Glass Ceramic Technology

by Holand, Wolfram; Beall, George H.

• ISBN13: 9781574981070
• ISBN10: 1574981072
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2002-01-03
• Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell

Summary

This authoritative book examines the various types of glass-ceramic materials, the methods of their development, and the countless applications for glass-ceramics. It looks at glass-ceramics as new materials with new properties and outlines the expanding regions for applying these amazing materials, specifically for biomedical purposes. Provides a fundamental explanation of the new generation of glass-ceramics in an easy-to-use format. A perfect resource for students, scientists, doctors, and engineers or anyone interested in natural or medical science and technology.

Table of Contents

Introduction	xi
History	xv
Principles of Designing Glass-Ceramic Formation	1	(74)
Advantages of Glass-Ceramic Formation	1	(4)
Processing Properties	3	(1)
Thermal Properties	3	(1)
Optical Properties	3	(1)
Chemical Properties	3	(1)
Biological Properties	4	(1)
Mechanical Properties	4	(1)
Electrical and Magnetic Properties	4	(1)
Factors of Design	5	(1)
Crystal Structures and Mineral Properties	5	(33)
Crystalline Silicates	6	(1)
Nesosilicates	6	(1)
Sorosilicates	7	(1)
Cyclosilicates	7	(1)
Inosilicates	8	(1)
Phyllosilicates	8	(1)
Tectosilicates	9	(23)
Phosphates	32	(1)
Apatite	32	(3)
Orthophosphates and Diphosphates	35	(2)
Metaphosphates	37	(1)
Nucleation	38	(19)
Homogeneous Nucleation	40	(2)
Heterogeneous Nucleation	42	(1)
Kinetics of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation	43	(3)
Examples for Applying the Nucleation Theory in the Development of Glass-Ceramics	46	(1)
Volume Nucleation	46	(7)
Surface Nucleation	53	(2)
Temperature--Time--Transformation Diagrams	55	(2)
Crystal Growth	57	(18)
Primary Growth	59	(1)
Anisotropic Growth	60	(6)
Surface Growth	66	(3)
Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization	69	(1)
Phenomenology	69	(2)
Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization Applications	71	(1)
Secondary Grain Growth	72	(3)
Composition Systems for Glass-Ceramics	75	(116)
Alkaline and Alkaline-Earth Silicates	75	(11)
SiO2--Li2O (Lithium Disilicate)	75	(1)
Stoichiometric Composition	75	(2)
Nonstoichiometric Compositions	77	(7)
SiO2--BaO (Sanbornite)	84	(1)
Stoichiometric Barium-Disilicate	84	(1)
Multicomponent Glass-Ceramics	85	(1)
Aluminosilicates	86	(38)
SiO2--Al2O3 (Mullite)	86	(2)
SiO2--Al2O2--Li2O (β-Quartz Solid Solution, β-Spodumene Solid Solution)	88	(1)
β-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics	89	(5)
β-Spodumene Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics	94	(3)
SiO2--Al2O3--Na2O (Nepheline)	97	(3)
SiO2--Al2O3--Cs2O (Pollucite)	100	(4)
SiO2--Al2O3--MgO (Cordierite, Enstatite)	104	(1)
Cordierite Glass-Ceramics	104	(4)
Enstatite Glass-Ceramics	108	(2)
SiO2--Al2O3--CaO (Wollastonite)	110	(2)
SiO2--Al2O3--ZnO--MgO (Spinel, Gahnite)	112	(1)
Spinel Glass-Ceramic without β-Quartz	112	(2)
β-Quartz-Spinel Glass-Ceramics	114	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--CaO (Slag Sital)	115	(4)
SiO2--Al2O3--K2O (Leucite)	119	(5)
Flourosilicates	124	(21)
SiO2--R(III)2O3--MgO--R(II)O--R(I)2O--F (Mica)	124	(1)
Alkaline Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics	125	(4)
Alkali-Free Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics	129	(2)
Alkaline-Free Tetrasilicic Mica Glass-Ceramic	131	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--MgO--CaO--ZrO2--F (Mica, Zirconia)	132	(2)
SiO2--CaO--R2O--F (Canasite)	134	(6)
SiO2--MgO--CaO--R(I)2O--F (Amphibole)	140	(5)
Silicophosphates	145	(16)
SiO2--CaO--Na2O--P2O5 (Apatite)	145	(1)
SiO2--MgO--CaO--P2O5--F (Apatite, Wollastonite)	145	(2)
SiO2--MgO--Na2O--K2O--CaO--P2O5 (Apatite)	147	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--MgO--CaO--Na2O--K2O--P2O5--F (Mica, Apatite)	148	(4)
SiO2--MgO--CaO--TiO2--P2O5 (Apatite, Magnesium Titanate)	152	(2)
SiO2--Al2O3--CaO--Na2O--K2O--P2O5 (Apatite, Leucite)	154	(2)
Monolithic Glass-Ceramics	156	(4)
