Great Events from History

by Chavalas, Mark W.

• ISBN13: 9781587651557
• ISBN10: 1587651556
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-04-01
• Publisher: Salem Pr Inc

Table of Contents

Publisher's Note	xi
Contributors	xiii
Keyword List of Contents	xvii
List of Maps and Tables	xxxiii
Maps of the Ancient World	xxxvii
25,000 - 10,001 B.C.E.
c. 25,000 B.C.E., San Peoples Create Earliest African Art	1	(2)
c. 18,000-c. 11,000 B.C.E., Bering Strait Migrations	3	(3)
c. 16,000-c. 3000 B.C.E., BaTwa Peoples Thrive in Central Africa	6	(3)
c. 15,500 B.C.E., Early Australians Create the Bradshaw Rock Paintings	9	(2)
c. 15,000 B.C.E., Early Europeans Create Lascaux Cave Paintings	11	(2)
c. 13,000 B.C.E., Humans Enter the South American Continent	13	(2)
c. 13,000-c. 7000 B.C.E., Paleo-Indian Culture Flourishes in North America	15	(2)
10,000 - 5001 B.C.E.
c. 10,000-c. 300 B.C.E., Jomon Culture Thrives in Japan	17	(3)
c. 10,000 B.C.E.-c. 1 C.E., Saharan Peoples Create Rock Art	20	(2)
c. 9500-c. 9000 B.C.E., Clovis Culture Rises in New Mexico	22	(2)
c. 9500-c. 5000 B.C.E., Settlement Established at Abu Hureyra in Syria	24	(2)
c. 9000-c. 8000 B.C.E., Cochise Culture Thrives in American Southwest	26	(2)
c. 9000-c. 7000 B.C.E., Nilo-Saharan Peoples Produce Food and Pottery	28	(2)
c. 8800-c. 8500 B.C.E., Folsom People Flourish in New Mexico	30	(2)
c. 8000 B.C.E., Permanent Settlement of the Andean Altiplano Begins	32	(2)
c. 8000-c. 4000 B.C.E., Plano Culture Flourishes in Great Plains Area	34	(1)
c. 8000-c. 1000 B.C.E., Archaic Indians Adapt to Warmer Climates	35	(3)
c. 7700-c. 1000 B.C.E., Native Cultures Flourish on the North Pacific Coast	38	(2)
c. 7500 B.C.E., Birth of Shinto	40	(2)
c. 7500 B.C.E., East Asian Grain Cultivation Begins	42	(2)
c. 7200 B.C.E., Kennewick Man Lives in North America	44	(2)
c. 7000-c. 6000 B.C.E., Khoisan Peoples Disperse Throughout Southern Africa	46	(2)
c. 7000-c. 4900 B.C.E., Catalhuyuk Flourishes as Center of Anatolian Culture	48	(2)
c. 6800-c. 4900 B.C.E., Kitoi People Live Near Lake Baikal in Siberia	50	(1)
c. 6500-c. 5000 B.C.E., Nilo-Saharan Farmers Spread Cultivation and Herding	51	(2)
c. 6200-c. 3800 B.C.E., Ubaid Culture Thrives in Mesopotamia	53	(3)
c. 6000-c. 5000 B.C.E., Niger-Congo Religion Takes Hold Across West Africa	56	(2)
c. 6000-c. 1500 B.C.E., Yangshao and Longshan Cultures Flourish in China	58	(2)
c. 6000-c. 1000 B.C.E., Omotics Advance Farming Practices in Horn of Africa	60	(3)
c. 5800-c. 3700 B.C.E., Chinchorro Inhabit the Peruvian and Chilean Coasts	63	(2)
c. 5500-c. 4500 B.C.E., Halafian Culture Flourishes in Northern Mesopotamia	65	(2)
c. 5500-c. 4500 B.C.E., Niger-Congo Peoples Spread Agriculture in Africa	67	(2)
5000 - 3001 B.C.E.
c. 5000 B.C.E., Aleutian Coastal Hunters Flourish	69	(2)
c. 5000-c. 3000 B.C.E., Kelteminar Culture Flourishes in Central Asia	71	(1)
c. 5000 B.C.E-c. 1 C.E., Red Paint Culture Flourishes in Eastern North America	72	(2)
c. 4000 B.C.E., Horse Is Domesticated	74	(2)
c. 4000 B.C.E., Sumerian Civilization Begins in Mesopotamia	76	(3)
c. 4000-c. 1000 B.C.E., Old Copper Complex Flourishes in North America	79	(1)
c. 4000 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Ban Chiang Culture Flourishes in Thailand	80	(2)
c. 3800 B.C.E., Cities and Civic Institutions Are Invented in Mesopotamia	82	(2)
c. 3500 B.C.E., Indus Valley Civilization Begins in South Asia	84	(3)
c. 3300-c. 1500 B.C.E., Valdivia Culture Forms Villages in Coastal Ecuador	87	(2)
c. 3100 B.C.E., Sumerians Invent Writing	89	(2)
c. 3100-c. 1550 B.C.E., Building of Stonehenge	91	(3)
c. 3050 B.C.E., Unification of Lower and Upper Egypt	94	(2)
3000 - 2001 B.C.E.
