Handbook of Bipolar Disorder: Diagnosis and Therapeutic Approaches

by Kasper; Siegfried

• ISBN13: 9780824729356
• ISBN10: 0824729358
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-08-30
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

An expert summary of our current understanding of bipolar disorder, this reference examines existing theories, treatment regimens, and clinically relevant applications by world authorities in psychiatric research. Divided into four main sections, this guide delves into the diagnosis and epidemiology of bipolar disorder and progresses to discussions of patient care, emerging management approaches, and the underlying biology of the disease.

Table of Contents

Foreword	iii
Frederick K. Goodwin
Preface	v
Contributors	xv
Concept of Bipolar Disorder: A Historical Perspective	1	(10)
George N. Papadimitriou
Dimitris G. Dikeos
Constantin R. Soldatos
Introduction	1	(1)
From Hippocrates to the Predecessors of Kraepelin	1	(2)
The Era of Kraepelin and the First Half of the 20th Century	3	(1)
Modern Classifications and Diagnostic Criteria	4	(2)
Conclusions	6	(1)
References	7	(4)
Diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder	11	(10)
Charles L. Bowden
Introduction	11	(1)
Fundamental and Relatively Specific Symptoms and Illness Course Features of Bipolar Disorders	11	(1)
Features of Depression Indicative of Bipolar Disorder	12	(1)
Manic Symptoms with High Specificity and Sensitivity	13	(1)
Effective Assessment Strategies for Bipolar Disorder	13	(1)
Mania or Hypomania	14	(2)
Depression	16	(1)
Mixed States	17	(1)
Involving the Patient and Family in Diagnosis	17	(1)
References	17	(4)
Epidemiology of Bipolar Disorder	21	(16)
Zoltan Rihmer
Jules Angst
Introduction	21	(2)
Prevalence and Incidence of Bipolar Disorders in the Community	23	(4)
Demographic Factors	27	(1)
Social Variables	28	(1)
Psychosocial Stressors and Social Support	29	(1)
Seasonal and Geographic Factors	30	(1)
Comorbidity and Complications	30	(1)
Public Significance of Bipolar Disorders	31	(1)
References	31	(6)
Re-examining the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Dichotomy	37	(12)
Helmut Beckmann
Bruno Pfuhlmann
Kraepelin's Dichotomy and the Problem of ``Atypical'' Psychoses	37	(1)
Concept of Cycloid Psychoses as a Solution of the Problem of ``Atypical'' Psychoses	38	(1)
Symptomatology of Cycloid Psychoses	38	(2)
Research Findings Regarding Cycloid Psychoses	40	(4)
Conclusion: Cycloid Psychoses as a Challenge for the Bipolar-Schizophrenia Dichotomy	44	(1)
References	45	(4)
The Bipolar Spectrum: History, Description, Boundaries, and Validity	49	(20)
Hagop S. Akiskal
Introduction	49	(1)
The Concept of the Bipolar Spectrum	49	(2)
Historical Roots	51	(1)
Temperament in Bipolarity	52	(1)
Description of the Bipolar Spectrum	53	(3)
Do Recurrent ``Unipolar'' Depressions Belong to the Bipolar Spectrum (Type V)?	56	(1)
Other Putative Bipolar Spectrum Conditions	56	(1)
Critique of the Bipolar Spectrum	57	(1)
Rates in Community and Clinical Populations	58	(2)
Familial-Genetic Considerations	60	(1)
Clinical Considerations	61	(1)
Concluding Remarks	62	(1)
References	63	(6)
Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents: Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Clinical Course	69	(14)
Nga Anh Nguyen
Karen Dineen Wagner
Introduction	69	(1)
Epidemiology	70	(1)
Diagnosis	70	(3)
Differential Diagnosis and Comorbidity	73	(4)
Course of Illness	77	(1)
Conclusion	78	(1)
References	78	(5)
Bipolar Disorders in Late Life	83	(12)
Peter Brieger
Andreas Marneros
Introduction	83	(1)
Classification	84	(2)
Clinical Presentation	86	(1)
Epidemiology	87	(1)
Course and Outcome	88	(1)
Family History	89	(1)
Neuroimaging	89	(1)
