Glass Ceramic Technology

by Holand, Wolfram; Beall, George H.

• ISBN13: 9780470487877
• ISBN10: 0470487879
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-07-03
• Publisher: Wiley-American Ceramic Society

Summary

Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glass and more traditional crystalline ceramics. This new edition examines the various types of glass-ceramic materials, the methods of their development, and their countless applications. With expanded sections on biomaterials and highly bioactive products (i.e., Bioglass and related glass ceramics), as well as the newest mechanisms for the development of dental ceramics and theories on the development of nano-scaled glass-ceramics, here is a must-have guide for ceramic and materials engineers, managers, and designers in the ceramic and glass industry.

Author Biography

Wolfram Hland, PhD, is the Head of the Department of Research and Development, Inorganic Chemistry Technical Fundamentals, at Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Liechtenstein. He is also a Lecturer in the Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Eidgenssische Technische Hochschule (ETH Zurich) in Switzerland. Dr. Hland is the recipient of several awards, including the Whler Prize of the German Chemical Society and the Turner Award of the International Commission on Glass. George H. Beall, PhD, received his PhD in geology from MIT in 1962 and was a Research Fellow in the Science and Technology Division of Corning Incorporated, Corning, New York. Until 1995, Dr. Beall was a Courtesy Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at Cornell University, and has authored or coauthored approximately eighty technical papers and one book, and holds more than 100 U.S. patents.