c. 3000 B.C.E., Australian Aborigines Create Wandjina Cave Paintings	96	(1)
c. 3000 B.C.E., Canaanites Inhabit the Levant	97	(2)
c. 3000-c. 500 B.C.E., Elamite Empire Rises in Near East	99	(3)
2953-2838 B.C.E. traditionally, Reign of China's Legendary First Ruler, Fu Xi	102	(2)
c. 2900-c. 2340 B.C.E., Early Dynastic Period Flourishes in Southern Mesopotamia	104	(3)
c. 2700-c. 1400 B.C.E., Gash Civilization Thrives in Africa	107	(2)
c. 2687 B.C.E., Old Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt	109	(3)
c. 2682 B.C.E., Legendary Founding of China by Huangdi	112	(2)
c. 2600 B.C.E., Leizu Discovers Silk Making	114	(2)
c. 2575-c. 2566 B.C.E., Building of the Great Pyramid	116	(3)
c. 2500 B.C.E., Construction of Monumental Architecture at Caral in Peru	119	(2)
2500-1900 B.C.E., Wawat Chiefdom Flourishes in Lower Nubia	121	(3)
c. 2500-c. 1500 B.C.E., Southeast Asians Migrate into the South Pacific	124	(2)
c. 2340 B.C.E., Sumerian Uruk-Agina Makes Social and Political Reforms	126	(2)
c. 2334-c. 2279 B.C.E., Sargon of Akkad Establishes the Akkadian Dynasty	128	(2)
c. 2333 B.C.E., Old Choson State Founded in Korea	130	(2)
c. 2300 B.C.E., Enheduanna Becomes First Named Author	132	(2)
c. 2300-c. 2000 B.C.E., First Great Expansion of Berber Peoples Across North Africa	134	(2)
c. 2300-c. 1800 B.C.E., Beaker People Live in Western Europe	136	(2)
c. 2200-1500 B.C.E., Kerma Kingdom Develops and Dominates Lower Nubia	138	(3)
c. 2160 B.C.E., First Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt	141	(3)
c. 2112 B.C.E., Ur-Nammu Establishes a Code of Law	144	(1)
c. 2100 B.C.E., Xia Dynasty Marks Start of Historical China	145	(2)
c. 2100-c. 600 B.C.E., Mogollon Culture Rises in American Southwest	147	(2)
c. 2055 B.C.E., Middle Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt	149	(3)
2000 - 1501 B.C.E.
c. 2000 B.C.E., Composition of the Gilgamesh Epic	152	(2)
c. 2000 B.C.E., Mon-Khmer Migrate into Southeast Asia	154	(3)
c. 2000 B.C.E., Mongols Inhabit Steppes North of China	157	(2)
c. 1900-1527? B.C.E., Kerma Kingdom Rules Nubia	159	(2)
c. 1900-c. 1400 B.C.E., Early Villages Form in Oaxaca	161	(2)
c. 1800-c. 1500 B.C.E., Construction of El Paraiso in Peru	163	(2)
c. 1800-c. 700 B.C.E., Poverty Point Culture Builds Earthworks	165	(3)
c. 1770 B.C.E., Promulgation of Hammurabi's Code	168	(3)
1750-800 B.C.E., Andronovo Culture Rises in Central Asia	171	(2)
c. 1650 B.C.E., Hyksos Create Second Intermediate Period	173	(2)
1650-1620 B.C.E., Hattusilis I Establishes the Old Hittite Kingdom	175	(3)
c. 1600 B.C.E., Shang Dynasty Develops Writing and Bronzework	178	(2)
c. 1600-c. 1500 B.C.E., Flowering of Minoan Civilization	180	(3)
c. 1600-c. 1300 B.C.E., Mitanni Kingdom Flourishes in Upper Mesopotamia	183	(2)
c. 1600-c. 1000 B.C.E., City of Mycenae Flourishes	185	(4)
c. 1570 B.C.E., New Kingdom Period Begins in Egypt	189	(2)
c. 1530 B.C.E., Mixtec Civilization Develops in Western Oaxaca	191	(3)
1500 - 1001 B.C.E.
