Handbook of Automotive Power Electronics and Motor Drives

by Emadi; Ali

• ISBN13: 9780824723613
• ISBN10: 0824723619
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-05-25
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

Covering applications in conventional, hybrid-electric, and electric vehicles, this book provides a comprehensive reference for automotive electrical systems. This authoritative handbook features contributions from an outstanding international panel of experts from industry and academia, highlighting existing and emerging technologies. Divided into five parts, it offers an overview of automotive power systems, discusses semiconductor devices, sensors, and other components, explains different power electronic converters, examines electric machines and associated drives, and details various advanced electrical loads as well as battery technology for automobile applications.

Table of Contents

PART I. Automotive Power Systems	1	(114)
1. Conventional Cars	3	(18)
Roberto Giral-Castillón, Luis Martinez-Salamero, and Javier Maixé-Altés
1.1 Introduction	3	(1)
1.2 Evolution of the Distribution Electrical System	3	(3)
1.2.1 Control Strategy and Wiring Topology	5	(1)
1.2.2 Power Bus Topology	5	(1)
1.2.3 Components	6	(1)
1.3 The Conventional System of Electrical Distribution in Automobiles	6	(1)
1.3.1 Battery and Its Charging System	6	(1)
1.3.2 Motor Starter System	6	(1)
1.3.3 Management System	6	(1)
1.4 Wiring System	6	(7)
1.4.1 Fuses	8	(1)
1.4.1.1 Polymeric Positive Temperature Coefficient Devices	9	(1)
1.4.1.2 Smart Power Switches	11	(1)
1.4.2 Behavior Comparison among the Different Protection Devices	12	(1)
1.5 Load Control: Automotive Control Network Protocols	13	(2)
1.5.1 Controller Area Network (CAN)	14	(1)
1.5.2 Local Interconnect Network (LIN)	14	(1)
1.5.3 Bytefiight	15	(1)
1.5.4 Time Triggered Protocol (TTP/C)	15	(1)
1.6 New Architectures	15	(1)
1.6.1 Electric Security	15	(1)
1.6.2 Voltage Effect on the Components	16	(1)
1.7 Alternative Architectures	16	(2)
1.7.1 High Frequency AC Bus System	16	(1)
1.7.2 Dual-Voltage DC Bus	17	(1)
References	18	(3)
2. Hybrid Electric Vehicles	21	(16)
John M. Miller
2.1 Parallel Configuration	26	(3)
2.2 Series Configuration	29	(2)
2.3 Combination Architectures	31	(2)
2.4 Grid Connected Hybrids	33	(2)
References	35	(2)
3. Hybrid Drivetrains	37	(18)
M. Ehsani and Yimin Gao
3.1 Concept of Hybrid Vehicle Drivetrain	37	(1)
3.2 Series Hybrid Drivetrain	38	(2)
3.3 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrains	40	(8)
3.3.1 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrains with Torque Coupling	40	(1)
3.3.1.1 Torque Coupler	40	(1)
3.3.1.2 Drivetrain Configuration and Operating Characteristics	41	(5)
3.3.2 Parallel Hybrid Drivetrain with Speed Coupling	46	(1)
3.3.2.1 Speed Coupler	46	(1)
3.3.2.2 Drivetrain Configurations and Operating Characteristics	47	(1)
3.4 Drivetrains with Selectable Torque Coupling and Speed Coupling	48	(2)
3.5 Parallel-Series Hybrid Drivetrain with Torque Coupling and Speed Coupling	50	(1)
3.6 Fuel Cell-Powered Hybrid Drivetrain	50	(2)
References	52	(3)
4. Electric Vehicles	55	(42)
Ramesh C. Bansal
4.1 Introduction	55	(1)
4.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles	56	(1)
4.3 Main Components of an EV	57	(1)