Conclusion	90	(1)
References	91	(4)
Clinical Course in Bipolar Disorder	95	(12)
Robert J. Boland
Martin B. Keller
Introduction	95	(1)
Studying the Course of Bipolar Disorder	95	(1)
Definition of Terms	96	(1)
Overview of the CDS	96	(7)
Conclusions and Future Directions	103	(2)
References	105	(2)
Recent Advances in Our Understanding of the Neurobiology of Bipolar Disorder	107	(50)
Jorge A. Quiroz
Jaskaran Singh
Carlos A. Zarate Jr.
Husseini K. Manji
Introduction	107	(1)
Monoaminergic Neurotransmitter Systems and Neuroendocrine Abnormalities	107	(14)
Circadian Rhythms in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder	121	(2)
Evidence of HPA Hyperactivation Modulating Neural Plasticity	123	(2)
Signaling Networks as Key Modulators of Long-Term Neuroplastic Events	125	(6)
Abnormalities in Calcium Regulation and Mitochondrial Function in Bipolar Disorder	131	(3)
Impairments of Neuroplasticity and Cellular Resilience in Bipolar Disorder	134	(4)
Human Evidence for the Neurotrophic Effects of Mood Stabilizers	138	(2)
Summary and Conclusions	140	(1)
References	141	(16)
Treatment of Mania	157	(22)
John Cookson
Benefits of Treatment	157	(1)
The Need for Admission	157	(1)
Milieu Management	158	(1)
Drug Treatment of Mania	158	(14)
Treating Subtypes of Mania	172	(1)
Conclusion	173	(1)
References	174	(5)
Bipolar Depression	179	(12)
Robert M. A. Hirschfeld
L. A. Vornik
Introduction: Phenomenology, Diagnosis, and Clinical Course	179	(1)
Bipolar Depression: Treatment Acute Pharmacotherapy	180	(6)
Psychosocial Treatments	186	(1)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	186	(1)
Special Issues	187	(1)
Conclusions and Recommendations	187	(1)
References	188	(3)
The Treatment of Mixed States	191	(10)
Eduard Vieta
Jose Sanchez-Moreno
Introduction	191	(2)
Treatment of Mixed States: General Rules	193	(1)
Lithium	194	(1)
Anticonvulsants	194	(1)
Antipsychotics	194	(2)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	196	(1)
Conclusions	196	(1)
References	197	(4)
Rapid Cycling	201	(12)
Andreas Erfurth
Giulio Perugi
Definition	201	(1)
Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics	202	(1)
Family History, Genetics, and Rapid Cycling	203	(1)
The Role of Antidepressants and of Other Treatments	203	(1)
Thyroid Function and Rapid Cycling	204	(1)
Rapid Cycling and the Female Reproductive Cycle	204	(1)
Rapid Cycling and Biological Rhythms	205	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment of Rapid Cycling	205	(1)
Conclusions	206	(1)
References	206	(7)
Long-Term Mood Stabilization	213	(14)
Zubin Bhagwagar
Guy M. Goodwin
Recurrence in Bipolar Disorder	213	(1)
What Is a Mood Stabilizer?	214	(1)
Pharmacological Treatment	214	(4)
Suicide Prevention in Bipolar Disorder	218	(1)
Psychological Interventions	219	(2)
When to Start Long-Term Treatment and for Whom	221	(1)
Conclusions	221	(1)
References	222	(5)
Schizoaffective Disorder	227	(18)
Julio Bobes
Maria-Teresa Bascaran
Maria-Paz Garcia-Portilla
Pilar-Alejandra Saiz
Manuel Bousono
Gerardo Florez
Celso Arango
The Schizoaffective Dilemma	227	(5)
The Treatment of Schizoaffective Disorder	232	(7)
Conclusions	239	(1)
References	239	(6)
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents	245	(10)
Karen Dineen Wagner
Introduction	245	(1)
Pharmacotherapy	245	(5)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	250	(1)
Psychoeducation	251	(1)
Summary	251	(1)
References	251	(4)
Treatment of Bipolar Disorder in Late Life	255	(12)
Mark Rapoport
Ayal Schaffer
Kenneth I. Shulman
Introduction	255	(1)
Mood Stabilizers	256	(3)
Antipsychotics	259	(1)
Antidepressants	260	(1)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	260	(1)
Psychosocial Treatments	260	(1)
Conclusion	261	(1)