From c. 1500 B.C.E., Dissemination of the Book of the Dead	194	(3)
1500-1100 B.C.E., Compilation of the Vedas	197	(2)
c. 1500-c. 1000 B.C.E., Aryans Appear in India	199	(2)
c. 1500-c. 300 B.C.E., Olmec Civilization Rises in Southern Mexico	201	(3)
c. 1500 B.C.E.-c. 500 C.E., Lapita Culture Colonizes the South Pacific	204	(1)
c. 1450 B.C.E., International Age of Major Kingdoms Begins in the Near East	205	(3)
14th-9th centuries B.C.E., Urnfield Culture Flourishes in Northwestern Europe	208	(1)
1400-1300 B.C.E., Aqhat Epic Is Composed in Ugarit	209	(2)
c. 1338 B.C.E., Failure of Akhenaton's Cultural Revival	211	(2)
c. 1280 B.C.E., Israelite Exodus from Egypt	213	(3)
c. 1275 B.C.E., Battle of Kadesh	216	(2)
c. 1250 B.C.E., Fall of Troy Marks End of Trojan War	218	(3)
c. 1250 B.C.E., Transmission of the European Alphabet	221	(3)
c. 1250-c. 700 B.C.E., Karasuk Culture Flourishes on Eurasian Steppes	224	(1)
c. 1200-c. 1050 B.C.E., Sea Peoples Contribute to Mediterranean Upheaval	225	(2)
c. 1200-c. 1000 B.C.E., Berbers Expand Across North Africa	227	(2)
c. 1100 B.C.E., Arameans Emerge in Syria and Mesopotamia	229	(2)
c. 1100-c. 500 B.C.E., Hallstatt Culture Dominates Northern Europe	231	(3)
1069 B.C.E., Third Intermediate Period Begins in Egypt	234	(2)
c. 1066 B.C.E., Western Zhou Dynasty Begins in China	236	(3)
1000 - 801 B.C.E.
c. 10th century B.C.E., Queen of Sheba Legends Arise	239	(2)
c. 1000 B.C.E., Establishment of the United Kingdom of Israel	241	(2)
c. 1000 B.C.E., Greek Alphabet Is Developed	243	(2)
c. 1000 B.C.E., Sub-Saharan Ironworking Begins	245	(2)
c. 1000-900 B.C.E., Ionian Confederacy Forms	247	(2)
c. 1000-c. 700 B.C.E., Mashariki Bantu Establish Chifumbaze Ironworking Culture	249	(3)
c. 1000-c. 690 B.C.E., Cimmerian Culture Rises in Russia	252	(1)
c. 1000-c. 500 B.C.E., Nok Artists Develop Terra-cotta Sculpture	253	(2)
c. 1000-c. 200 B.C.E., Compilation of the Upanisads	255	(2)
c. 1000 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Adena Mound Builders Live in North America	257	(3)
c. 1000 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Urban Commerce Develops in the Sudan Belt	260	(1)
c. 1000 B.C.E.-c. 900 C.E., Woodland Culture Flourishes in Northern America	261	(2)
c. 966 B.C.E., Building of the Temple of Jerusalem	263	(2)
c. 950 B.C.E., Composition of the Book of Genesis	265	(2)
c. 922 B.C.E., Establishment of the Kingdom of Israel	267	(3)
c. 900-c. 200 B.C.E., Chavin de Huantar Is Peru's Urban Center	270	(2)
c. 883-c. 824 B.C.E., Second Assyrian Empire Displays Military Prowess	272	(3)
800 - 701 B.C.E.
8th century B.C.E., Kushite King Piye Conquers Upper Egypt	275	(2)
8th century B.C.E., Scythians Drive the Cimmerians from Central Asia	277	(2)
8th-6th centuries B.C.E., Phrygian Kingdom Rises	279	(2)
c. 800 B.C.E., Phoenicians from Tyre Found Carthage	281	(3)
c. 800-c. 600 B.C.E., Ironworking Spreads into Sub-Saharan Africa	284	(2)
c. 783-c. 591 B.C.E., Napata Kingdom Flourishes in Kush	286	(2)
776 B.C.E., Olympic Games Are First Recorded	288	(3)
775 B.C.E., Delphic Oracle Provides Guidance for City-States	291	(2)
770 B.C.E., Eastern Zhou Dynasty Begins in China	293	(3)
c. 750 B.C.E., Homer Composes the Iliad	296	(3)
c. 750-c. 500 B.C.E., Marib Dam Is Built in Yemen	299	(1)
745 B.C.E., Tiglath-pileser III Rules Assyria	300	(3)
c. 736-716 B.C.E., Spartan Conquest of Messenia	303	(2)
c. 734-c. 580 B.C.E., Greeks Colonize the Mediterranean and Black Sea Regions	305	(2)
c. 733 B.C.E., Founding of Syracuse	307	(2)
c. 712-698 B.C.E., Shabaka Reunites the Nile Valley	309	(2)
c. 705-330 B.C.E., Founding and Flourishing of the Achaemenian Dynasty	311	(3)
701 B.C.E., Sennacherib Invades Syro-Palestine	314	(3)
700 - 601 B.C.E.