4.3.1 Motors	57	(1)
4.4 Main Safety Components in an EV	58	(1)
4.5 Instrumentation	59	(1)
4.6 Main Auxiliaries in an EV	60	(3)
4.7 Types of Power Storage Used in EVs	63	(5)
4.7.1 Batteries	63	(1)
4.7.2 Types of Batteries Available Today	64	(3)
4.7.3 Flywheels	67	(1)
4.7.4 Ultracapacitors	67	(1)
4.8 Emissions Performance	68	(1)
4.9 Solar Cars	69	(1)
4.10 Fuel Cell Cars	69	(3)
4.10.1 Introduction	69	(2)
4.10.2 Fuel Cell Cars	71	(1)
Bibliographical Survey on Electric Vehicles	72	(1)
References	73	(24)
5. Optimal Power Management and Distribution in Automotive Systems	97	(18)
Zheng John Shen, X. Chen, A. Masrur, V.K. Garg, and A. Soltis
5.1 Introduction	97	(2)
5.2 Automotive Power/Energy Management and Distribution Architecture	99	(2)
5.2.1 Power Generation	99	(1)
5.2.2 Energy Storage	100	(1)
5.2.3 Power Bus	100	(1)
5.2.4 Electrical Load	101	(1)
5.2.5 Power Electronics	101	(1)
5.2.6 PMC	101	(1)
5.3 Optimization-Based Power Management System Strategy	101	(3)
5.3.1 Dynamic Resource Allocation	103	(1)
5.3.2 Practical Constraints of Vehicle Components	103	(1)
5.3.3 Uninterruptible Power Availability	103	(1)
5.3.4 Power Quality	103	(1)
5.3.5 System Stability	104	(1)
5.3.6 Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis	104	(1)
5.4 Case Study: Game-Theoretic Optimal Hybrid Electric Vehicle Management and Control Strategy	104	(8)
5.4.1 System Dynamics	105	(1)
5.4.2 Strategy Design	106	(1)
5.4.3 Game-Theoretic Approach	107	(3)
5.4.4 Simulation Results	110	(2)
5.5 Summary	112	(1)
References	112	(3)
PART II. Automotive Semiconductor Devices, Components, and Sensors	115	(114)
6. Automotive Power Semiconductor Devices	117	(42)
Zheng John Shen
6.1 Introduction	117	(3)
6.2 Diodes: The Rectification, Freewheeling, and Clamping Devices	120	(5)
6.2.1 Rectifier Diodes	121	(1)
6.2.2 Freewheeling Diodes	121	(3)
6.2.3 Zener Diodes	124	(1)
6.2.4 Schottky Diode	125	(1)
6.3 Power MOSFETs: The Low-Voltage Load Drivers	125	(14)
6.3.1 MOSFET Basics	127	(2)
6.3.2 MOSFET Characteristics	129	(10)
6.4 IGBTs: The High-Voltage Power Switches	139	(9)
6.4.1 IGBT Basics	141	(5)
6.4.2 IGBT Power Modules	146	(1)
6.4.3 Ignition IGBT	147	(1)
6.5 Power Integrated Circuits and Smart Power Devices	148	(2)
6.6 Emerging Device Technologies: Super-Junction and SiC Devices	150	(4)
6.7 Power Losses and Thermal Management	154	(2)
6.8 Summary	156	(1)
References	156	(3)
7. Ultracapacitors	159	(30)
John M. Miller
7.1 Theory of Electronic Double Layer Capacitance	161	(7)
7.2 Model and Cell Balancing	168	(6)
7.3 Sizing Criteria	174	(3)
7.4 Converter Interface	177	(5)
7.5 Ultracapacitors in Combination with Batteries	182	(5)
References	187	(2)
8. Flywheels	189	(6)
John M. Miller
8.1 Flywheel Theory	189	(3)
8.2 Flywheel Applications in Hybrid Vehicles	192	(1)
8.3 Energy Storage System Outlook	193	(1)
References	194	(1)
9. ESD Protection for Automotive Electronics	195	(18)
Albert Z.H. Wang
9.1 Introduction	195	(1)
9.2 ESD Failures and ESD Test Models	196	(5)
9.3 On-Chip ESD Protection	201	(10)
References	211	(2)
10. Sensors	213	(1)
Mario Marian Canteli
10.1 Introduction	213	(1)
10.2 Architecture of Electronic Control Units	214	(4)
10.3 Voltage and Current Measurement	218	(3)
10.4 Temperature	221	(1)
10.5 Acceleration	222	(1)
10.6 Pressure	223	(1)
10.7 Velocity, Position, and Displacement	223	(1)