Table of Contents

Introduction To The Second Edition	p. xi
Introduction To The First Edition	p. xiii
History	p. xvii
Principles of Designing Glass-Ceramic Formation	p. 1
Advantages of Glass-Ceramic Formation	p. 1
Processing Properties	p. 2
Thermal Properties	p. 3
Optical Properties	p. 3
Chemical Properties	p. 3
Biological Properties	p. 3
Mechanical Properties	p. 3
Electrical and Magnetic Properties	p. 4
Factors of Design	p. 4
Crystal Structures and Mineral Properties	p. 5
Crystalline Silicates	p. 5
Nesosilicates	p. 6
Sorosilicates	p. 7
Cyclosilicates	p. 7
Inosilicates	p. 7
Phyllosilicates	p. 8
Tectosilicates	p. 8
Phosphates	p. 32
Apatite	p. 32
Orthophosphates and Diphosphates	p. 34
Metaphosphates	p. 36
Oxides	p. 37
TiO2	p. 37
ZrO2	p. 38
MgAl2O4 (Spinel)	p. 39
Nucleation	p. 39
Homogeneous Nucleation	p. 42
Heterogeneous Nucleation	p. 43
Kinetics of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Nucleation	p. 45
Examples for Applying the Nucleation Theory in the Development of Glass-Ceramics	p. 48
Volume Nucleation	p. 49
Surface Nucleation	p. 54
Time-Temperature-Transformation Diagrams	p. 57
Crystal Growth	p. 59
Primary Growth	p. 60
Anisotropic Growth	p. 62
Surface Growth	p. 68
Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization	p. 70
Phenomenology	p. 70
Dendritic and Spherulitic Crystallization Application	p. 72
Secondary Grain Growth	p. 72
Composition Systems for Glass-Ceramics	p. 75
Alkaline and Alkaline Earth Silicates	p. 75
SiO2-Li2O (Lithium Disilicate)	p. 75
Stoichiometric Composition	p. 75
Nonstoichiometric Multicomponent Compositions	p. 77
SiO2-BaO (Sanbornite)	p. 88
Stoichiometric Barium-Disilicate	p. 88
Multicomponent Glass-Ceramics	p. 89
Aluminosilicates	p. 90
SiO2-Al2O3 (Mullite)	p. 90
SiO2-Al2O3-Li2O (ß-Quartz Solid Solution, ß-Spodumene Solid Solution)	p. 92
ß-Quartz Solid Solution Glass-Ceramics	p. 93
ß-Spodumene Solid-Solution Glass-Ceramics	p. 97
SiO2-Al2O2-Na2O (Nepheline)	p. 99
SiO2-Al2O3-Cs2O (Pollucite)	p. 102
SiO2-Al2O3-MgO (Cordierite, Enstatite, Forsterite)	p. 105
Cordierite Glass-Ceramics	p. 105
Enstatite Glass-Ceramics	p. 110
Forsterite Glass-Ceramics	p. 112
SiO2-Al2O3-CaO (Wollastonite)	p. 114
SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO (Zn-Stuffed ß-Quartz, Willemite-Zincite)	p. 116
Zinc-Stuffed ß-Quartz Glass-Ceramics	p. 116
Willemite and Zincite Glass-Ceramics	p. 119
SiO2-Al2O3-ZnO-MgO (Spinel, Gahnite)	p. 120
Spinel Glass-Ceramic Without ß-Quartz	p. 120
ß-Quartz-Spinel Glass-Ceramics	p. 122
SiO2-Al2O3-CaO (Slag Sital)	p. 123
SiO2-Al2O3-K2O (Leucite)	p. 126
SiO2-Ga2O3-Al2O3-Li2O-Na2O-K2O (Li-Al-Gallate Spinel)	p. 130
SiO2-Al2O3-SrO-BaO (Sr-Feldspar-Celsian)	p. 131
Fluorosilicates	p. 135
SiO2-(R3+)2O3-MgO-(R2+)O-(R+)2O-F (Mica)	p. 135
Alkaline Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics	p. 135
Alkali-Free Phlogopite Glass-Ceramics	p. 141
Tetrasilicic Mica Glass-Ceramic	p. 142
SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaO-ZrO2-F (Mica, Zirconia)	p. 143
SiO2-CaO-R2O-F (Canasite)	p. 145
SiO2-MgO-CaO-(R+)2O-F (Amphibole)	p. 151
Silicophosphates	p. 155
SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5 (Apatite)	p. 155
SiO2-MgO-CaO-P2O5-F (Apatite, Wollastonite)	p. 157
SiO2-MgO-Na2O-K2O-CaO-P2O5 (Apatite)	p. 157
SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-F (Mica, Apatite)	p. 159
SiO2-MgO-CaO-TiO2-P2O5 (Apatite, Magnesium Titanate)	p. 164
SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-F (Needlelike Apatite)	p. 165
Formation of Needlelike Apatite as a Parallel Reaction to Rhenanite	p. 169
Formation of Needlelike Apatite from Disordered Spherical Fluoroapatite	p. 173
SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-Na2O-K2O-P2O5-F/Y2O3, B2O3 (Apatite and Leucite)	p. 173
Fluoroapatite and Leucite	p. 175
Oxyapatite and Leucite	p. 177
SiO2-CaO-Na2O-P2O5-F (Rhenanite)	p. 179
Iron Silicates	p. 182
SiO2-Fe2O3-CaO	p. 182
SiO2-Al2O3-FeO-Fe2O3-K2O (Mica, Ferrite)	p. 182
SiO2-Al2O3-Fe2O3-(R+)2O-(R2+)O (Basalt)	p. 185
Phosphates	p. 187
P2O5-CaO (Metaphosphates)	p. 187
P2O5-CaO-TiO2	p. 191
P2O5-Na2O-BaO and P2O5-TiO2-WO3	p. 191
P2O5-Na2O-BaO System	p. 191
P2O5-TiO2-WO3 System	p. 192
P2O5-Al2O3-CaO (Apatite)	p. 192
P2O5-B2O3-SiO2	p. 194
P2O5-SiO2-Li2O-ZrO2	p. 196
Glass-Ceramics Containing 16 wt% ZrO2	p. 197