c. 700 B.C.E., Hesiod Composes Theogony and Works and Days	317	(2)
c. 700-c. 500 B.C.E., Dorset Culture Extends into Labrador, Newfoundland, and Greenland	319	(2)
c. 700-330 B.C.E., Phalanx Is Developed as a Military Unit	321	(3)
700 B.C.E.-100 C.E., Paracas Culture Develops a Sophisticated Textile Tradition	324	(2)
c. 700 B.C.E.-c. 500 C.E., Mound Builders Rise in Ohio Valley	326	(2)
664 B.C.E., Saite Dynasty Begins in Egypt	328	(3)
c. 645-546 B.C.E., Lydia Rises to Power Under the Mermnad Family	331	(2)
c. 640 B.C.E., Greek City-States Use Coins as Means of Exchange	333	(2)
625-509 B.C.E., Rise of Etruscan Civilization in Rome	335	(3)
621 or 620 B.C.E., Draco's Code Is Instituted	338	(2)
c. 607-562 B.C.E., Nebuchadnezzar Creates the First Neo-Babylonian State	340	(3)
Before 600 B.C.E., Celebration of the Eleusinian Mysteries	343	(3)
600 - 501 B.C.E.
6th or 5th century B.C.E., Birth of Buddhism	346	(2)
c. 6th century B.C.E.-c. 350 C.E., Meroitic Empire Rules from Southern Egypt to the Blue Nile	348	(3)
6th-4th century B.C.E. (traditionally, 1st millennium B.C.E.), Susruta, Indian Physician, Writes Medical Compendium	351	(2)
c. 600 B.C.E., Appearance of Zoroastrian Ditheism	353	(2)
600-500 B.C.E., Greek Philosophers Formulate Theories of the Cosmos	355	(3)
c. 594-580 B.C.E., Legislation of Solon	358	(2)
587-423 B.C.E., Birth of Judaism	360	(2)
c. 580 B.C.E., Greek Poet Sappho Dies	362	(3)
c. 550 B.C.E., Construction of Trireme Changes Naval Warfare	365	(3)
c. 550 B.C.E., Valmiki Composes the Ramayana	368	(2)
547 B.C.E., Cyrus the Great Founds the Persian Empire	370	(3)
October, 539 B.C.E., Fall of Babylon	373	(2)
c. 538-c. 450 B.C.E., Jews Return from the Babylonian Captivity	375	(2)
c. 530 B.C.E., Founding of the Pythagorean Brotherhood	377	(3)
527 B.C.E., Death of Vardhamana, Founder of Jainism	380	(2)
c. 525 B.C.E., Sibylline Books Are Compiled	382	(2)
520-518 B.C.E., Darius the Great Conquers the Indus Valley	384	(3)
520-518 B.C.E., Scylax of Caryanda Voyages the Indian Ocean	387	(2)
509 B.C.E., Rape of Lucretia	389	(3)
c. 509 B.C.E., Roman Republic Replaces Monarchy	392	(2)
508-507 B.C.E., Reforms of Cleisthenes	394	(2)
500 - 401 B.C.E.
5th century B.C.E., Composition of the Spring and Autumn Annals	396	(2)
c. 5th-4th century B.C.E., Creation of the Jatakas	398	(2)
c. 5th-3d century B.C.E., Composition of The Art of War	400	(3)
5th-1st century B.C.E., Composition of The Great Learning	403	(2)
c. 500 B.C.E., Acupuncture Develops in China	405	(2)
c. 500 B.C.E., Panini Composes Sanskrit Work of Grammar	407	(2)
c. 500-470 B.C.E., Hecataeus of Miletus Writes the First Geography Book	409	(2)
500-400 B.C.E., Creation of the Wujing	411	(2)
c. 500-400 B.C.E., Greek Physicians Begin Scientific Practice of Medicine	413	(3)
c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 200 C.E., Libyan Garamantes Flourish as Farmers and Traders	416	(2)
c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Socially Stratified Kingdoms Arise Around the Middle Niger River	418	(2)
c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 600 C.E., Mithraism Emerges as Significant Religion	420	(2)
c. 500 B.C.E.-c. 700 C.E., Zapotecs Build Monte Alban	422	(2)
499-494 B.C.E., Ionian Revolt	424	(3)
494/493 B.C.E., Institution of the Plebeian Tribunate	427	(1)
September 17, 490 B.C.E., Battle of Marathon	428	(3)
483 B.C.E., Naval Law of Themistocles Is Instituted	431	(3)
480-479 B.C.E., Persian Invasion of Greece	434	(3)
479 B.C.E., Confucius's Death Leads to the Creation of The Analects	437	(3)
478-448 B.C.E., Athenian Empire Is Created	440	(3)
475-221 B.C.E., China Enters Chaotic Warring States Period	443	(3)
c. 467 B.C.E., Gosala Maskariputra, Founder of Ajivika Sect, Dies	446	(2)
c. 456/455 B.C.E., Greek Tragedian Aeschylus Dies	448	(3)
451-449 B.C.E., Twelve Tables of Roman Law Are Formulated	451	(2)
c. 450-c. 425 B.C.E., History Develops as a Scholarly Discipline	453	(3)
450-100 B.C.E., City-State of Yeha Flourishes in the Ethiopian Highlands	456	(1)
447-438 B.C.E., Building of the Parthenon	457	(3)
445 B.C.E., Establishment of the Canuleian Law	460	(2)
c. 440 B.C.E., Sophists Train the Greeks in Rhetoric and Politics	462	(2)
c. 438 B.C.E., Greek Lyric Poet Pindar Dies	464	(2)
May, 431-September, 404 B.C.E., Peloponnesian War	466	(3)
c. 420 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Yuezhi Culture Links Persia and China	469	(1)
June, 415-September, 413 B.C.E., Athenian Invasion of Sicily	470	(3)
406 B.C.E., Greek Dramatist Euripides Dies	473	(2)
September, 404-May, 403 B.C.E., Thirty Tyrants Rule Athens for Eight Months	475	(2)
401-400 B.C.E., March of the Ten Thousand	477	(3)
400 - 301 B.C.E.
