Groundwater Geochemistry: Fundamentals and Applications to Contamination

by Deutsch; William J.

• ISBN13: 9780873713085
• ISBN10: 0873713087
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1997-07-09
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

This complete guide, written to appeal to a diverse audience, examines the role of geochemistry in groundwater monitoring and remediation programs, and presents it at a level understandable to a wide audience. The text begins with an explanation of fundamental geochemical processes, followed by a description of the methods and tools used to understand and simulate them. The book then explains how geochemistry applies to contaminant mobility, discusses remediation system design, sampling program development, and the modeling of geochemical interactions. It concludes with specific applications of geochemistry to contaminated sites. This is an ideal choice for readers who do not have an extensive technical background in aqueous chemistry, geochemistry, or geochemical modeling.

Table of Contents

PART I: GROUNDWATER GEOCHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS	3	(100)
Chapter 1 -- The Aquifer Geochemical System	3	(24)
1.1. Groundwater Solution	5	(12)
Definitions and Concentration Units	5	(2)
Groundwater Solutes	7	(2)
Groundwater Types	9	(1)
Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH)	10	(2)
Alkalinity / Acidity	12	(3)
Redox Potential (Eh)	15	(2)
1.2. Chemical Reactions and the Equilibrium Constant	17	(4)
Solute Activity and Activity Coefficients	19	(1)
Temperature Effects	20	(1)
1.3. Soil/Rock Composition	21	(3)
Rocks and Primary Minerals	21	(1)
Chemical Weathering	22	(1)
Soil Zone	23	(1)
1.4. Water/Rock Processes Controlling Solution Composition	24	(2)
References	26	(1)
Chapter 2 -- Solution, Redox, and Gas Exchange Processes	27	(20)
2.1. Aqueous Complexation	27	(2)
2.2. Oxidation/Reduction Processes	29	(9)
pH Dependent Redox Reactions	33	(5)
2.3. Solution/Gas Interactions	38	(6)
Gas Exchange Processes	38	(2)
Solubility of Reactive Gases	40	(2)
Carbon Dioxide Gas Pressures in the Subsurface	42	(2)
References	44	(3)
Chapter 3 -- Water/Rock Interactions	47	(30)
3.1. Adsorption/Desorption	47	(14)
Ion Exchange	47	(4)
Distribution Coefficients	51	(4)
Surface Complexation Processes	55	(5)
Adsorption Final Remarks	60	(1)
3.2. Mineral Precipitation/Dissolution	61	(11)
Mineral Equilibrium	61	(4)
Data Display	65	(2)
Practical Calculation of Saturation Indices	67	(2)
Mineral Solubility	69	(3)
3.3. Reaction Rates	72	(2)
References	74	(3)
Chapter 4 -- Development of Conceptual Geochemical Models	77	(12)
4.1. Modeling Data Requirements	77	(4)
Site Data Collection for Geochemical Modeling	77	(2)
Equilibrium and Reaction Rate Considerations for Geochemical Modeling	79	(2)
4.2. Elements of a Conceptual Model	81	(3)
Development of Multiple Hypotheses	83	(1)
Use of Saturation Indices in Developing Conceptual Models	84	(1)
4.3. Geochemical Modeling Methods	84	(3)
References	87	(2)
Chapter 5 -- Computer Codes for Geochemical Modeling	89	(14)
5.1. Mass Balance Modeling Codes	89	(3)
5.2. Equilibrium Speciation/Solubility Modeling Codes	92	(3)
5.3. Equilibrium Mass Transfer Modeling Codes	95	(3)
5.4. Mass Transport	98	(1)
5.5. Geochemical Modeling Limitations	99	(1)
References	100	(3)
PART II: GENERAL GEOCHEMICAL APPLICATIONS	103	(50)
Chapter 6 -- Geochemical Models	103	(10)
6.1. Mobility of Iron in the Natural Environment	103	(2)