10.8 Other Sensors	224	(2)
10.9 Reliability Constraints in Automotive Environment	226	(1)
10.10 Conclusions	226	(1)
References	227	(2)
PART III. Automotive Power Electronic Converters	229	(1)
11. DC-DC Converters	231	(140)
James P. Johnson
11.1 Why DC-DC Converters?	231	(2)
11.2 DC-DC Converter Basics	233	(1)
11.3 DC-DC Converter Types	233	(1)
11.4 Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost Converter Commonalities	234	(3)
11.5 The Buck Converter	237	(2)
11.6 The Boost Converter	239	(1)
11.7 The Buck-Boost Converter	240	(1)
11.8 Isolated Inverter Driven Converters	241	(1)
11.9 Push-Pull Converter	242	(1)
11.10 Half-Bridge	243	(1)
11.11 Full-Bridge	244	(1)
11.12 Other Converter Types	244	(1)
11.13 Control	245	(2)
11.14 Essential Converter Circuits	247	(3)
11.15 Important Points to Consider	250	(1)
11.16 Simulation vs. Analytical Methods	251	(1)
11.17 Loss Calculations	251	(1)
11.18 Power Device Selections	251	(1)
11.19 EMI	252	(1)
11.20 Other Practical Converter Development Considerations	252	(1)
References	253	(2)
12. AC-DC Rectifiers	255	(1)
Byoung-Kuk Lee and Chung-Yean Won
12.1 Diode AC-DC Rectifier	255	(9)
12.1.1 Main Characteristics and Circuit Configuration	255	(1)
12.1.2 Analysis of Three-Phase Full-Bridge Diode Rectifier	255	(1)
12.1.2.1 Circuit without Input Inductors and DC-Link Capacitor	255	(1)
12.1.2.2 Circuit with Input Inductors and DC-Link Capacitor	256	(1)
12.1.2.3 Commutation Analysis Considering Effect of the Input Inductance	257	(2)
12.1.3 Analysis of Input Phase Current and Output Current of Diode Rectifier	259	(1)
12.1.4 Calculation of DC-Link Power	259	(1)
12.1.5 Calculations of DC-Link Capacitor According to Various Load Conditions	260	(1)
12.1.5.1 Case of Continuous Full Load Condition	260	(1)
12.1.5.2 Case of Overload Condition	261	(1)
12.1.5.3 Case of Motor Accelerating Condition	261	(2)
12.1.6 Design of Dynamic Breaking Unit	263	(1)
12.1.6.1 Design Procedure of Dynamic Breaking Resistor	263	(1)
12.2 Thyristor AC-DC Rectifier	264	(7)
12.2.1 Topology and Operation Modes	264	(1)
12.2.2 Fire Angle Control Scheme	264	(1)
12.2.2.1 Linear Fire Angle Control Scheme	265	(1)
12.2.2.2 Cosine Wave Crossing Scheme	267	(1)
12.2.2.3 PLL Scheme	267	(1)
12.2.3 Analysis of Three-Phase Full-Bridge Thyristor Rectifier	268	(1)
12.2.3.1 Equivalent Circuit and Output Voltage	268	(1)
12.2.3.2 Influence of Input Inductance	268	(1)
12.2.3.3 Selection of Input Inductance	271	(1)
References	271	(2)
13. Unbalanced Operation of Three-Phase Boost Type Rectifiers	273	(1)
Ana V. Stankovic
13.1 System Description and Principles of Operation	274	(1)
13.2 Analysis of the PWM Boost Type Rectifier under Unbalanced Operating Conditions	275	(4)
13.2.1 Harmonic Reduction in the PWM Boost Type Rectifier under Unbalanced Operating Conditions	278	(1)
13.3 Control Methods for Input/Output Harmonic Elimination of the PWM Boost Type Rectifiers under Unbalanced Operating Conditions	279	(14)
13.3.1 Control Method for Input/Output Harmonic Elimination under Unbalanced Input Voltages and Balanced Input Impedances	279	(1)
13.3.1.1 Theoretical Approach	279	(1)
13.3.1.2 Control Method	282	(1)
13.3.1.3 The Physical Meaning of the Proposed Solution in d-q Stationary Frame	283	(4)