Glass-Ceramics Containing 20 wt% ZrO2	p. 197
Other Systems	p. 199
Perovskite-Type Glass-Ceramics	p. 199
SiO2-Nb2O5-Na2O-(BaO)	p. 199
SiO2-Al2O3-TiO2-PbO	p. 201
SiO2-Al2O3-K2O-Ta2O5-Nb2O5	p. 203
Ilmenite-Type (SiO2-Al2O3-Li2O-Ta2O5) Glass-Ceramics	p. 204
B2O3-BaFe12O19 (Barium Hexaferrite) or (BaFe10O15) Barium Ferrite	p. 204
SiO2-Al2O3-BaO-TiO2 (Barium Titanate)	p. 205
Bi2O3-SrO-CaO-CuO	p. 206
Microstructure Control	p. 207
Solid-State Reactions	p. 207
Isochemical Phase Transformation	p. 207
Reactions between Phases	p. 208
Exsolution	p. 208
Use of Phase Diagrams to Predict Glass-Ceramic Assemblages	p. 209
Microstructure Design	p. 209
Nanocrystalline Microstructures	p. 210
Cellular Membrane Microstructures	p. 211
Coast-and-Island Microstructure	p. 214
Dendritic Microstructures	p. 216
Relict Microstructures	p. 218
House-of-Cards Microstructures	p. 219
Nucleation Reactions	p. 221
Primary Crystal Formation and Mica Precipitation	p. 221
Cabbage-Head Microstructures	p. 222
Acicular Interlocking Microstructures	p. 228
Lamellar Twinned Microstructures	p. 231
Preferred Crystal Orientation	p. 232
Crystal Network Microstructures	p. 235
Nature as an Example	p. 236
Nanocrystals	p. 237
Control of Key Properties	p. 239
Methods and Measurements	p. 240
Chemical System and Crystalline Phases	p. 240
Determination of Crystal Phases	p. 240
Kinetic Process of Crystal Formation	p. 242
Determination of Microstructure	p. 246
Mechanical, Optical, Electrical, Chemical, and Biological Properties	p. 247
Optical Properties and Chemical Composition of Glass-Ceramics	p. 248
Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Glass-Ceramics	p. 249
Electrical Properties	p. 249
Chemical Properties	p. 250
Biological Properties	p. 250
Applications of Glass-Ceramics	p. 252
Technical Applications	p. 252
Radomes	p. 252
Photosensitive and Etched Patterned Materials	p. 252
Fotoform® and Fotoceram®	p. 253
Foturan®	p. 254
Additional Products	p. 259
Machinable Glass-Ceramics	p. 260
MACOR® and DICOR®	p. 260
Vitronit™	p. 264
Photovee™	p. 264
Magnetic Memory Disk Substrates	p. 265
Liquid Crystal Displays	p. 269
Consumer Applications	p. 269
ß-Spodumene Solid-Solution Glass-Ceramic	p. 269
ß-Quartz Solid-Solution Glass-Ceramic	p. 271
Optical Applications	p. 277
Telescope Mirrors	p. 277
Requirements for Their Development	p. 277
Zerodur® Glass-Ceramics	p. 277
Integrated Lens Arrays	p. 279
Applications for Luminescent Glass-Ceramics	p. 281
Cr-Doped Mullite for Solar Concentrators	p. 281
Cr-Doped Gahnite Spinel for Tunable Lasers and Optical Memory Media	p. 285
Rare-Earth Doped Oxyfluorides for Amplification, Upconversion, and Quantum Cutting	p. 288
Chromium (Cr4+-Doped Forsterite, ß-Willemite, and Other Orthosilicates for Broad Wavelength Amplification	p. 293
Ni2+-Doped Gallate Spinel for Amplification and Broadband Infrared Sources	p. 297
YAG Glass-Ceramic Phosphor for White LED	p. 301
Optical Components	p. 301
Glass-Ceramics for Fiber Bragg Grating Athermalization	p. 301
Laser-Induced Crystallization for Optical Gratings and Waveguides	p. 309
Glass-Ceramic Ferrule for Optical Connectors	p. 310
Applications for Transparent ZnO Glass-Ceramics with Controlled Infrared Absorbance and Microwave Susceptibility	p. 310
Medical and Dental Glass-Ceramics	p. 311
Glass-Ceramics for Medical Applications	p. 312
CERABONE®	p. 312
CERAVITAL®	p. 314
BIOVERIT®	p. 314
Glass-Ceramics for Dental Restoration	p. 315
Moldable Glass-Ceramics for Metal-Free Restorations	p. 317
Machinable Glass-Ceramics for Metal-Free Restorations	p. 327
Glass-Ceramics on Metal Frameworks	p. 330
Glass-Ceramic Veneering Materials on High Toughness Polycrystalline Ceramics	p. 335
Electrical and Electronic Applications	p. 342
Insulators	p. 342
Electronic Packaging	p. 344
Requirements for Their Development	p. 344
Properties and Processing	p. 344
Applications	p. 346
Architectural Applications	p. 346
Coatings and Solders	p. 350
Glass-Ceramics for Energy Applications	p. 351
Components for Lithium Batteries	p. 351
Cathodes	p. 351
Electrolytes	p. 351
Joining Materials for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Components	p. 352
Epilogue: Future Directions	p. 354
Appendix: Twenty-One Figures of 23 Crystal Structures	p. 355
References	p. 378
Index	p. 407
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