Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation

by Yong; Raymond N.

• ISBN13: 9780849382895
• ISBN10: 0849382890
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-09-25
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Why do some contaminants remain in soils indefinitely? How much of a threat do they pose to human health or the environment? The need for effective and economic site decontamination arises daily. Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation discusses why soils remain contaminated, focusing on the development of the factors, properties, characteristics, and parameters of soils and individual contaminants.Subjects covered include the basic properties of soils affecting accumulation of contaminants, long-term retention of contaminants and their fate, including the development of intermediate products. The author emphasizes the factors, interactions, and mechanisms important in the bonding and partitioning process. He provides the groundwork for determining the fate of pollutants in soils and sediments and their mitigation.Geoenvironmental Engineering: Contaminated Soils, Pollutant Fate, and Mitigation focuses on why soils and sediments remain contaminated, not how they became contaminated in the first place. You will understand why specific contaminants remain in soils and sediments, how much of a threat they pose to human health and the environment, and what steps to take for mitigation. With this information you can determine the extent of the contamination of soils and sediments, how long they will remain a threat, and what methods to use for their remediation.

Table of Contents

Contaminated Land	1	(24)
Ground Contamination	1	(3)
Elements of the Problem	2	(2)
The Land Environment	4	(4)
Land Environment Sensitivity and Tolerance	8	(4)
Environmental Impact Policy	9	(1)
Environmental Inventory, Audit, Assessment, and Impact Statement	9	(3)
Land Suitability and Use	12	(3)
Groundwater	14	(1)
Wastes and Waste Streams	15	(7)
Characterization of Hazardous and Toxic Wastes	17	(2)
Land Disposal of Non-hazardous and Hazardous Wastes	19	(3)
Concluding Remarks	22	(3)
Nature of Soils	25	(30)
Soil Materials in the Land Environment	25	(4)
Pollutant Retention and/or Retardation by Subsurface Soil Material	28	(1)
Soil Materials	29	(4)
Soil Fractions	33	(10)
Clay Minerals	33	(5)
Soil Organics	38	(2)
Oxides and Hydrous Oxides	40	(2)
Carbonates and Sulphates	42	(1)
Soil Structure	43	(2)
Physical Properties	45	(7)
Hydraulic Conductivity	46	(2)
Soil Fractions and Physical Properties	48	(1)
Utilization of Information on Soil Properties	48	(4)
Concluding Remarks	52	(3)
Soil-Water Systems	55	(46)
Surface Relationships	55	(2)
Surfaces of Soil Fractions	57	(7)
Reactive Surfaces	57	(1)
Surface Functional Groups --- Soil Organic Matter	58	(2)
Surface Functional Groups --- Inorganic Soil Fractions	60	(3)
Electric Charges on Surfaces	63	(1)
Surface Charges and Electrified Interface	64	(4)
Net Surface Charges	64	(3)
Electric Double Layer	67	(1)
Diffuse Double-Layer (DDL) Models	68	(11)
Stern and Grahame Models	72	(2)
Validity of the DDL Models	74	(1)
Interaction Energies	75	(2)
DLVO Model and Interaction Energies	77	(2)
Interactions and Soil Structure	79	(8)
Swelling Clays	84	(3)
Soil-Water Characteristics	87	(9)
Soil-Water Potentials	87	(2)
Measurement of Soil-Water Potentials	89	(2)
Evaluation of Measured Soil-Water Potentials	91	(2)
Matric ψ, Osmotic &psiπ Potentials and Swelling Soils	93	(3)
Concluding Remarks	96	(5)
Interactions and Partitioning of Pollutants	101	(48)
Pollutants, Contaminants, and Fate	101	(5)
Persistence and Fate	105	(1)
Pollutants of Major Concern	106	(4)
Metals	107	(2)
Organic Chemical Pollutants	109	(1)
Controls and Reactions in Porewater	110	(5)
Acid-base Reactions --- Hydrolysis	111	(2)
Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions	113	(2)