13.3.2 Control Method for Input/Output Harmonic Elimination of the PWM Boost Type Rectifier under Unbalanced Input Voltages and Unbalanced Input Impedances	287	(1)
Derivation	287	(1)
13.3.2.1 Control Method	291	(2)
13.3 Conclusion	293	(1)
References	294	(1)
14. DC/AC Inverters	295	(1)
Mohan Aware
14.1 DC-to-AC Conversion	295	(3)
14.2 Types of Inverters	298	(1)
14.3 Voltage Source Inverters	299	(9)
14.3.1 Single-Phase Inverters	300	(1)
14.3.1.1 Half-Bridge Inverters	300	(1)
14.3.1.2 Full-Bridge Inverter	301	(3)
14.3.2 Three-Phase Inverters	304	(1)
14.3.2.1 Six-Step Operation	304	(1)
14.3.2.2 Voltage and Frequency Control	309	(1)
14.3.2.3 Motoring and Regeneration Mode	308	(1)
14.4 Current Source Inverters	308	(2)
14.5 Control Techniques	310	(11)
14.5.1 Voltage Control Technique	310	(1)
14.5.1.1 Sinusoidal PWM (SPWM) Technique	311	(1)
14.5.1.2 Modulating Function PWM Techniques	312	(1)
14.5.1.3 Voltage Space-Vector PWM Techniques	313	(1)
14.5.1.4 Programmed PWM Techniques	317	(1)
14.5.2 Current Control Technique	318	(1)
14.5.2.1 Hysteresis Current Control	318	(1)
14.5.2.2 Ramp-Comparison Current Control	319	(1)
14.5.2.3 Predictive Current Control	320	(1)
14.5.2.4 Linear Current Control	321	(1)
14.6 Multilevel Inverters	321	(4)
14.7 Hard Switching Effects	325	(1)
14.7.1 Switching Loss	325	(1)
14.7.2 Device Stress	325	(1)
14.7.3 EMI Problems	325	(1)
14.7.4 Effect on Insulation	325	(1)
14.7.5 Machine Bearing Current	325	(1)
14.7.6 Machine Terminal over Voltage	326	(1)
14.8 Resonant Inverters	326	(12)
14.8.1 Soft-Switching Principle	326	(1)
14.8.2 Resonant Link DC Converter (RLDC)	327	(11)
14.9 Auxiliary Automotive Motors Control	338
14.9.1 Commutator Motors	329	(1)
14.9.2 Switched Field Motors	330	(1)
References	331	(2)
15. AC/AC Converters	333	(1)
Mehrdad Kazerani
15.1 Introduction	333	(1)
15.2 AC/AC Converter Topologies	334	(11)
15.2.1 Indirect AC/AC Converter	334	(2)
15.2.2 Direct AC/AC Converter	336	(1)
15.2.2.1 Naturally Commutated Cycloconverter (NCC)	336	(1)
15.2.2.2 Forced-Commutated Cycloconverter (Matrix Converter)	339	(6)
15.3 Summary	345	(1)
References	346	(1)
16. Power Electronics and Control for Hybrid and Fuel Cell Vehicles	347	(1)
Kaushik Rajashekara
16.1 Introduction	347	(1)
16.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles	347	(7)
16.2.1 Series Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System	348	(1)
16.2.2 Parallel Hybrid Vehicle Propulsion System	349	(1)
16.2.2.1 Toyota Prius	350	(1)
16.2.2.2 Crankshaft-Mounted Integrated Starter-Generator System	352	(1)
16.2.2.3 Side-Mounted Integrated Starter-Generator	353	(1)
16.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles	354	(5)
16.3.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Propulsion System	355	(3)
16.3.2 Fuel Cell Vehicle Propulsion System Considerations	358	(1)
16.4 Power Electronics Requirements	359	(1)
16.5 Propulsion Motor Control Strategies	360	(4)
16.5.1 Slip Frequency Control	362	(1)
16.5.2 Vector Control of Propulsion Motor	362	(1)
16.5.3 Sensorless Operation	363	(1)
16.6 APU Control System in Series Hybrid Vehicles	364	(2)
16.7 Fuel Cell for APU Applications	366	(3)
References	369	(2)
PART IV. Automotive Motor Drives	371	(1)
17. Brushed-DC Electric Machinery for Automotive Applications	373	(182)
Babak Fahimi
17.1 Fundamentals of Operation	374	(9)
