The Handbook Of Sidescan Sonar

by Blondel, Philippe

• ISBN13: 9783540426417
• ISBN10: 3540426418
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2009-07-04
• Publisher: Springer Verlag

Summary

The Handbook of Sidescan Sonar describes the most up-to-date methods of mapping the seafloor. The book explains how to interpret sidescan sonar imagery and bathymetry. It shows the most recent advances, both in the technology and in the knowledge of marine structures, and provides a help to interpretation and decision-making.

Table of Contents

Preface	p. xi
Acknowledgments	p. xiii
List of figures	p. xv
List of tables	p. xxiii
List of abbreviations and acronyms	p. xxv
Introduction	p. 1
Book overview	p. 1
Acoustic signals and data acquisition	p. 7
Sonar mapping systems	p. 7
Acoustic theory; basics	p. 9
Acoustic waves	p. 9
Acoustic propagation	p. 10
Acoustic scattering; theory	p. 15
Signal generation and data acquisition	p. 18
Acoustic projectors	p. 18
Hydrophones and arrays	p. 21
Signal conditioning	p. 21
New concepts; new tools	p. 23
Higher frequencies; higher resolutions	p. 23
Multistatic sonars	p. 24
Synthetic aperture sonar	p. 25
Parametric sidescan sonar	p. 27
Biomimetics	p. 29
Sonar performance	p. 30
Conclusion	p. 32
Further reading	p. 33
Imagery and bathymetry	p. 35
Processing acoustic measurements	p. 35
Sidescan sonar imagery	p. 37
Slant range and ground range	p. 37
Backscatter strength	p. 38
Adding bathymetry	p. 40
Sidescan bathymetry and interferometry	p. 40
Multibeam bathymetry	p. 43
Merging imagery and bathymetry	p. 43
Conclusion	p. 46
Further reading	p. 46
Sidescan sonar data processing	p. 49
Backscatter profiles	p. 49
Navigation and attitude	p. 50
Navigation of surface vehicles	p. 50
Navigation of underwater vehicles	p. 52
Attitude information	p. 56
Pre-processing	p. 57
Definitions	p. 57
Data formats	p. 57
Navigation pre-processing	p. 58
Attitude pre-processing	p. 61
Radiometric corrections	p. 62
Requantization	p. 62
Across-track corrections	p. 63
Along-track corrections	p. 63
Geometric corrections	p. 65
Slant-range correction	p. 65
Anamorphosis	p. 66
Bathymetry processing	p. 67
Map production	p. 68
Mosaicking/Stenciling	p. 68
Interpolation/Rubbersheeting	p. 68
Post-processing	p. 69
Image statistics	p. 69
Histogram manipulations	p. 70
Speckle removal	p. 73
Sea surface reflection removal	p. 74
Operational examples	p. 75
Interpretation of sonar images	p. 77
Conclusion	p. 82
Further reading	p. 83
Spreading and subduction	p. 85
Plate tectonics and the seafloor	p. 85
Tectonic structures	p. 89
Volcanic structures	p. 94
Sedimented areas	p. 102
Hydrothermal structures	p. 103
Seafloor structures associated with subduction	p. 106
Examples of regional imagery	p. 112
Conclusions	p. 114
Further reading	p. 116
Abyssal basins and the polar seas	p. 117
Introduction	p. 117
Using ancillary information	p. 118
Other acoustic tools	p. 118
Non-acoustic remote sensing	p. 120
Direct sampling	p. 122
Abyssal basins	p. 122
Geological background	p. 122
Sediment input	p. 124
Relict structures	p. 128
Sedimentary structures	p. 129
Polar seas	p. 133
General setting	p. 133
Ice-related structures	p. 135
Other typical structures	p. 137
Regional imagery: the Hawaiian Abyssal Plain	p. 138
Conclusion	p. 143
Further reading	p. 144
Continental margins	p. 147
Introduction	p. 147
Sedimentary structures	p. 149
Sediment deposition and erosion	p. 149
Sediment transport-submarine canyons	p. 151
Mass-wasting, slides, and flows	p. 159
Sediment redistribution	p. 161
Tectonic and volcanic structures	p. 165
Other structures	p. 168
Biological activity-past and present	p. 168
Fluid and gas seepage structures	p. 172
Brine pools	p. 176
Regional imagery	p. 177
The Blake Escarpment, North Atlantic	p. 177
The Almeria Canyon and Almeria Margin, Mediterranean Sea	p. 179
Conclusions	p. 182
Further reading	p. 183
Shallow-water environments	p. 185
Introduction	p. 185
Sedimentary structures	p. 186
Rock outcrops	p. 190
Biological structures	p. 194
Regional imagery	p. 196
Conclusion	p. 199
Further reading	p. 199
Man-made structures	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Planned structures	p. 201
Pipelines-cables	p. 201
Dump sites	p. 204
Harbor areas	p. 206
Seabed resources and their exploitation	p. 207
Accidental structures	p. 208
Fishing activities	p. 208
Shipwrecks	p. 211
Pollution	p. 215
Seabed waste and military mines	p. 217
Seabed waste	p. 217
Military mines	p. 218
Sonars and underwater archeology	p. 220
Conclusion	p. 221
Further reading	p. 222
Anomalies and artifacts	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Propagation artifacts	p. 224
Water column variations	p. 224
Beam spreading	p. 226
Acoustic noise	p. 227
Physical (scattering) artifacts	p. 227
Sub-surface reflections	p. 227
Multipath scattering	p. 228
Unexpected features	p. 233
Processing artifacts	p. 235
Radiometric artifacts	p. 235
Geometric artifacts	p. 237
Slant-range correction-layover	p. 243
Identifying the origin of artifacts	p. 244
Interpretation of artifacts	p. 246
Output/display artifacts	p. 246
Unexpected features	p. 247
Conclusion	p. 247
Further reading	p. 248
Computer-assisted interpretation	p. 249
Introduction	p. 249
Traditional techniques	p. 250
Image enhancement	p. 250
Contour-oriented analyses	p. 255
Texture-oriented analyses	p. 262
New techniques	p. 264
Data fusion and Geographic Information Systems	p. 264
Neural networks and genetic algorithms	p. 268
Image compression	p. 270
Seabed characterization	p. 270
Goals, purposes, limits	p. 270
Applications	p. 272
Artificial Intelligence-expert systems	p. 274
Conclusion	p. 275
Further reading	p. 275
Conclusion	p. 277
References	p. 279
Index	p. 313
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