GMPLS Technologies: Broadband Backbone Networks and Systems

by Yamanaka; Naoaki

• ISBN13: 9780824727819
• ISBN10: 0824727819
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-09-26
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Multi-Protocol Label Switch (MPLS) and Generalized MPLS (GMPLS) are key technologies for next-generation IP backbone networks. Until now, however, engineers have been forced to search for technical papers on this subject and read them in an ad-hoc manner. At last there is a book that explains both MPLS and GMPLS concepts in a systematic way. GMPLS Technologies: Broadband Backbone Networks and Systems addresses the basic concepts, network architectures, protocols, and traffic engineering needed to operate MPLS and GMPLS networks. The book begins with an introduction of the nature and requirements of broadband networks. It describes the basics of control-oriented networks and Internet Protocol (IP). The text then examines the fundamentals of MPLS, explaining why MPLS is preferable to IP packet-based forwarding. This volume covers MPLS applications, details IP router structures, illustrates GMPLS, and explores important studies on traffic engineering in GMPLS Networks. The text concludes with a description of IP, MPLS, and GMPLS standardization topics. Network equipment design engineers and network service provision engineers can reference this book to understand the crucial techniques for building MPLS/GMPLS-based networks. Features Addresses the basic concepts, network architectures, protocols, and traffic engineering needed to operate MPLS and GMPLS networks Covers the fundamentals of connection-oriented networks including TCP/IP, flow control mechanism, and ATM protocol Analyzes MPLS issues and applications, such as label switched paths (LSPs) and VPNs Highlights IP router structures, examining technologies of data path function - switch architecture, packet scheduling, and forwarding engine Explores multi-layer traffic engineering, survivable networks, and wavelength-routed optical networks Demonstrates GMPLS-based routers

Table of Contents

Broadband and Multimedia	1	(10)
Multimedia Network	1	(4)
Connection and Communication Mechanism	5	(6)
References	10	(1)
Basic Mechanisms of Connection-Oriented Network	11	(22)
Basics of Connection-Oriented Communication	11	(4)
Basics of Connectionless Communication	15	(7)
Communication by TCP-IP	22	(11)
References	30	(3)
Connection-Oriented Communications and ATM	33	(36)
Transmission Method in ATM	33	(5)
GFC (Generic Flow Control) Only in UNI	36	(1)
VCI/VPI (Virtual Path Identifier/Virtual Channel Identifier)	36	(1)
PT (Payload Type)	37	(1)
CLP (Cell Loss Priority)	37	(1)
HEC (Header Error Control)	38	(1)
ATM Adaptation Layer	38	(8)
AAL Type 1	39	(2)
AAL Type 2	41	(1)
Packetizing the CPS	42	(1)
Multiplexing the CPS Packets	42	(1)
Timer for Cell-Construction Delay	43	(1)
AAL Types 3/4	43	(1)
Frame Assembly and MID Multiplexing Functions	43	(1)
Error Detection	43	(1)
AAL Type 5	44	(1)
Frame Assembly	45	(1)
Error Detection	46	(1)
Permanent Connection and Switched Connection	46	(1)
Traffic Engineering in ATM	47	(10)
Connection Admission Control (CAC)	48	(1)
Usage Parameter Control (UPC)	49	(2)
Priority Control	51	(2)
Traffic-Shaping Control	53	(1)
Packet Throughput and Discarding Process	53	(2)
Congestion Control in ATM	55	(2)
Bearer Class and Services	57	(4)
Constant Bit Rate (CBR)	57	(1)
Variable Bit Rate (VBR)	57	(2)
Unspecified Bit Rare (UBR)	59	(1)
Available Bit Rate (ABR)	59	(1)
ATM Burst Transfer (ABT)	60	(1)
OAM Function in ATM	61	(8)
References	66	(3)
Internet Protocol (IP)	69	(40)