c. 4th century B.C.E.-3d century C.E., Kautilya Compiles a Treatise on Practical Statecraft	480	(2)
Early 4th century B.C.E., Founding of Mohism	482	(3)
c. 400 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Bantu Peoples Spread Farming Across Southern Africa	485	(2)
c. 400 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., Dong Son Culture Appears in Vietnam	487	(2)
c. 400 B.C.E.-400 C.E., Composition of the Mahabharata	489	(2)
399 B.C.E., Death of Socrates	491	(3)
Between 394 and 371 B.C.E., Xenophon Writes the Anabasis	494	(2)
386 B.C.E., King's Peace Ends Corinthian War	496	(3)
c. 385 B.C.E., Greek Playwright Aristophanes Dies	499	(2)
c. 380 B.C.E., Plato Develops His Theory of Ideas	501	(3)
359-336 B.C.E., Philip II Expands and Empowers Macedonia	504	(3)
c. 350 B.C.E., Diogenes Popularizes Cynicism	507	(2)
340-338 B.C.E., Origin of Municipia	509	(2)
August 2, 338 B.C.E., Battle of Chaeronea	511	(2)
336 B.C.E., Alexander the Great Begins Expansion of Macedonia	513	(3)
c. 335-323 B.C.E., Aristotle Writes the Politics	516	(2)
333 B.C.E., Battle of Issus	518	(2)
332 B.C.E., Founding of Alexandria	520	(3)
October 1, 331 B.C.E., Battle of Gaugamela	523	(3)
327-325 B.C.E., Alexander the Great Invades the Indian Subcontinent	526	(2)
325-323 B.C.E., Aristotle Isolates Science as a Discipline	528	(2)
323 B.C.E., Founding of the Ptolemaic Dynasty and Seleucid Kingdom	530	(3)
c. 323-275 B.C.E., Diadochi Divide Alexander the Great's Empire	533	(2)
c. 321 B.C.E., Mauryan Empire Rises in India	535	(3)
c. 320 B.C.E., Theophrastus Initiates the Study of Botany	538	(2)
312 B.C.E., First Roman Aqueduct Is Built	540	(3)
312-264 B.C.E., Building of the Appian Way	543	(2)
Keyword List of Contents	lxix
List of Maps and Tables	lxxxv
Maps of the Ancient World	lxxxix
300 - 201 B.C.E.
