Health and Numbers: A Problems-Based Introduction to Biostatistics, 2nd Edition

by Chap T. Le (Comprehensive Cancer Center, Univ. of Minnesota)

• ISBN13: 9780471416616
• ISBN10: 0471416614
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2001-09-01
• Publisher: Wiley-Liss

Summary

Health & Numbers A Problems-Based Introduction to Biostatistics Second Edition Chap T. Le, Ph.D. Newly revised and updated, Health and Numbers, Second Edition serves as a concise introduction to basic statistical concepts and reasoning at a level suitable for a broad spectrum of students and professionals in medicine and allied health fields. This user-friendly resource uses real-life examples with real data to emphasize fundamental biostatistical concepts. The book treats fundamental statistical methods with a practical, problems-based approach. It covers the nuts and bolts of elementary applied statistics for those who have no prior knowledge and experience in statistics. It provides an overview of basic ideas on standardization and rates and graphical techniques, offers more exercises than did the first edition, and features Microsoftreg; Excel and SAS samples, and new chapters on comparisons of means and proportions, as well as regression and correlation techniques. Health and Numbers, Second Edition strikes a balance between principles and methods of calculation that is particularly useful for students in medicine and health-related fields who are struggling with required courses in biostatistics.

Table of Contents

Preface	xi
Proportions, Rates, and Ratios	1	(55)
Proportions	1	(11)
Comparative Studies	2	(3)
Screening Tests	5	(2)
Displaying Proportions	7	(5)
Rates	12	(6)
Changes	12	(1)
Measures of Morbidity and Mortality	13	(2)
Standardization of Rates	15	(3)
Ratios	18	(13)
Relative Risk	18	(1)
Odds and Odds Ratio	19	(2)
Generalized Odds for Ordered 2 x k Tables	21	(5)
The Mantel-Haenszel Method	26	(3)
Standardized Mortality Ratio	29	(2)
Notes on Computations	31	(25)
Exercises	34	(22)
Organization, Summarization, and Presentation of Data	56	(58)
Tabular and Graphical Methods	56	(15)
One-Way Scatter Plots	56	(1)
Frequency Distribution	57	(4)
Histogram and the Frequency Polygon	61	(5)
The Cumulative Frequency Graph and Percentiles	66	(2)
Stem-and-Leaf Diagrams	68	(3)
Numerical Methods	71	(9)
Mean	72	(3)
Other Measures of Location	75	(1)
Measures of Dispersion	76	(3)
Box Plots	79	(1)
Survival Curves	80	(8)
Survival Data	80	(2)
Survival Curve	82	(6)
Coefficients of Correlation	88	(8)
Pearson's Correlation Coefficient	90	(4)
Nonparametric Correlation Coefficients	94	(2)
Notes on Computations	96	(18)
Exercises	98	(16)
Probability and Probability Models	114	(36)
Probability	114	(11)
The Certainty of Uncertainty	115	(1)
Probability	115	(2)
Statistical Relationship	117	(3)
Using Screening Tests	120	(3)
Measuring Agreement	123	(2)
The Normal Distribution	125	(12)
Shape of the Normal Curve	125	(3)
Areas Under the Standard Normal Curve	128	(6)
The Normal As a Probability Model	134	(3)
Probability Models for Continuous Data	137	(1)
Probability Models for Discrete Data	138	(5)
The Binomial Distribution	139	(2)
The Poisson Distribution	141	(2)
Notes on Computations	143	(7)
Exercises	144	(6)
Confidence Estimation	150	(39)
Basic Concepts	151	(4)
Statistics As Variables	152	(1)
Sampling Distributions	152	(2)
Introduction to Confidence Estimation	154	(1)
Estimation of Means	155	(8)
Confidence Intervals for a Mean	156	(3)
Uses of Small Samples	159	(1)
Evaluation of Interventions	160	(3)
Estimation of Proportions	163	(5)
Estimation of Odds Ratios	168	(3)
Estimation of Correlation Coefficients	171	(4)
Notes on Computations	175	(14)
Exercises	175	(14)
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing or Statistical Tests	189	(17)
Basic Concepts	190	(5)
Hypothesis Tests	191	(1)
Statistical Evidence	192	(1)
Errors	192	(3)
Analogies	195	(2)
Trials by Jury	195	(1)
Medical Screening Tests	196	(1)
Common Expectations	196	(1)
Summaries and Conclusions	197	(9)
Rejection Region	197	(2)
p-Values	199	(2)
Relationship to Confidence Intervals	201	(2)
Exercises	203	(3)
Analysis of Categorical Data	206	(38)
One-Sample Problem with Binary Data	206	(2)
Analysis of Pair-Matched Data	208	(3)
Comparison of Two Proportions	211	(5)
The Mantel-Haenszel Method	216	(5)
Inferences for General Two-Way Tables	221	(6)
Fisher's Exact Test	227	(2)
Ordered 2 x k Contingency Tables	229	(3)
Notes on Computations	232	(12)
Exercises	233	(11)
Comparison of Population Means	244	(35)
One-Sample Problem with Continuous Data	244	(2)
Analysis of Pair-Matched Data	246	(5)
Comparison of Two Means	251	(4)
Nonparametric Methods	255	(6)
The Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test	255	(4)
The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test	259	(2)
One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)	261	(6)
Notes on Computations	267	(12)
Exercises	267	(12)
Regression Analysis	279	(32)
Simple Regression Analysis	280	(10)
The Simple Linear Regression Model	280	(1)
The Scatter Diagram	280	(1)
Meaning of Regression Parameters	281	(1)
Estimation of Parameters	282	(4)
Testing for Independence	286	(2)
Analysis of Variance Approach	288	(2)
Multiple Regression Analysis	290	(12)
Regression Model with Several Independent Variables	291	(1)
Meaning of Regression Parameters	291	(1)
Effect Modifications	292	(1)
Polynomial Regression	293	(1)
Estimation of Parameters	293	(1)
Analysis of Variance Approach	294	(1)
Testing Hypotheses in Multiple Linear Regression	295	(7)
Notes on Computations	302	(9)
Exercises	303	(8)
Bibliography	311	(4)
Appendices	315	(6)
A Table of Random Numbers	316	(1)
B Area Under the Standard Normal Curve	317	(1)
C Percentiles of the t Distribution	318	(1)
D Percentiles of Chi-Square Distribution	319	(1)
E Percentiles of the F Distribution	320	(1)
Answers to Exercises	321	(32)
Index	353