IP Forwarding	69	(5)
IP Header	69	(1)
IP Address	70	(1)
Forwarding Table (Routing Table)	71	(3)
IP Routing	74	(13)
Hierarchy of Routing Protocols	74	(1)
Categorization of Routing Protocol by Algorithm	75	(1)
Distance-Vector-Type Protocol	76	(6)
Path-Vector-Type Protocol	82	(1)
Link-State-Type Protocol	83	(4)
Example of Routing Protocol	87	(22)
OSPF	87	(1)
Principle	87	(1)
Link State	88	(1)
Scalability and Hierarchization	89	(2)
Aging of LSA (Link-State Advertisement)	91	(1)
Content of LSA	91	(4)
BGP-4	95	(1)
Principle	95	(1)
BGP Message	96	(4)
Path Attributes	100	(3)
Rules of Route Selection	103	(1)
IBGP and EBGP	104	(1)
Scalability	105	(2)
References	107	(2)
MPLS Basics	109	(18)
Principle (Datagram and Virtual Circuit)	109	(5)
Bottleneck in Searching IP Table	109	(2)
Speeding Up by Label Switching	111	(3)
LSP Setup Timing	114	(1)
Traffic Driven	114	(1)
Topology Driven	115	(1)
Protocol (Transfer Mechanism of Information)	115	(7)
MPLS Label	115	(1)
Label Table	116	(2)
Label Stack	118	(1)
PHP	119	(2)
Label Merge	121	(1)
Protocol (Signaling System)	122	(5)
Label-Assignment Method (Downstream Type, Upstream Type)	122	(1)
Label-Distribution Method (On-Demand Type and Spontaneous Type)	123	(1)
Label-Assignment/Distribution Control Method (Ordered Type/Independent Type)	123	(1)
Label-Holding Method (Conservative/Liberal)	124	(1)
Loop-Protection Method (Path Vector/Hop Count)	124	(1)
Hop-by-Hop-Type LSP and Explicit-Route-Type LSP	125	(1)
References	125	(2)
Application of MPLS	127	(32)
Traffic Engineering	127	(19)
Problems with IGP	127	(1)
Separation of Forwarding from Routing by MPLS	127	(3)
Source Routing	130	(2)
Traffic Trunk	132	(2)
Restricted Route Controlling	134	(1)
Setting Up the ER-LSP with RSVP-TE	135	(11)
Routing to External Route within AS	146	(4)
Route Exchange by Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)	146	(2)
Routing to External Route within AS	148	(1)
Solution by MPLS	149	(1)
Virtual Private Networks (VPN)	150	(9)
Overlay Model and Peer Model	151	(1)
Virtual Routing and Forwarding (VRF)	152	(1)
MP-BGP	153	(3)
Notification of Outer Label and Inner Label in VPN	156	(1)
References	157	(2)
Structure of IP Router	159	(32)
Structure of Router	159	(6)
Low-End-Class Router	160	(1)
Middle-Class Router	161	(2)
High-End-Class Router	163	(2)
Switch Architecture	165	(12)
Classification of Switch Architecture	165	(2)
Input-Buffer-Type Switch	167	(1)
FIFO Input-Buffer-Type Switch	167	(1)
VOQ Input-Buffer Type	168	(1)
Maximum Size Matching	169	(2)
Maximum Weighting Size Matching	171	(1)
Parallel Interactive Matching (PIM)	171	(1)
iSLIP	172	(3)
Application of iSLIP to Three-Stage Cross Network Switch	175	(2)
Packet Scheduling	177	(5)
FIFO (First-In First-Out) Queuing	177	(1)
Complete Priority Scheduling	178	(1)
Generalized Processor Sharing	178	(1)
Packetized Generalized Processor Sharing	179	(1)
Weighted Round-Robin (WRR) Scheduling	180	(1)
Weighted Deficit Round-Robin (WDRR) Scheduling	181	(1)
Forwarding Engine	182	(9)
Route Lookup	182	(1)
Design of Route Lookup	183	(1)
Trie Structure	184	(1)
Patricia Tree	185	(2)
Binary Search Method	187	(1)
Route Lookup with CAM	188	(2)
References	190	(1)
GMPLS (Generalized Multiprotocol Label Switching)	191	(32)
From MPLS to MPλS/GMPLS	191	(2)
General Description of GMPLS	193	(6)
Separation of Data Plane from Control Plane	199	(1)
Routing Protocol	199	(5)
OSPF Extension	199	(2)
TE Link Advertisement	201	(3)
Signaling Protocol	204	(9)
RSVP-TE Extension of RSVP-TE and GMPLS	204	(2)
General Label Request	206	(3)
Bidirectional Path Signaling	209	(1)
Label Setting	210	(2)
Architectural Signaling	212	(1)
Link Management Protocol	213	(6)
