
Kindergarten	296	(1)
Elementary School	297	(2)
Jane and the Gendered Curriculum
Dick and the Gendered Curriculum
High School	299	(6)
Gender and Mathematics
Race and Social Class
Gender Diversity: Race, Self-Esteem, and Academic Achievement
Gendered Tracking and Vocational Education
The Boy or Girl Hidden Curriculum
Athletics and Masculinity
Higher Education	305	(4)
Gender, Love, and Achievement in College
The Gendered College Classroom
Major and Career Paths
Graduate School
Academic Women
Gender Issues in Education	309	(4)
Single-Gender Education	309	(2)
Sexual Harassment in Schools	311	(1)
Single-Gender Military Schools: Sexual Harassment or Bullying?	312	(1)
The Lessons of Title IX	313	(1)
Global Focus: The Developing World's Gender Gap in Education	314	(4)
Summary	315	(1)
Key Terms	316	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	316	(2)
Religion and Patriarchy	318	(27)
Rediscovering the Feminine Face of God	319	(4)
Goddess Images	319	(3)
Women's Religious Roles
Goddess as Creator
Africa
Asia
The Principle of Gender Complementarity	322	(1)
Critique
Islam	323	(2)
Feminist Views of Islam	324	(1)
Islamic Women in the United States	324	(1)
Hinduism	325	(2)
The Feminine in Hindu Scripture	325	(1)
Sati	326	(1)
Judaism	327	(2)
Family Life	327	(1)
Sexuality and Social Control
The Texts of Terror	328	(1)
Contemporary Images	329	(1)
Christianity	329	(5)
The Bible and Patriarchy	330	(2)
The Writings of Paul
Biblical Men
Alternative Views of Biblical Women	332	(1)
Gender Roles and American Christians	333	(1)
American Protestants
American Catholics
Gender, Religiosity, and Leadership	334	(5)
Gender and Religious Orientation	334	(1)
Sociological Perspectives
The Issue of Ordination	335	(3)
Confucianism and Islam
Judaism
Christianity
Catholicism
Protestantism
Clergy Women as Leaders	338	(1)
Toward an Inclusive Theology	339	(6)
The Language of Religion	339	(1)
Reinterpretation of Scripture	340	(1)
Feminist Theology	341	(1)
Summary	342	(1)
Key Terms	343	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	344	(1)
Media	345	(29)
Print Media	346	(4)
Magazines	346	(1)
Fiction
Articles
Advertising	347	(3)
Film	350	(5)
Screen History	350	(2)
Good Women and Bad Women
James Bond and ``His'' Girls
Pairing Sex and Violence	352	(1)
Aging Females, Ageless Males	353	(2)
Music	355	(4)
Rock Music	356	(3)
The Women of Rock
Rock Videos
Television	359	(5)
Gendered Violence	359	(1)
Prime Time	360	(2)
Employed Women
Soap Operas	362	(1)
Commercials	363	(1)
Children's Commercials
Men's Images in Media	364	(4)
Advertising	364	(1)
Film	365	(1)
Television	365	(1)
Situation Comedies: Men in Families
TV's Gender, Race, and Class Link	366	(2)
Working Class Men
Gender and Mass Media Industries	368	(3)
Television	368	(1)
Broadcast Journalism	369	(1)
Film	369	(2)
Media and Social Change	371	(3)
Summary	371	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	372	(2)
Power, Politics, and the Law	374	(32)
The Law	375	(17)
Employment	375	(5)
BFOQ
Equal Pay Act
Comparable Worth
Critique
Affirmative Action
The Gender-Race Link
The Courts
Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
Education and Title IX	380	(2)
The Courts
Athletics
Critique
Sexual Harassment	382	(2)
The Thomas-Hill Controversy
Impact of Sexual Harassment
The Social Construction of Sexual Harassment
Domestic Relations	384	(3)
Divorce
Family Economics
Domestic Abuse and the Courts
Reproductive Rights	387	(2)
Legal History
Pro-Life or Pro-Choice
Crime	389	(3)
Socialization
Economics
Criminal Justice
Prostitution: A Case Study
Politics	392	(7)
Women in Office	392	(1)
Barriers to the Female Candidate	393	(4)
Socialization Factors
Beliefs about Women's Roles
Structural Barriers
The Gender Gap	397	(2)
Political Party
The Equal Rights Amendment	399	(3)
Ratification's Rocky Path	400	(1)
The New Christian Right
Issues of Interpretation	400	(2)
Feminism in the Twenty-First Century	402	(4)
Summary	403	(1)
Key Terms	404	(1)
Critical Thinking Questions	405	(1)
Glossary	406	(5)
References	411	(61)
Name Index	472	(11)
Subject Index	483

Excerpts

Interest in gender related topics continues to expand rapidly in all disciplines and sociology is no exception. This interest has led to such an explosion of theory and research on gender and how gender intersects with other social categories, such as race, social class, ethnicity, religion, age, and sexuality, that the discipline itself is being reshaped. An important ingredient of this reshaping is that the feminist paradigm has joined with functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction to become sociology's fourth major theoretical perspective. The globalization process is yet another reshaping trend--a process that fuels diversity yet makes people more connected to one another than at any other time in human history. Gender role change in our relationships, homes, workplaces, and schools is a fundamental feature of globalization. Through abundant data documenting cutting edge research on gender and theoretical applications demonstrating how this research can be interpreted differently according to various sociological theories, the 4th edition ofGender Roleseffectively captures all these trends. This edition strongly emphasizes the junction between sociological theory and its application to gender and issues of diversity that are reverberating around the globe. Students will better understand the theory-research connection through the new critiques this edition incorporates throughout. In addition, students will be able to locate themselves when they examine material on the intersection of gender with the other social categories they occupy and as they grapple with gender issues in their everyday lives.Since the last edition ofGender Roles,the rapid growth of gender related scholarship has brought with it more interpretations, more sophistication, and more complexity. The good news is that there is a wealth of material from which to choose. Students need to be introduced to the richness and complexity of scholarship on gender and the important issues emerging from this scholarship. Because only a fraction of this abundant information can be included, material for this edition had to be carefully chosen to adequately and accurately represent competing theoretical views on gender and how various groups are portrayed according to these views. Interdisciplinary work aids in these portrayals. This edition makes focused choices from the contributions of other disciplines as they impinge on the sociology of gender roles. Although the task in selecting new material and discarding old material is formidable, it is manageable when a sociological perspective directs the process. Students will find a solid sociological foundation that links the range of information presented.Written primarily as a core text for courses variously titled Sociology of Gender, Sex and Gender, Gender Roles, or Sex Roles, this text may be used for those studying the sociology of the family, psychology of women, gender and globalization, and women's or men's studies. Although guided by a sociological perspective, those with little or no background in sociology will find the text easy to navigate. It is also an excellent review for upper division students who will have their sociological expertise reinforced early in the text. Both groups will have the requisite knowledge to tackle the more complex gender issues they will then confront. The opening chapter provides an overview of the sociological perspective, its theories, and its basic concepts. Basic concepts from women's and men's studies are also introduced. Key terms are defined and boldfaced. Students will quickly understand that these theories and concepts can be used in explaining the sometimes contradictory research on gender issues. Theoretical discussions and applications that are both meaningfully linked with research as well as critiqued reinforce this understanding.Part I provides insights on gender roles and the development of beliefs abou