Geophysical & Astrophysical Convection

by Kerr; Robert M.

• ISBN13: 9789056992583
• ISBN10: 9056992589
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-08-08
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Geophysical and Astrophysical Convection collects important papers from an international group of the world's foremost researchers in geophysical and astrophysical convection to present a concise overview of recent thinking in the field. Topics include: Atmospheric convection, solar and stellar convection, unsteady non-penetrative thermal convection, astrophysical convection and dynamos, dynamics of cumulus entertainment, turbulent convection: helical buoyant convection, transport phenomena, potential vorticity, rotating convective turbulence, and the modeling and simulation various types of convection and turbulence.

Table of Contents

List of Figures	ix
List of Tables	xii
Preface	xiii
Acknowledgements	xiv
Atmospheric Convection with Analogies in Astrophysics and the Laboratory	15	(22)
Robert M. Kerr
Introduction	15	(2)
Reynolds number and modeling	17	(3)
Dry convective scaling	20	(3)
Precipitating convection	23	(4)
Hierarchy of scales	27	(3)
Improving LES	30	(2)
Conclusion	32	(5)
Solar and Stellar Convection: A Perspective for Geophysical Fluid Dynamicists	37	(22)
Peter A. Gilman
Introduction	38	(1)
Solar motions	39	(4)
Global features of convection zone	43	(5)
Structure with radius	43	(2)
Influence of rotation	45	(1)
Upper boundary layer	45	(1)
Lower boundary layer	46	(1)
Waves and instabilities in and near the convection zone	47	(1)
Simulating solar convection	48	(1)
Summary of methods and results for compressible convection	49	(2)
Convection as driver of differential rotation	51	(1)
Interaction of the convection zone with the solar surfaces and the shear layer at the base	52	(2)
Concluding remarks	54	(5)
Unsteady Non-Penetrative Thermal Convection From Non-Uniform Surfaces	59	(26)
Richard D. Keane
Noboyuki Fujisawa
Ronald J. Adrian
Introduction	59	(3)
Experimental apparatus and procedure	62	(3)
Results	65	(9)
Heat transfer characteristics	65	(2)
Existence of horizontal mean flow	67	(1)
Patterns of convection	67	(7)
Summary and conclusions	74	(11)
Astrophysical Convection and Dynamos	85	(22)
Axel Brandenburg
Ake Nordlund
Robert F. Stein
Introduction	85	(2)
Deep solar convection	87	(1)
Low Prandtl number effects	88	(2)
The entropy gradient	90	(4)
The thermal time scale problem	94	(3)
The formation of magnetic structures	97	(2)
Magnetic dynamo action	99	(1)
Downward pumping	100	(1)
Outstanding problems	101	(6)
Dynamics of Cumulus Entrainment	107	(22)
Wojciech W. Grabowski
Introduction	107	(4)
Turbulent entrainment in cumulus clouds and in buoyancy-driven flows	111	(2)
Entrainment as a result of interfacial instabilities	113	(8)
Entrainment and buoyancy reversal	121	(2)
Conclusions	123	(6)
The 2/7 Law in Turbulent Thermal Convection	129	(16)
Stephane Zaleski
Introduction	129	(1)
Problem definition	130	(1)
Simple approaches to scaling	131	(2)
Similarity arguments based on dimensional analysis	131	(1)
Marginal stability and boundary layer similarity	132	(1)
Mechanistic approaches to scaling	133	(5)
Inviscid interior scaling	133	(1)
Plume theories with a single length scale	134	(1)
Plume theory with several length scales	135	(1)
2/7 scaling: Shraiman-Siggia theory	136	(1)
Range of validity	136	(2)
Comparison with experiments	138	(1)
Critique	139	(1)
Conclusion	140	(5)
Organization of Atmospheric Convection over the Tropical Oceans: The Role of Vertical Shear and Buoyancy	145	(20)
Margaret A. LeMone
Introduction	145	(1)
Convection in the fair weather mixed layer	146	(6)
Larger aspect-ratio mixed-layer banded structures	149	(3)
Precipitating convection	152	(9)
Buoyancy	152	(2)
Shear	154	(7)
Conclusions	161	(4)
Images of Hard Turbulence: Buoyant Plumes in a Crosswind	165	(20)
Andrew Belmonte
Albert Libchaber
Introduction	165	(2)
Hard Turbulence	167	(2)
Experimental techniques	169	(3)
The convection cell	169	(1)
Visualization	170	(2)
Image processing	172	(1)
Shadowgraph images	172	(5)
Intensity correlation measurements	177	(2)
Discussion	179	(6)
Convection in Cloud-Topped Atmospheric Boundary Layers	185	(14)
Christopher S. Bretherton
Introduction	185	(1)
Global distribution and importance of boundary layer cloud	186	(4)
Convective dynamics of CTBLs	190	(5)
Further observations and conclusions	195	(4)
Solar Granulation: A Surface Phenomenon	199	(22)
Mark Peter Rast
Introduction	200	(1)
Granular dynamics	201	(6)
Heat transport	207	(4)
