The Heart of Counseling A Guide to Developing Therapeutic Relationships

by Cochran, Jeff L.; Cochran, Nancy H.

• ISBN13: 9780534625771
• ISBN10: 0534625770
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-06-09
• Publisher: Brooks Cole

Summary

With a unique emphasis on the bond between client and counselor, Cochran and Cochran's counseling skills text teaches students concrete and detailed steps for developing the therapeutic relationship. Each of the book's thirteen chapters addresses a specific therapeutic relationship skill-builder: how to listen therapeutically; how to strive for empathy; how to express empathy; how to strive for unconditional positive regard; the art of being genuine; getting started with new clients; the ongoing structuring of the therapeutic relationship; helping clients get started; managing client crises with therapeutic relationship skills; ending therapeutic relationships; considerations for providing therapeutic relationships across cultures; and using therapeutic relationships in non-counseling situations.

Table of Contents

PREFACE	xv
INTRODUCTION	1	(182)
Why the "Heart" of Counseling	1	(1)
A Few Notes about Us	2	(1)
A Note About Our Theoretical Base and Background	3	(1)
Important Notes on Case Examples	3	(1)
How to Use This Book	4	(1)
1 Eleven Concepts-Roots That Ground and Grow with The Heart of Counseling	5	(14)
Primary Skill Objectives	5	(1)
Focus Activity	5	(1)
Introduction	6	(1)
Important Guidance for Your Study of These Concepts	6	(1)
Avoid Intellectual Overload	6	(1)
Remember That Experience Is the Best Teacher and Communicator	6	(1)
Eleven Underlying Concepts	7	(10)
Self-Actualization	7	(2)
When Blocks Come into One's Path toward Self-Actualization and Ideal Maturity	9	(1)
The Capacity for Awareness, to Reason, Question, and Choose	9	(1)
Interpretation of Experience and Development of Self-Concept	10	(2)
Awareness of Existence, Choice, and Questions of Self-Worth	12	(1)
Self-Responsibility is Anxiety-Provoking	13	(1)
Awareness of Aloneness	13	(1)
Emotions Are Useful and Necessary for Growth	14	(1)
Every Action Is a Choice of Destiny	15	(1)
The Internal World	16	(1)
Locus of Control and Evaluation, and Being	16	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	17	(2)
2 The Rich and Subtle Skills of Therapeutic Listening	19	(24)
Primary Skill Objectives	19	(1)
Focus Activity	20	(1)
Tuning in and Listening	21	(1)
The Many Levels and Nuances of Reflecting	22	(3)
The Broad Skill of Reflection: From Paraphrasing to Themes to Confrontation, Challenge, Summary, and Beyond	22	(2)
The Broad View of Communication from Clients	24	(1)
The Do's and Don'ts of Listening Therapeutically	25	(1)
Overview of What You Are Communicating with Your Actions	25	(1)
Do's	25	(1)
Don'ts	26	(1)
Important Explanations of the Behaviors of This Do's and Don'ts List	26	(10)
Your Listening Body Language	26	(1)
Reflect Your Perception of What Your Client Communicates	27	(1)
Reflections as Declarative Statements	28	(1)
The Question of Questions or Questioning Tone	29	(3)
Keep Your Reflections Short, Whenever Possible	32	(1)
The Special Issue of Verbatim Reflections	32	(1)
Focus Your Reflections on Your Client's Main Point, or the Things Communicated That Seemed Most Important, Most Emotionally Laden for Your Client	33	(1)
Be Prepared for and Accept Corrections	34	(1)
The Issue of Interruptions	34	(1)
Allow Your Clients to Own Most Silences	35	(1)
How Therapeutic Listening Differs from Listening Outside of Counseling and from Nonlistening	36	(1)
How and Why Listening Therapeutically Works	36	(2)
What's Difficult about Listening-Common Errors and Problems in Listening for Beginning Counselors	38	(3)
Common Interfering Thoughts	38	(1)
Therapeutic Listening Is Not Normal and Can Feel Odd	39	(1)
The Urge to Fix Immediately	39	(1)
Sometimes Clients Want a Quick Fix	40	(1)
The Desire to Ask Informational Questions That Are of Interest to You	40	(1)
Stories	40	(1)
Returning to Important Communications	41	(1)
Multitasking with Therapeutic Listening	41	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	41	(2)
3 Striving for Empathy	43	(17)
Primary Skill Objectives	43	(1)
Focus Activity	44	(1)
Introduction	45	(1)
What Empathy Is and Isn't	46	(2)
Understanding What Empathy Is by Considering What It Is Not	46	(1)
Intricacies of Empathy	47	(1)
A Sample of the Preponderance of Literature Supporting and Clarifying the Importance and Power of Empathy	48	(2)