17.1.1 Introduction	374	(3)
17.1.2 Torque Production in Brushed DC-Motor Drives	377	(2)
17.1.3 Impact of Temperature on Performance of a BLDC Drive	379	(4)
17.2 Series Connected DC-Motor Drives	383	(4)
18. Induction Motor Drives	387	(1)
Khaled Nigim
18.1 Introduction	387	(1)
18.2 Torque and Speed Control of Induction Motor	388	(1)
18.3 Basics of Power Electronics Control in Induction Motors	389	(1)
18.4 Induction Motor VSD Operating Modes	390	(3)
18.5 Fundamentals of Scalar and Vector Control for Induction Motors	393	(6)
18.5.1 Scalar Control	393	(1)
18.5.1.1 Open Loop Scalar Control	393	(1)
18.5.1.2 Closed Loop Scalar Control	393	(1)
18.5.2 Fundamentals of Field-Oriented Control (Vector Control) in Induction Motors	394	(1)
18.5.2.1 Field-Oriented Control	394	(1)
18.5.2.2 Direct Torque Control	397	(2)
18.6 Induction Motor Drives for Electric Vehicles	399	(2)
18.7 Conclusion	401	(1)
References	402	(1)
Appendix: Induction Motor Model in the Stationary Frame	403	(2)
19. DSP-Based Implementation of Vector Control of Induction Motor Drives	405	(1)
Hossein Salehfar
19.1 Introduction	405	(1)
19.2 Space Vector Control	405	(5)
19.3 Experimental Results	410	(3)
19.4 Conclusions	413	(1)
References	413	(2)
20. Switched Reluctance Motor Drives	415	(1)
Babak Fahimi and Chris Edrington
20.1 Introduction	415	(1)
20.2 Historical Background	416	(1)
20.3 Fundamentals of Operation	417	(7)
20.4 Fundamentals of Control in SRM Drives	424	(6)
20.4.1 Open Loop Control Strategy for Torque	425	(1)
20.4.1.1 Detection of the Initial Rotor Position	426	(1)
20.4.1.2 Computation of the Commutation Thresholds	427	(1)
20.4.1.3 Monitoring of the Rotor Position and Selection of the Active Phases	428	(1)
20.4.1.4 A Control Strategy for Regulation of the Phase Current at Low Speeds	429	(1)
20.5 Closed Loop Torque Control of the SRM Drive	430	(3)
20.6 Closed Loop Speed Control of the SRM Drive	433	(1)
20.7 Industrial Applications: Vehicular Coolant System	434	(2)
References	436	(1)
21. Noise and Vibration in SRMs	437	(1)
William Cai and Pragasen Pillay
21.1 Introduction	437	(1)
21.2 Numerical Models of SRM Stator Modal Analysis	438	(1)
21.3 Finite Element Results of the Stator Modal Analysis	438	(2)
21.4 Design Selection of Low Vibration SRMs	440	(5)
21.5 The Effects of a Smooth Frame on the Resonant Frequencies	445	(2)
21.6 Conclusions	447	(1)
References	447	(2)
22. Modeling and Parameter Identification of Electric Machines	449	(1)
Ali Keyhani, Wenzhe Lu, and Bogdan Proca
Nomenclature	449	(1)
22.1 Introduction	450	(1)
22.2 Case Study: The Effects of Noise on Frequency-Domain Parameter Estimation of Synchronous Machine	450	(10)
22.2.1 Problem Description	450	(1)
22.2.2 Parameters Estimation Technique	451	(1)
22.3.2.1 Estimation of D-Axis Parameters from the Time Constants	451	(1)
22.3.2.2 Estimation of Q-Axis Parameters	453	(1)
22.2.3 Study Process	453	(1)
22.2.4 Analysis of Results	454	(1)
22.2.4.1 D-Axis Parameter Estimation	454	(5)
22.2.5 Conclusions	459	(1)
22.3 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Solid-Rotor Synchronous Machine Parameters	460	(8)
22.3.1 Introduction	460	(1)
22.3.2 Standstill Synchronous Machine Model for Time-Domain Parameter Estimation	460	(1)
22.3.2.1 D-Axis Model	460	(1)
22.3.2.2 Q-Axis Model	461	(1)