Flow stability	211	(5)
Conclusion	216	(5)
Turbulent Convection: What has Rotation Taught Us?	221	(20)
Joseph Werne
Introduction	221	(1)
Nonrotating Rayleigh-Benard convection	222	(1)
Turbulent convection theories	223	(3)
Priestley's theory	223	(1)
Kadanoff, Zaleski & Zanetti's theory	223	(1)
Shraiman & Siggia's theory	224	(1)
Cautionary comment on scaling theories	224	(1)
She's theory	225	(1)
Yakhot's theory	225	(1)
Rotating Rayleigh-Benard convection	226	(1)
Numerical simulation of rotating convection	226	(10)
Intermittent flow fields	227	(1)
Cyclonic plumes	227	(1)
Ekman pumping	227	(3)
Linear thermal Ekman layer	230	(2)
Nonlinear Ekman spirals	232	(2)
Plume-plume interactions	234	(1)
Rotating hard turbulence	235	(1)
Conclusions	236	(5)
Helical Buoyant Convection	241	(16)
Douglas Lilly
Rotating thunderstorms and tornadoes	241	(3)
Analysis and illustrations	244	(6)
Further discussion	250	(7)
Modeling Mantle Convection: A Significant Challenge in Geophysical Fluid Dynamics	257	(38)
David A. Yuen
S. Balachandar
U. Hansen
Introduction	258	(1)
Model and numerical techniques	259	(5)
Anelastic liquid model	260	(1)
Internal solid-state phase transitions	261	(1)
Thermal-chemical convection	262	(1)
Mantle rheology	263	(1)
Numerical methodologies	264	(1)
Past achievements and computational challenges	264	(5)
Sample past results	265	(3)
Computational requirements	268	(1)
Results	269	(4)
Viscous heating in mantle convection	269	(2)
High Rayleigh number thermal-chemical convection	271	(2)
Perspectives and future directions	273	(22)
Turbulent Transport in Rotating Compressible Convection	295	(14)
Nicholas H. Brummell
Introduction	295	(2)
Local modelling of rotating compressible convection	297	(9)
Turbulent transport of convective energy	299	(3)
Turbulent transport of (angular) momentum	302	(4)
Conclusions	306	(3)
Potential Vorticity, Resonance and Dissipation in Rotating Convective Turbulence	309	(14)
Peter Bartello
Background	310	(2)
Normal mode equations, conservation and resonance	312	(3)
The <GGG> interactions	314	(1)
The <AAA> interactions	314	(1)
The <GAA> interactions	314	(1)
The <GGA> interactions	314	(1)
Numerical Results	315	(5)
Metais et al. (1994) revisited	315	(1)
Simulations with large vertical dissipation	316	(4)
Conclusions	320	(3)
Numerical Simulations of Convection in Protostellar Accretion Disks	323	(22)
William Cabot
Introduction	323	(3)
What are protostellar accretion disks?	323	(1)
Why is convection (potentially) important?	324	(2)
Properties of protostellar disks	326	(1)
General disk properties	326	(1)
Under what conditions do disks become convective?	326	(1)
Simplifying assumptions	327	(1)
Numerical hydrodynamic simulations	327	(5)
Further simplifying assumptions	327	(2)
Governing equations	329	(1)
Boundary conditions	330	(1)
Parameters	331	(1)
Simulation results	332	(4)
Incompressible simulations	332	(1)
Compressible simulations	332	(4)
Discussion	336	(9)
Why does disk convection generate inward transport of angular momentum?	339	(1)
What are the consequences?	340	(1)
What more needs to be done?	341	(1)
Conclusions	342	(3)
A New Model for Turbulence: Convection Rotation and 2D	345	(18)
V.M. Canuto
M.S. Dubovikov
A. Dienstfrey
D.J. Wielaard
Turbulent convection	345	(2)
New stochastic equations	345	(2)
Numerical results	347	(1)
Conclusions	347	(1)
Rotating turbulence	347	(7)
Basic results	347	(5)
2D-3D states in rotating turbulence	352	(1)
Decaying turbulence	353	(1)
Conclusions	354	(1)
2D Turbulence	354	(9)
Basic features	354	(1)
Basic equations. Time evolution of the energy spectrum	354	(1)
Numerical results	355	(2)
Conclusions	357	(6)
Transport Using Transilient Matrices	363	(26)
Roland B. Stull
Jerzy Bartnicki
Introduction	363	(2)
A transilient turbulence parameterization	365	(4)
Mixing potential, Y, first estimate	366	(1)
Influences of nonlocal static stability	366	(1)
Convective overturning and subgrid turbulence	367	(1)
Unequal grid spacing	368	(1)
Transilient matrices	368	(1)
Use of transilient matrices	369	(1)
Turbulent flux and mixed-layer depth	369	(1)
Split time step and the destabilization problem	369	(2)
Calibration	371	(1)
Illustrative model	372	(1)
Simulation results for idealized scenarios	373	(11)
Neutral boundary layer	374	(2)
Unstable (free-convective) mixed layer	376	(1)
Mechanically mixed layer	377	(1)
Both buoyant and mechanically mixed layer	378	(1)
Stable boundary layer	378	(2)
Diurnal cycles of boundary layer forcings (including pollution dispersion)	380	(2)
Discussion	382	(2)
Conclusions	384	(5)
Index	389