References	261	(6)
Lithium in Bipolar Disorder	267	(18)
Paul Grof
Introduction	267	(1)
Historical Background	268	(1)
Clinical Effects and Indications	269	(4)
Adverse Effects of Lithium Treatment	273	(3)
Special Situations	276	(1)
Management of Lithium Treatment	277	(2)
Putative Mechanisms of Action	279	(1)
Summary	280	(1)
References	280	(5)
The Use of Anticonvulsants in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder	285	(30)
Paolo Brambilla
Jair C. Soares
Abstract	285	(1)
Introduction	286	(1)
First-Generation Anticonvulsants	286	(11)
Second-Generation Anticonvulsants	297	(6)
Conclusions	303	(1)
References	303	(12)
Atypical Antipsychotics in Bipolar Disorder	315	(16)
Siegfried Kasper
Introduction	315	(2)
Treatment of Mania	317	(7)
Treatment of Bipolar Depression	324	(2)
References	326	(5)
Is There a Role for Typical Neuroleptics in Bipolar Disorder?	331	(8)
H. J. Moller
Heinz Grunze
Introduction	331	(1)
Use of Typical Neuroleptics in Routine Clinical Settings	332	(1)
Evidence from Controlled Studies for the Efficacy of Typical Neuroleptics in Acute Mania	332	(2)
Maintenance Treatment with Typical Neuroleptics in Bipolar Disorder	334	(1)
Tolerability and Safety	334	(2)
Conclusions	336	(1)
References	336	(3)
Antidepressants in Bipolar Disorder	339	(18)
Lori Pellegrino
Jack Gorman
Introduction	339	(1)
Current Guidelines on Antidepressant Use in Bipolar Disorder	339	(1)
Efficacy in Bipolar Disorder vs. Unipolar Disorder	340	(1)
Antidepressant Efficacy as Compared with Mood Stabilizer Efficacy	340	(2)
The Switch to Mania	342	(3)
Cycle Acceleration	345	(1)
Types of Antidepressants	346	(4)
Length of Antidepressant Treatment	350	(1)
Conclusion	351	(1)
References	352	(5)
Combination Therapy in Bipolar Disorder	357	(12)
Adrian J. Lloyd
Allan H. Young
Background	357	(1)
Why Combine Treatment for Bipolar Disorder?	358	(1)
Combination Treatments in Relation to Illness Subtype and Illness Phase	358	(3)
Hazards of Combination Treatment	361	(1)
Drug Combinations	362	(2)
Summary	364	(1)
References	364	(5)
Expected Side-Effect Profile of Medications and Their Management	369	(26)
John W. Newcomer
Nuri B. Farber
Dan Haupt
Peter Fahnestock
Introduction	369	(1)
Side Effects of Lithium	370	(3)
Side Effects of Antiepileptic Drugs Used for Bipolar Disorder	373	(2)
Side Effects of Antipsychotic Medications Used for Bipolar Disorder	375	(4)
Side Effects of Antidepressants for Bipolar Disorder	379	(2)
Side Effects Associated with Metabolic Adverse Events	381	(5)
Recommendations and Conclusion	386	(1)
References	387	(8)
Electroconvulsive Therapy in Bipolar Disorders and Other Brain Stimulation Methods: Vagus Nerve Stimulation, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Magnetic Seizure Therapy and Deep Brain Stimulation	395	(24)
M. Kosel
Thomas E. Schlaepfer
Introduction	395	(1)
Electroconvulsive Therapy	396	(3)
ECT as in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders	399	(4)
New Brain Stimulation Methods for Bipolar Disorders Under Research	403	(8)
Discussion and Conclusions	411	(1)
References	412	(7)
Role of Psychotherapy in the Management of Bipolar Disorder	419	(16)
Michael E. Thase
Introduction	419	(1)
Background	419	(4)
Review of Contemporary Treatment Strategies and Relevant Research	423	(5)
Conclusions	428	(2)
Acknowledgments	430	(1)
References	430	(5)
Toward an Integrated View: Algorithms in Bipolar Disorder	435	(12)
Heinz Grunze
Introduction	435	(1)
Strengths and Weaknesses of Guidelines for Bipolar Disorder	436	(2)
The WFSBP Guidelines Series on the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder	438	(3)
The British Association for Psychopharmacology Guideline	441	(1)
Conclusions	442	(1)
References	443	(4)
Index	447