Sintered Glass-Ceramics	160	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--CaO--Na2O--P2O5--F (Needlelike Apatite)	161	(1)
Iron Silicates	161	(6)
SiO2--Fe2O3--CaO	161	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--FeO--Fe2O3--K2O (Mica, Ferrite)	162	(3)
SiO2--Al2O3--Fe2O3--R(I)O--R(II)O (Basalt)	165	(2)
Phosphates	167	(16)
P2O5--CaO (Metaphosphates)	167	(4)
P2O5--CaO--TiO2	171	(1)
P2O5--Na2O--BaO and P2O5--TiO2--WO3	172	(1)
P2O5--Na2O--BaO System	172	(1)
P2O5--TiO2--WO3 System	173	(1)
P2O5--Al2O3--CaO (Apatite), P2O5--CaO (Metaphosphate)	173	(1)
P2O5--Al2O3--CaO (Apatite)	173	(2)
P2O5--CaO (Metaphosphate)	175	(1)
P2O5--B2O3--SiO2	175	(3)
P2O5--SiO2--Li2O--ZrO2	178	(2)
Glass-Ceramics Containing 16 wt% ZrO2	180	(1)
Glass-Ceramics Containing 20 wt% ZrO2	180	(3)
Others Systems	183	(8)
Perovskite-Type Glass-Ceramics	183	(1)
SiO2--Nb2O5--Na2O--(BaO)	183	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--TiO2--PbO	184	(2)
SiO2--Al2O3--K2O--Ta2O5--Nb2O5	186	(1)
Ilmenite-Type (SiO2--Al2O3--Li2O--Ta2O5) Glass-Ceramics	187	(1)
B2O3--BaFe12O19 (Barium Hexaferrite) or (BaFe10O15) Barium Ferrite	187	(1)
SiO2--Al2O3--BaO--TiO2 (Barium Titanate)	188	(2)
Bi2O3--SrO--CaO--CuO	190	(1)
Microstructure Control	191	(38)
Solid-State Reactions	191	(3)
Isochemical Phase Transformation	191	(1)
Reaction Between Phases	192	(1)
Exsolution	192	(1)
Use of Phase Diagrams to Predict Glass-Ceramic Assemblages	193	(1)
Microstructure	194	(27)
Nanocrystalline Microstructures	194	(2)
Cellular Membrane Microstructures	196	(2)
Coast-and-Island Microstructure	198	(2)
Dendritic Microstructures	200	(4)
Relict Microstructures	204	(1)
House-of-Cards Microstructures	205	(1)
Nucleation Reactions	206	(1)
Primary Crystal Formation and Mica Precipitation	206	(2)
Cabbage-Head Microstructures	208	(5)
Acicular Interlocking Microstructures	213	(3)
Lamellar Twinned Microstructures	216	(2)
Preferred Crystal Orientation	218	(1)
Crystal Network Microstructures	219	(1)
Nature as an Example	219	(2)
Control of Key Properties	221	(1)
Methods and Measurements	222	(7)
Chemical System and Crystalline Phases	222	(1)
Determination of Crystal Phases	223	(1)
Kinetic Process of Crystal Formation	224	(2)
Design of Microstructure	226	(1)
Mechanical, Optical, Electrical, Chemical, and Biological Properties	227	(2)
Applications of Glass-Ceramics	229	(90)
Technical Applications	229	(18)
Radomes	229	(1)
Photosensitive and Etched Patterned Materials	229	(1)
Fotoform® and Fotoceram®	230	(2)
Foturan®	232	(3)
Additional Products	235	(1)
Machinable Glass-Ceramics	236	(1)
MACOR® and DICOR®	236	(4)
Vitronit™	240	(1)
Photoveel™	241	(1)
Magnetic Memory Disk Substrates	241	(4)
Liquid Crystal Displays	245	(2)
Consumer Applications	247	(6)
β-Spodumene Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics	247	(1)
β-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics	248	(5)
Optical Applications	253	(19)
Telescope Mirrors	253	(1)
Requirements for Their Development	253	(1)
Zerodur® Glass-Ceramics	253	(2)
Integrated Lens Arrays	255	(3)
Applications for Luminescent Glass-Ceramics	258	(1)
Cr-Doped Mullite for Solar Concentrators	258	(2)
Rare-Earth-Doped Oxyfluorides for Upconversion and Amplification	260	(3)
Optical Components	263	(1)
Glass-Ceramic for Fiber Bragg Grating Athermalization	263	(9)
Glass-Ceramic Ferrule for Optical Connectors	272	(1)
Medical and Dental Glass-Ceramics	272	(37)
Glass-Ceramics for Medical Applications	274	(1)
CERABONE®	274	(2)
CERAVITAL®	276	(1)
BIOVERIT®	276	(1)
Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration	277	(1)
Requirements for Their Development	277	(2)
DICOR®	279	(3)
IPS EMPRESS® Glass-Ceramic	282	(5)
IPS Empress® Cosmo Glass-Ceramic For Dental Core Buildups	287	(4)
IPS Empress® 2 Glass-Ceramic	291	(10)
IPS d.SIGN® Glass-Ceramic	301	(6)
Pro CAD®	307	(1)
IPS ERIS for E2	308	(1)
Electrical and Electronic Applications	309	(4)
Insulators	309	(1)
Electronic Packaging	310	(1)
Requirements for Their Development	310	(1)
Properties and Processing	311	(1)
Applications	312	(1)
Architectural Applications	313	(4)
Coatings and Solders	317	(2)
Epilogue	319
Appendix	311	(22)
Credits	333	(4)
References	337	(24)
Index	361