22.3.3 Effect of Noise on the Process and the Measurement	461	(1)
22.3.4 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation	462	(2)
22.3.5 Estimation Procedure Using SSFR Test Data	464	(1)
22.3.6 Results	465	(3)
22.4 Modeling and Parameter Identification of Induction Machines	468	(22)
22.4.1 Model Identification	469	(3)
22.4.2 Parameter Estimation	472	(1)
22.4.2.1 Estimation of Stator Resistance	473	(1)
22.4.2.2 Estimation of Ll, Lm, and Rr	474	(2)
22.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis	476	(1)
Observation	478	(1)
22.4.4 Parameter Mapping to Operating Conditions	478	(1)
22.4.4.1 Magnetizing Inductance, Lm	479	(1)
22.4.4.2 Leakage Inductance, Ll	480	(1)
22.4.4.3 Rotor Resistance, Rr	480	(3)
22.4.5 Core Loss Estimation	483	(1)
22.4.5.1 Calculation of Rotor Losses at Frequencies of Interest	483	(1)
22.4.5.2 Calculation of Friction and Windage Losses Using ANN	483	(1)
22.4.5.3 Calculation of Core Losses	485	(1)
22.4.5.4 Calculation of Core Resistance	486	(1)
22.4.6 Model Validation	486	(1)
22.4.6.1 Steady-State Power Input	486	(1)
22.4.6.2 Dynamic	486	(1)
22.4.7 Conclusions	487	(3)
22.5 Modeling and Parameter Identification of Switched Reluctance Machines	490	(13)
22.5.1 Introduction	490	(1)
22.5.2 Inductance Model of SRM at Standstill	491	(1)
22.5.2.1 Three-Term Inductance Model	491	(1)
22.5.2.2 Four-Term Inductance Model	492	(1)
22.5.2.3 Five-Term Inductance Model	493	(1)
22.5.2.4 Voltages and Torque Computation	494	(1)
22.5.3 Parameter Identification from Standstill Test Data	494	(1)
22.5.3.1 Standstill Test Configuration	494	(1)
22.5.3.2 Standstill Test Results	495	(2)
22.5.4 Inductance Model of SRM for On-Line Operation	497	(2)
22.5.5 Two-Layer Recurrent Neural Network for Damper Current Estimation	499	(1)
22.5.5.1 Structure of Two-Layer Recurrent Neural Network	499	(1)
22.5.5.2 Training of Neural Network	501	(1)
22.5.6 Estimation Results and Model Validation	501	(1)
22.5.7 Conclusions	501	(2)
References	503	(5)
Appendix A	508	(2)
Appendix B	510	(5)
23. Brushless DC Drives	515	(1)
James P. Johnson
23.1 BLDC Fundamentals	515	(2)
23.2 Control Principles and Strategies	517	(2)
23.3 Torque Production	519	(2)
23.4 Advantages and Disadvantages	521	(2)
23.5 Torque Ripple	523	(2)
23.6 Design Considerations	525	(1)
23.7 Finite Element Analysis and Design Considerations for BLDC	525	(1)
23.8 Permanent Magnets	526	(2)
23.9 BLDC Simulation Model	528	(7)
23.10 Sensorless	535	(1)
References	536	(1)
24. Testing of Electric Motors and Controllers for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles	537	(1)
Sung Chul Oh
24.1 Introduction	537	(1)
24.2 Current Status of Standardization of Electric Vehicles	538	(4)
24.2.1 Electric Vehicles and Standardization	538	(1)
24.2.2 Standardization Bodies Active in the Field	539	(1)
24.2.2.1 The International Electrotechnical Commission	539	(1)
24.2.2.2 The International Organization for Standardization	539	(1)
24.2.2.3 Other Regional Organizations	539	(1)
24.2.3 Standardization of Vehicle Components	540	(1)
24.2.4 Standardization Activities in Japan	540	(1)
24.2.4.1 Z108-1994: Measurement of Range and Energy Consumption (at Charger Input)	541	(1)
24.2.4.2 Z109-1995: Acceleration Measurement Test	541	(1)
24.2.4.3 Z110-1995: Test Method for Maximum Cruising Speed	541	(1)