3d century B.C.E., Commercial City of Jenne Is Founded on Niger River	545	(2)
3d century B.C.E. (traditionally 660 B.C.E.), Jimmu Tenno Becomes the First Emperor of Japan	547	(2)
3d century B.C.E. (traditionally 6th century B.C.E.), Laozi Composes the Dao De Jing	549	(3)
c. 300 B.C.E., Euclid Compiles a Treatise on Geometry	552	(2)
c. 300 B.C.E., Izapan Civilization Dominates Mesoamerica	554	(3)
c. 300 B.C.E., Hohokam Culture Arises in American Southwest	557	(2)
c. 300 B.C.E., Stoics Conceptualize Natural Law	559	(2)
c. 300 B.C.E., Yayoi Period Begins	561	(3)
c. 300-c. 100 B.C.E., Berber Kingdoms of Numidia and Mauretania Flourish	564	(2)
c. 300 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Khoikhoi and Kwadi Adopt Pastoral Lifestyle	566	(2)
300 B.C.E.-600 C.E., Construction of the Mahabodhi Temple	568	(2)
287 B.C.E., Lex Hortensia Reforms the Roman Constitution	570	(1)
c. 285-c. 255 B.C.E., Xunzi Develops Teachings That Lead to Legalism	571	(3)
285-160 B.C.E. (traditionally, c. 300 B.C.E.), Composition of the Zhuangzi	574	(2)
c. 275 B.C.E., Greeks Advance Hellenistic Astronomy	576	(3)
c. 273/265-c. 238 B.C.E., Asoka Reigns over India	579	(2)
264-225 B.C.E., First Punic War	581	(3)
c. 250 B.C.E., Discoveries of Archimedes	584	(2)
c. 250 B.C.E., Third Buddhist Council Convenes	586	(3)
c. 250 B.C.E., Tipitaka Is Compiled	589	(2)
250-130 B.C.E., Commissioning of the Septuagint	591	(2)
c. 250 B.C.E.-70 C.E., Dead Sea Scrolls Are Composed	593	(2)
c. 247-207 B.C.E., Buddhism Established in Sri Lanka	595	(2)
c. 245 B.C.E., Diodotus I Founds the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom	597	(2)
245-140 B.C.E., Rise of Parthia	599	(4)
From 240 B.C.E., Exploitation of the Arch	603	(2)
221 B.C.E., Qin Dynasty Founded in China	605	(2)
c. 221-211 B.C.E., Building the Great Wall of China	607	(3)
221-206 B.C.E., Legalist Movement in China	610	(2)
221 B.C.E.-220 C.E., Advances Are Made in Chinese Agricultural Technology	612	(2)
218-201 B.C.E., Second Punic War	614	(4)
c. 212-202? B.C.E., Construction of the Qin Tomb	618	(3)
209-174 B.C.E., Maodun Creates a Large Confederation in Central Asia	621	(2)
206 B.C.E., Liu Bang Captures Qin Capital, Founds Han Dynasty	623	(2)
202 B.C.E., Battle of Zama	625	(2)
200 - 101 B.C.E.
2d century B.C.E., Silk Road Opens	627	(3)
c. 200 B.C.E., Birth of Hinduism	630	(2)
c. 200 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Composition of the Intertestamental Jewish Apocrypha	632	(3)
c. 200 B.C.E.-200 C.E., Bhagavad Gita Is Created	635	(2)
200 B.C.E.-200 C.E., Nasca Lines Drawn in Desert Near Coast of Peru	637	(3)
c. 200 B.C.E.-c. 500 C.E., Hopewell People Construct Earthworks	640	(2)
180 B.C.E., Establishment of the Cursus Honorum	642	(2)
167-142 B.C.E., Revolt of the Maccabees	644	(2)
159 B.C.E., Roman Playwright Terence Dies	646	(3)
c. 155 B.C.E., Greco-Bactrian Kingdom Reaches Zenith Under Menander	649	(2)
149-146 B.C.E., Third Punic War	651	(3)
146 B.C.E., Sack of Corinth	654	(2)
140-87 B.C.E., Wudi Rules Han Dynasty China	656	(2)
139-122 B.C.E., Composition of the Huainanzi	658	(3)
c. 135 B.C.E., Rise of the Pharisees	661	(3)
133 B.C.E., Pergamum Is Transferred to Rome	664	(3)
133 B.C.E., Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus Is Tribune	667	(2)
107-101 B.C.E., Marius Creates a Private Army	669	(2)
104 B.C.E., Dong Zhongshu Systematizes Confucianism	671	(2)
100 - 1 B.C.E.
Early 1st century B.C.E.-225 C.E., Satavahana Dynasty Rises to Power in South India	673	(3)
c. 1st century B.C.E., Indian Buddhist Nuns Compile the Therigatha	676	(2)
1st century B.C.E., Sima Qian Writes Chinese History	678	(2)
1st century B.C.E.-1st century C.E., Compilation of the Lotus Sutra	680	(2)
c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 100 C.E., Celtic Hill Forts Are Replaced by Oppida	682	(3)
c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 200 C.E., Zapotec State Dominates Oaxaca	685	(2)
c. 100 B.C.E.-c. 300 C.E., East African Trading Port of Rhapta Flourishes	687	(2)
95-69 B.C.E., Armenian Empire Reaches Its Peak Under Tigranes the Great	689	(2)
90 B.C.E., Julian Law Expands Roman Citizenship	691	(3)
73-71 B.C.E., Spartacus Leads Slave Revolt	694	(3)
Late 63-January 62 B.C.E., Catiline Conspiracy	697	(2)
c. 60 B.C.E., Druidism Flourishes in Gaul and Britain	699	(3)
58-51 B.C.E., Caesar Conquers Gaul	702	(4)
54 B.C.E., Roman Poet Catullus Dies	706	(3)
51 B.C.E., Cicero Writes De Republica	709	(2)
51-30 B.C.E., Cleopatra VII, Last of Ptolemies, Reigns	711	(3)
46 B.C.E., Establishment of the Julian Calendar	714	(2)
43-42 B.C.E., Second Triumvirate Enacts Proscriptions	716	(3)
September 2. 31 B.C.E., Battle of Actium	719	(2)
27-23 B.C.E., Completion of the Augustan Settlement	721	(3)
19 B.C.E., Roman Poet Vergil Dies	724	(3)
15 B.C.E.-15 C.E., Rhine-Danube Frontier Is Established	727	(3)
November 27, 8 B.C.E., Roman Lyric Poet Horace Dies	730	(2)
c. 6 B.C.E., Birth of Jesus Christ	732	(2)
1 - 100 C.E.