Necessity of LMP	213	(1)
Types of Data Link	214	(1)
Functions of LMP	214	(1)
Control-Channel Management	215	(1)
Link-Property Correlation	216	(1)
Connectivity Verification	217	(2)
Failure Management	219	(1)
Peer Model and Overlay Model	219	(4)
Peer Model	220	(1)
Overlay Model	221	(1)
References	222	(1)
Traffic Engineering in GMPLS Networks	223	(80)
Distributed Virtual-Network Topology Control	224	(17)
Virtual-Network Topology Design	224	(1)
Distributed Network Control Approach	225	(1)
Virtual-Network Topology	225	(1)
Design Goal	226	(1)
Overview of Distributed Reconfiguration Method	227	(1)
Distributed Control Mechanism	228	(1)
Heuristic Algorithm for VNT Calculation	229	(1)
Protocol Design	230	(1)
GMPLS Architecture	230	(2)
Forwarding Adjacency in Multilayer Path Network	232	(1)
Switching Capability	232	(1)
Protocol Extensions	233	(1)
Performance Evaluation	234	(1)
Effect of Dynamic VNT Change	234	(2)
Utilization	236	(1)
Dynamic Traffic Change	237	(4)
Scalable Multilayer GMPLS Networks	241	(12)
Scalability Limit of GMPLS Network	241	(4)
Hierarchical Cloud-Router Network (HCRN)	245	(1)
HCRN Architecture	245	(1)
CR Internal-Cost Scheme and Network Topology	246	(2)
Multilayer Shortest-Path-First Scheme	248	(1)
Performance Evaluation	249	(1)
Scalability	249	(3)
Effect of Multilayer Network Hierarchization	252	(1)
Wavelength-Routed Networks	253	(11)
Routing and Wavelength Assignment (RWA) Problem	253	(2)
Distributedly Controlled Dynamic Wavelength-Conversion (DDWC) Network	255	(1)
DDWC Network with Simple RWA Policy	255	(1)
Optical Route Selection	256	(1)
Extended Signaling Protocol of RSVP-TE	257	(2)
Performance of DDWC	259	(5)
Survivable GMPLS Networks	264	(12)
A Disjoint-Path-Selection Scheme with Shared-Risk Link Groups	264	(2)
Weighted-SRLG Path Selection Algorithm	266	(2)
Performance Evaluation	268	(1)
Fixed a	269	(4)
Adaptive a	273	(1)
Link-Capacity Constraints	274	(2)
Scalable Shared-Risk-Group Management	276	(14)
SRG Concept	277	(2)
SRG-Constraint-Based Routing (SCBR)	279	(1)
Admission Control at Link Using Backup-SRG Concept	280	(2)
SCBR	282	(2)
Distributed Routing Calculation	284	(1)
Performance Evaluation	285	(1)
Shared Restoration versus Protection	285	(1)
Effect of Bumping of Existing Backup LSPs	286	(1)
Link Protection versus Node Protection	287	(1)
Hierarchy	288	(2)
Demonstration of Photonic MPLS Router	290	(13)
Integration of IP and Optical Networks	290	(1)
Photonic MPLS Router (HIKARI Router)	290	(1)
Concept of HIKARI Router	290	(2)
HIKARI Router Characteristics	292	(1)
Optical-Layer Management Characteristics	293	(1)
Implementation of MPλS Signaling Protocol	294	(1)
Photonic Network Protection Configuration	294	(1)
Demonstration of HIKARI Router	295	(3)
References	298	(5)
Standardization	303	(32)
ITU-T (International Telecommunication Union-T)	303	(2)
IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force)	305	(3)
OIF (Optical Internetworking Forum)	308	(8)
ATM Forum	316	(2)
Committees	316	(2)
Future Activity	318	(1)
MPLS Forum	318	(1)
WIDE Project	319	(2)
Internet Area	320	(1)
Transport Area	320	(1)
Security Area	320	(1)
Operations/Management Area	321	(1)
Applications Area	321	(1)
Photonic Internet Laboratory	321	(14)
PIL Organization	322	(1)
MPLS-GMPLS, Multilayer, Multiroute Interworking Tests	323	(2)
References	325	(1)
Appendix 10.1 ITU Topics	326	(1)
Appendix 10.2 IETF Working Groups	327	(1)
A.2.1 Applications Area	327	(1)
A.2.2 General Area	328	(1)
A.2.3 Internet Area	328	(1)
A.2.4 Operations and Management Area	329	(1)
A.2.5 Routing Area	330	(1)
A.2.6 Security Area	331	(1)
A.2.7 Sub-IP Area	331	(1)
A.2.8 Transport Area	332	(3)
Index	335