24.2.4.4 Z111-1995: Measurement for Reference Energy Consumption (at Battery Output)	541	(1)
24.2.4.5 Z901-1995: Electric Vehicle: Standard Form of Specifications (Form of Main Specifications)	541	(1)
24.2.4.6 Z112-1996: Electric Vehicle: Standard Measurement of Hill Climbing Ability	541	(1)
24.2.4.7 E701-1994: Combined Power Measurement of Motor and Controller	542	(1)
24.2.4.8 E702-1994: Power Measurement of Motors Equivalent to On-Board Application	542	(1)
24.2.4.9 Japanese Standards Concerning Vehicle Performance and Energy Economy	542	(1)
24.3 Test Procedure Using M-G Set	542	(2)
24.3.1 Electric Motor	542	(1)
24.3.2 Controller	543	(1)
24.3.3 Application of Test Procedure	543	(1)
24.3.4 Analysis of Test Items for the Type Test	543	(1)
24.3.4.1 Motor Test	543	(1)
24.3.4.2 Controller Test (Controller Only)	544	(1)
24.4 Test Procedure Using Eddy Current-Type Engine Dynamometer	544	(2)
24.4.1 Test Strategy	544	(1)
24.4.2 Test Procedure	545	(1)
24.4.3 Discussion on Test Procedure	545	(1)
24.5 Test Procedure Using AC Dynamometer	546	(2)
24.5.1 Test Strategy	546	(1)
24.5.2 Test Items	547	(1)
24.5.3 Test Procedure	547	(1)
24.6 Testing of Electric Motor/Controller in Vehicle Environment	548	(4)
24.6.1 Concept of Hardware in the Loop	548	(1)
24.6.2 HIL Application to Motor/Controller	548	(2)
24.6.3 Test Description	550	(1)
24.6.4 Test Results	550	(2)
24.7 Conclusion	552	(1)
References	553	(2)
PART V. Other Automotive Applications	555	(1)
25. Integrated Starter Alternator	557	(132)
William Cai
25.1 ISA Subsystem in Vehicle Systems	558	(1)
25.2 Powertrain Coupling Architecture	558	(4)
25.2.1 Crankshaft-Mounted ISA Configuration	559	(1)
25.2.2 Offset-Mounted ISA Configuration	560	(2)
25.3 Features and Performances of the ISA System	562	(9)
25.3.1 State of the Art	563	(1)
25.3.2 Features of the ISA Subsystem	564	(1)
25.3.2.1 Initial Cranking and Stop/Start	564	(1)
25.3.2.2 High-Efficient Large-Power Generation	566	(1)
25.3.2.3 Launching Torque Assistant	567	(1)
25.3.2.4 Braking Energy Regeneration	568	(1)
25.3.2.5 Low Loss and Cost via High System Voltage	568	(1)
25.3.2.6 Active Damping Oscillation and Absorbing Vibration	569	(1)
25.3.2.7 Cylinder Shutoff	571	(1)
25.3.2.8 Power APU and Other Electric Loads	571	(1)
25.4 Components in the ISA Subsystem	571	(31)
25.4.1 Electric Machine with Dual-Voltage Output	572	(1)
25.4.2 36 V Battery with 12 V Intermediate Terminal	572	(1)
25.4.3 Typical ISA Electrical System	572	(1)
25.4.4 Multifunction Inverter with a Neutral Inductor	573	(1)
25.4.5 Electric Machine	574	(1)
25.4.5.1 Specifications of the ISA Electric Machine	574	(1)
25.4.5.2 Types of ISA Electric Machines	577	(1)
25.4.5.3 Application Comparison of ISA Electric Machines	594	(1)
25.4.6 DC-AC Inverter and AC-DC Rectifier	595	(1)
25.4.6.1 Configuration of Three-Phase Converter	595	(1)
25.4.6.2 Inverter Configuration of the SRM	598	(1)
25.4.7 DC-to-DC Converter	599	(1)
25.4.7.1 Buck Mode of the DC-to-DC Converter	599	(1)
25.4.7.2 Boost Mode of the DC-to-DC Converter	599	(1)
25.4.7.3 Multifunction Inverter	600	(2)
25.5 ISA System Issues	602	(5)
25.5.1 Energy Storage and ISA System	602	(3)
25.5.2 ISA Cooling Styles	605	(1)
25.5.2.1 Air Cooling	605	(1)
25.5.2.2 Liquid Cooling	606	(1)
25.5.3 Other Issues	607	(1)
25.6 Summary	607	(1)
References	608	(3)