Eh-pH Relationship	115	(1)
Partitioning and Sorption Mechanisms	115	(7)
Molecular Interactions and Bondings	117	(1)
Cation Exchange	118	(1)
Physical Adsorption	119	(2)
Specific Adsorption	121	(1)
Chemical Adsorption	121	(1)
Physical Adsorption of Anions	121	(1)
pH Environment, Solubility, and Precipitation	122	(2)
Natural Soil Organics and Organic Chemicals	124	(1)
Soil Surface Sorption Properties --- CEC, SSA	124	(4)
Soil Surface Area Measurements	125	(2)
Cation Exchange Capacity, CEC	127	(1)
Pollutant Sorption Capacity Characterization	128	(8)
Adsorption Isotherms	130	(3)
Distribution Coefficient kd	133	(1)
Partitioning and Organic Carbon Content	134	(2)
Interactions and Pollutant Transport Predictions	136	(9)
Transport and Partitioning in the Vadose Zone	138	(1)
Diffusion Coefficients Dc and Do	139	(3)
Soil Structure and Diffusion Coefficients	142	(2)
Vadose Zone Transport	144	(1)
Concluding Remarks	145	(4)
Partitioning and Fate of Heavy Metals	149	(42)
Introduction	149	(1)
Environmental Controls on Heavy Metal (HM) Mobility and Availability	150	(8)
Soil Characteristics and HM Retention	152	(3)
Preferential Sorption of HMs	155	(3)
Partitioning of HM Pollutants	158	(11)
Determination of Partitioning and Partition Coefficients	159	(2)
Rate-limiting Processes	161	(2)
Assessment of Partitioning from Leaching Columns	163	(5)
Breakthrough Curves	168	(1)
Distribution of Partitioned HMs	169	(12)
Selective Sequential Extraction (SSE) Procedure and Analysis	171	(6)
Selective Soil Fraction Addition (SSFA) Procedure and Analysis	177	(2)
Selective Soil Fraction Removal (SSFR) Procedure and Analysis	179	(2)
Soil Composition, Structure, and HM Partitioning	181	(6)
Comparison of Results Obtained	181	(3)
Column Studies for Soil Structure and Partitioning	184	(3)
Concluding Remarks	187	(4)
Persistence and Fate of Organic Chemical Pollutants	191	(28)
Introduction	191	(1)
Adsorption and Bonding Mechanisms	192	(8)
Intermolecular Interactions	194	(2)
Functional Groups and Bonding	196	(4)
Partitioning of Organic Chemical Pollutants	200	(7)
Adsorption Isotherms	201	(2)
Equilibrium Partition Coefficient	203	(4)
Interactions and Fate	207	(8)
Persistence and Recalcitrance	207	(1)
Abiotic and Biotic Transformation Processes	208	(1)
Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions	209	(1)
Soil Catalysis	210	(2)
Oxidation-Reduction Reactions	212	(3)
Concluding Remarks	215	(4)
Interactions and Pollutant Removal	219	(28)
Introduction	219	(2)
Basic Decontamination Considerations	221	(2)
Pollutant-Soil Interactions and Pollutant Removal	221	(2)
Determination of Pollutant Release	223	(9)
Batch Equilibrium Studies	223	(3)
Column Tests	226	(1)
Selective Sequential Analyses	227	(4)
Bench-top Tests	231	(1)
Electrodics and Electrokinetics	232	(5)
Electrodics and Charge Transfer	232	(3)
Electrokinetics and Pollutant Removal	235	(2)
Biochemical Reactions and Pollutants	237	(7)
Nitrogen and Sulphur Cycles	238	(1)
Pollutant-Soil Bond Disruption	239	(2)
Biotic Redox and Microcosm Studies	241	(3)
Assessment, Screening, and Treatability	244	(2)
Concluding Remarks	246	(1)
Remediation and Pollution Mitigation	247	(20)
Introduction	247	(1)
Pollutants and Site Contamination	247	(4)
Pollution Mitigation, Elimination, and Management	248	(2)
In situ and ex situ Remedial Treatment	250	(1)
Basic Soil Decontamination Considerations	251	(1)
Physico-chemical Techniques	252	(5)
Contaminated Soil Removal and Treatment	252	(1)
Vacuum Extraction --- Water and Vapour	253	(2)
Electrokinetic Application	255	(1)
Solidification and Stabilization	256	(1)
Chemical Techniques	257	(4)
Inorganic Pollutants (HM Pollutants)	257	(1)
Treatment Walls	258	(2)
Organic Chemical Pollutants	260	(1)
Biological Techniques	261	(2)
Multiple Treatments and Treatment Trains	263	(1)
Concluding Remarks	264	(3)
References and Suggested Reading	267	(16)
Index	283