Early 1st century C.E., Pyu Kingdom Develops Urban Culture	734	(1)
1st century C.E., Kingdom of Aksum Emerges	735	(3)
1st century C.E., Tai Peoples Migrate into Southeast Asia	738	(1)
1st-2d century C.E., Fourth Buddhist Council Convenes	739	(3)
1st-3d centuries C.E., Cankam Literature Composed in South India	742	(2)
1st-5th centuries C.E., Alani Gain Power	744	(2)
1st century-c. 627 C.E., Kingdom of Funan Flourishes	746	(2)
c. 1 C.E., Development Begins at Teotihuacan	748	(3)
8 C.E., Ovid's Metamorphoses Is Published	751	(2)
9 C.E., Battle of Teutoburg Forest	753	(3)
9-23 C.E., Wang Mang's Rise to Power	756	(2)
25 C.E., Guang Wudi Restores the Han Dynasty	758	(2)
c. 30 C.E., Condemnation and Crucifixion of Jesus Christ	760	(3)
c. 30 C.E., Preaching of the Pentecostal Gospel	763	(3)
40-43 C.E., Trung Sisters Lead Vietnamese Rebellion Against Chinese	766	(2)
43-130 C.E., Roman Conquest of Britain	768	(4)
c. 50 C.E., Creation of the Roman Imperial Bureaucracy	772	(2)
c. 50-c. 150 C.E., Compilation of the New Testament	774	(2)
January-March, 55 or 56 C.E., Paul Writes His Letter to the Romans	776	(3)
60 C.E., Boudicca Leads Revolt Against Roman Rule	779	(3)
c. 60-68 C.E., Buddhism Enters China	782	(2)
64-67 C.E., Nero Persecutes the Christians	784	(3)
68-69 C.E., Year of the Four Emperors	787	(3)
September 8, 70 C.E., Roman Destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem	790	(2)
August 24, 79 C.E., Destruction of Pompeii	792	(2)
90 C.E., Founding of the Classic Period Maya Royal Dynasty at Tikal	794	(3)
c. 90 C.E., Synod of Jamnia	797	(3)
c. 99-105 C.E., Ban Zhao Writes Behavior Guide for Young Women	800	(2)
c. 100-c. 127 C.E., Kushan Dynasty Expands into India	802	(3)
100-127 C.E., Roman Juvenal Composes Satires	805	(2)
c. 100-200 C.E., Construction of the Pyramids of the Sun and Moon at Teotihuacan	807	(3)
c. 100-c. 700 C.E., Moche Build the Huaca del Sol and Huaca de la Luna	810	(2)
101 - 200 C.E.
c. 105 C.E., Cai Lun Invents Paper	812	(1)
c. 110 C.E., Trajan Adopts Anti-Christian Religious Policy	813	(3)
c. 127-c. 152 C.E., Kanishka's Reign Brings Flowering of the Arts	816	(3)
130-135 C.E., Dedication of Aelia Capitolina	819	(2)
142 C.E., Zhang Daoling Founds the Celestial Masters Movement	821	(2)
c. 150 C.E., Asvaghosa Composes Complete Biography of the Buddha	823	(2)
c. 157-201 C.E., Galen Synthesizes Ancient Medical Knowledge	825	(3)
c. 165 C.E., Gaius Creates Edition of the Institutes of Roman Law	828	(1)
184-204 C.E., Yellow Turbans Rebellion	829	(3)
200 C.E., Christian Apologists Develop Concept of Theology	832	(2)
200-800 C.E., Lima Culture Flourishes on the Central Andean Coast	834	(2)
200-900 C.E., Maya Civilization Flourishes	836	(3)
200-1250 C.E., Anasazi Civilization Flourishes in American Southwest	839	(3)
201 - 300 C.E.