6.2. Modeling Calcite Mineral Precipitation in Response to Groundwater Heating	105	(4)
6.3. Modeling the Aeration of Groundwater	109	(2)
References	111	(2)
Chapter 7 -- Geochemistry of Contaminant Mobility	113	(8)
7.1. Contaminant-Induced Disequilibrium	113	(2)
7.2. Solubility Limits on Contaminant Concentration in Groundwater	115	(1)
7.3. Mineral Equilibria of Contaminants	116	(1)
Simple Metals -- Ba, Cd, Pb, Ni, and Zn	116	(1)
Simple Nonmetals -- PO(4) and F	116	(1)
Redox-Sensitive Metals -- Fe, Mn, Cr, Hg, and Cu	116	(1)
Redox-Sensitive Nonmetals -- As and Se	116	(1)
7.4. Adsorption/Desorption Impact on Contaminant Migration	117	(2)
7.5. Contaminant Migration Summary	119	(1)
Reference	120	(1)
Chapter 8 -- Geochemistry of Restoration	121	(20)
8.1. Natural Restoration	121	(4)
8.2. Geochemical Principles of Aquifer Restoration	125	(4)
Understanding the Geochemical System	125	(1)
Working Toward Stable Chemical Equilibria	126	(2)
Identifying and Avoiding Unwanted Side Effects	128	(1)
8.3. Applied Restoration Techniques	129	(5)
Pump-and-Treat Methods	129	(4)
In Situ Treatment Methods	133	(1)
8.4. Geochemical Enhancements to Pump-and-Treat Restoration	134	(3)
Mineral Solubility Enhancement	134	(2)
Contaminant Desorption Enhancement	136	(1)
8.5. Simulating the Geochemistry of Restoration	137	(1)
References	138	(3)
Chapter 9 -- Geochemistry and the Design of Sampling Programs	141	(12)
9.1. Temperature	141	(1)
9.2. Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH)	141	(2)
9.3. Redox Potential (Eh)	143	(2)
9.4. Dissolved Gases	145	(1)
9.5. Alkalinity	145	(2)
9.6. Major Cations and Anions	147	(1)
9.7. Minor and Trace Dissolved Constituents	147	(1)
9.8. Reactive Solid Phases	148	(1)
References	149	(4)
PART III: APPLICATIONS OF GEOCHEMISTRY TO SPECIFIC TYPES OF CONTAMINANTS AND CONTAMINATED ENVIRONMENTS	153	(62)
Chapter 10 -- Practical Applications: Landfills	153	(12)
10.1. Geochemical Environment	153	(4)
10.2. Sampling Considerations	157	(1)
10.3. Geochemical Reaction Modeling	158	(1)
10.4. Contaminant Transport	159	(1)
10.5. Remediation	160	(3)
References	163	(2)
Chapter 11 -- Practical Applications: Metals Contamination	165	(18)
11.1. Geochemical Environment	165	(4)
Lead	165	(2)
Chromium	167	(1)
Arsenic	168	(1)
11.2. Sampling Considerations	169	(1)
11.3. Geochemical Reaction Modeling	170	(1)
11.4. Contaminant Mobility	171	(4)
Lead	172	(1)
Chromium	173	(1)
Arsenic	174	(1)
11.5. Remediation	175	(3)
Lead	175	(1)
Chromium	176	(2)
Arsenic	178	(1)
References	178	(5)
Chapter 12 -- Geochemistry of Acid Mine Waste	183	(18)
12.1. Acid-Generating and -Neutralizing Processes	183	(5)
Acid-Producing Reactions	183	(2)
Acid Neutralizing Reactions	185	(3)
12.2. Acidic Environments	188	(6)
Naturally Acidic Conditions	188	(1)
Acid Mine Drainage	189	(1)
Ore Storage, Mine waste, and Tailings Piles	190	(2)
Acid Lakes	192	(2)
12.3. Sampling Considerations	194	(1)
12.4. Geochemical Modeling	195	(1)
12.5. Contaminant Transport	195	(2)
12.6. Remediation	197	(1)
References	198	(3)
Chapter 13 -- Geochemistry of Organic Compound Contamination	201	(14)
13.1. Representative Types of Organic Contamination	201	(5)
Petroleum hydrocarbons	201	(2)
Chlorinated solvents	203	(3)
13.2. Sampling Considerations	206	(1)
13.3. Geochemical Modeling	207	(1)
13.4. Contaminant Transport	207	(4)
13.5. Remediation	211	(2)
References	213	(2)
Appendix A -- Solid Phases That Limit Groundwater Concentrations	215	(2)
Index	217