26. Fault Tolerant Adjustable Speed Motor Drives for Automotive Applications	611	(1)
Babak Fahimi
26.1 Introduction	611	(9)
26.1.1 Self-Organizing Controllers	612	(1)
26.1.1.1 Hierarchy of Control Methods in Induction Motor Drives	614	(1)
26.1.1.2 Smooth Transition between Various Control Methods	615	(1)
26.1.1.3 Reconstruction of the Phase Currents	619	(1)
26.2 Digital Delta Hysteresis Regulation	620	(3)
26.2.1 Current Reconstruction Algorithm for DDHR	621	(2)
References	623	(2)
27. Automotive Steering Systems	625	(1)
Tomy Sebastian, Mohammad S. Islam, and Sayeed Mir
27.1 Introduction	625	(1)
27.2 Steering System	625	(5)
27.2.1 Manual Steering	626	(1)
27.2.2 Hydraulically Assisted Steering	627	(1)
27.2.3 Electrohydraulic Power Steering	628	(1)
27.2.4 Electric Power Steering	629	(1)
27.3 Advanced Steering Systems	630	(1)
27.3.1 Four-Wheel Steering	631	(1)
27.3.2 Future-Generation Steering Systems	631	(1)
References	631	(2)
28. Current Intensive Motor Drives: A New Challenge for Modern Vehicular Technology	633	(1)
Babak Fahimi
28.1 Background	633	(1)
28.2 Magnetic Design of Current Intensive Motor Drives	634	(3)
28.3 Stability Considerations in Multiconverter Systems	637	(2)
28.4 Energy Transfer	639	(1)
28.5 Impact on Control	640	(1)
29. Power Electronics Applications in Vehicle and Passenger Safety	641	(1)
D.M.G. Preethichandra and Saman Kumara Halgamuge
29.1 Introduction	641	(1)
29.2 Power Electronics in Vehicle Safety	641	(9)
29.2.1 The CAN Bus Used to Network Vehicle Power Electronic Modules	642	(2)
29.2.2 Engine Safety Systems	644	(4)
29.2.3 Antitheft Alarm Systems	648	(1)
29.2.4 Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC)	649	(1)
29.2.5 Reverse Sensing and Parking System	650	(1)
29.3 Power Electronics in Passenger Safety	650	(4)
29.3.1 Seatbelt Control Systems	651	(1)
29.3.2 Power Window Safety Systems	652	(1)
29.3.3 Airbags	653	(1)
29.3.4 Driver Assistance Systems and Stress Monitoring	653	(1)
29.4 Conclusions	654	(1)
Acknowledgments	654	(1)
References	655	(2)
30. Drive and Control System for Hybrid Electric Vehicles	657	(1)
Weng Keong Kevin Lim, Saman Kumara Halgamuge, and Harry Charles Watson
30.1 Introduction	657	(2)
30.2. Control Strategy	659	(10)
30.2.1 Thermostat Series Control Strategy	660	(1)
30.2.2 Series Power Follower Control Strategy	660	(1)
30.2.3 Parallel ICE Assist Control Strategy	661	(1)
30.2.4 Parallel Electrical Assist Control Strategy	662	(2)
30.2.5 Adaptive Control Strategy	664	(1)
30.2.6 Fuzzy Logic Control Strategy	665	(4)
30.3 Power Electronic Control System and Strategy	669	(3)
30.4 Current HEVs and Their Control Strategies	672	(2)
30.4.1 Honda Insight	672	(1)
30.4.2 Toyota Prius	673	(1)
30.5 Conclusion	674	(1)
References	674	(3)
31. Battery Technology for Automotive Applications	677	(1)
Dell A. Crouch
31.1 Introduction	677	(5)
31.1.1 Battery Technology	678	(1)
31.1.1.1 Valve Regulated Batteries	680	(1)
31.1.2 Present Automotive Battery Requirements	680	(1)
31.1.2.1 Battery Performance Requirements	681	(1)
31.1.2.2 Battery Charging Requirements	681	(1)
31.1.2.3 Battery Termination Standards	682	(1)
31.2 Future Automotive Batteries	682	(3)
31.3 Combinations of Batteries and Ultracapacitors	685	(1)
31.4 Battery Monitoring and Charge Control	685	(1)
31.5 Conclusion	686	(1)
References	687	(2)
Index	689