c. 3d century C.E., Wang Bi and Guo Xiang Revive Daoism	842	(2)
c. 3d-4th century C.E., Huns Begin Migration West from Central Asia	844	(3)
3d-5th century C.E., Giant Stelae Are Raised at Aksum	847	(3)
c. 220 C.E., Cai Yan Composes Poetry About Her Capture by Nomads	850	(2)
220 C.E., Three Kingdoms Period Begins in China	852	(2)
c. 220 C.E., Ulpian Issues Dictum in Rome	854	(2)
224 C.E., Ardashir I Establishes the Sasanian Empire	856	(2)
c. 230-1300 C.E., Manichaeanism Begins in Mesopotamia	858	(2)
c. mid-3d century C.E., Himiko Rules the Yamatai	860	(2)
250 C.E., Outbreak of the Decian Persecution	862	(2)
c. 250 C.E., Saint Denis Converts Paris to Christianity	864	(2)
265 C.E., Sima Yan Establishes the Western Jin Dynasty	866	(2)
284 C.E., Inauguration of the Dominate in Rome	868	(2)
c. 286 C.E., Saint Anthony of Egypt Begins Ascetic Life	870	(2)
290-300 C.E., West African Gold First Reaches North Africa	872	(2)
c. 300 C.E., Licchavi Dynasty Begins in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal	874	(2)
300-400 C.E., Bantu People Invent Copper Metallurgy	876	(2)
c. 300-600 C.E., Three Kingdoms Period Forms Korean Culture	878	(2)
c. 300-710 C.E., Kofun Period Unifies Japan	880	(3)
301 - 400 C.E.
4th century C.E., Ezana Expands Aksum, Later Converts to Christianity	883	(2)
4th-11th centuries C.E., Ancient Ghana Emerges	885	(2)
309-379 C.E., Shapur II Reigns over Sasanian Empire	887	(3)
October 28, 312 C.E., Conversion of Constantine to Christianity	890	(3)
313-395 C.E., Inception of Church-State Problem	893	(3)
316 C.E., Western Jin Dynasty Falls	896	(3)
325 C.E., Adoption of the Nicene Creed	899	(2)
November 24, 326-May 11, 330 C.E., Constantinople Is Founded	901	(3)
361-363 C.E., Failure of Julian's Pagan Revival	904	(3)
Late 4th-5th century C.E., Asanga Helps Spread Mahayana Buddhism	907	(2)
August 9, 378 C.E., Battle of Adrianople	909	(2)
380-392 C.E., Theodosius's Edicts Promote Christian Orthodoxy	911	(3)
c. 380-c. 415 C.E., Gupta Dynasty Reaches Its Peak Under Chandragupta II	914	(3)
c. 382-c. 405 C.E., Saint Jerome Creates the Vulgate	917	(3)
386 C.E., Toba Establishes the Northern Wei Dynasty in China	920	(3)
390-430 C.E. or later, traditionally r. 270-310, Ojin Tenno, First Historical Emperor of Japan, Reigns	923	(2)
397-402 C.E., Ge Chaofu Founds the Lingbao Tradition of Daoism	925	(3)
399 C.E., Chinese Monk Faxian Travels to India	928	(2)
c. 400 C.E., Kalidasa Composes Sanskrit Poetry and Plays	930	(2)
401 - 476 C.E.
c. 5th century C.E., Lydenburg Bantus Sculpt Life-Size Terra-cotta Heads	932	(2)
5th or 6th century C.E., First Major Text on Hinduism's Great Goddess Is Compiled	934	(1)
c. 405 C.E., Statesman Tao Qian Becomes Farmer and Daoist Poet	935	(3)
August 24-26, 410 C.E., Gothic Armies Sack Rome	938	(2)
413-427 C.E., Saint Augustine Writes The City of God	940	(3)
415 C.E., Mathematician and Philosopher Hypatia Is Killed in Alexandria	943	(2)
420 C.E., Southern Dynasties Period Begins in China	945	(3)
428-431 C.E., Nestorian Controversy	948	(2)
439 C.E, Vandals Seize Carthage	950	(2)
445-453 C.E., Invasions of Attila the Hun	952	(2)
449 C.E., Saxon Settlement of Britain Begins	954	(3)
c. 450 C.E., Conversion of Ireland to Christianity	957	(2)
c. 450-500 C.E., Era of the Nine Saints	959	(3)
July, 451 C.E., Battle of Chalons	962	(3)
October 8-25, 451 C.E., Council of Chalcedon	965	(3)
460-477 C.E., Buddhist Temples Built at Ajanta Caves in India	968	(1)
c. 470 C.E., Bodhidharma Brings Chan Buddhism to China	969	(4)
September 4, 476 C.E., Fall of Rome	973	(4)
Time Line	977	(23)
Glossary	1000	(6)
Bibliography	1006	(8)
Web Sites	1014
Chronological List of Entries	iii
Category Index of Entries	xiii
Geographical Index of Entries	xxvii
Personages Index	xxxvii
Subject Index	xlvii