Why Empathy Is Important, Powerful	50	(4)
Connecting at the Core	50	(1)
Joining on a Scary Journey	50	(1)
Self-Awareness	51	(1)
Self-Experience	51	(1)
A Profoundly Different Relationship	52	(1)
Joy in Connecting	52	(1)
Furthering Communication and Connection	53	(1)
What Gets in the Way of Empathy	54	(3)
Habit	54	(1)
Fear of Feelings	54	(1)
Misattributed Responsibility	55	(1)
Letting Go of Control	56	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	57	(3)
4 Expressing Empathy	60	(18)
Primary Skill Objectives	60	(1)
Focus Activity	61	(1)
Various Ways to Express Empathy	62	(2)
Matching Client's Tone	62	(1)
Facial Expression and Body Language	62	(1)
The Most Overt Means-Words	63	(1)
Do's and Don't of Expressing Empathy	64	(1)
Overview	64	(1)
Do's	64	(1)
Don'ts	65	(1)
Explanations and Discussion from This Do's and Don'ts List	65	(5)
Focus Your Attention Primarily on Client Emotions, Secondarily on Thoughts and Actions	65	(1)
Strive to Feel with Your Client, to Feel What Your Client Feels	65	(1)
Reflect Client Feelings and Underlying Thoughts through the Tone, Facial Expressions, Body Language, and Gestures That Come Naturally to You	66	(1)
Reflect Client Feelings with Words for the Emotions You Feel with Them, When Natural	66	(1)
Reflect Feelings and Underlying Thoughts That You Perceive Your Client to Imply	66	(1)
State Your Empathy in Declarative Statements and, When Unsure, State Your Empathy with More Tentative Declarations	67	(1)
Use Reflections to Restate Client Feelings and Underlying Thoughts More Clearly, Directly, and More Precisely and Concisely	67	(1)
Be Prepared for and Accept Corrections	68	(1)
Don't Let Your Words for What You Feel with Clients Come Out Sounding Like Assessments	68	(1)
Don't Respond from a Hidden Agenda of What You Believe Clients Should Realize	69	(1)
Don't Do Most of the Talking	69	(1)
Don't Make "Me Too" or "Must Feel" Statements	69	(1)
Nuances of Expressing Empathy That Don't Quite Fit Our Do's and Don'ts List	70	(3)
Remaining Animated, Natural, and Spontaneous in Expressing Empathy	70	(1)
Variation of Tone in Expressing Empathy	70	(1)
Responding to Implied Emotions	70	(1)
Responding to Unpleasant Emotions	71	(1)
Discerning When to Respond More to Emotions and When to Respond More to Content	72	(1)
Common Difficulties, Pitfalls, and Dead Ends	73	(3)
Thinking of the Word, Rather Than Feeling with Your Client	73	(1)
Trying Too Hard to Get It Just Right	73	(1)
A Limited Vocabulary for Feelings	74	(1)
The Problem with Claiming Understanding or Shared Experience	74	(1)
Personal Confidence and Faith in the Counseling Process	75	(1)
A Lack of Unconditional Positive Regard	75	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	76	(2)
5 Striving for and Communicating Unconditional Positive Regard	78	(24)
Primary Skill Objectives	78	(1)
Focus Activity 1	79	(1)
Focus Activity 2	79	(1)
Introduction	80	(2)
Paths toward Holding Others in Reasonably Consistent Positive Regard	80	(1)
The Tandem: Empathy and Unconditional Positive Regard	81	(1)
What UPR Is and Isn't	82	(4)
Beginning Thoughts on What Unconditional Positive Regard Is	82	(2)
What UPR Is Not	84	(2)
A Sample of the Literature Supporting and Clarifying the Importance and Power of UPR	86	(1)
Why UPR is Important, Powerful	86	(4)
Self-Acceptance = Change	87	(1)
UPR = Full Expression of Emotions	88	(1)
As We Accept Our Clients, Our Clients Come to Accept Themselves	88	(1)
A Safe Environment	88	(1)
Evaluation by Others Can Be a Poor Guide for One's Self	89	(1)
Rewards for the Counselor and Client	89	(1)
How UPR Is and Is Not Communicated	90	(2)
What Gets in the Way of Having and Communicating UPR	92	(5)
Having an Agenda for Your Client	92	(1)
Counselors Believing They Know Better Than Their Clients	92	(1)
Burnout	93	(2)
Lack of Self-Acceptance	95	(1)
Counselors Inadvertently Seeking to Fill Their Own Needs through Clients	95	(1)
The Analytic Mind	95	(1)
Some Clients are Hard to Like	96	(1)
Clients Doing or Saying Things That Run Counter to Their Counselor's Moral Constructs	96	(1)
Initial Judging Thoughts	97	(1)
How UPR in Counseling May Relate to UPR outside of Counseling	97	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	98	(4)
6 The Delicate Balance of Providing Empathy and UPR in a Genuine Manner	102	(22)
Primary Skill Objectives	102	(1)
Focus Activity	103	(1)
Introduction	103	(1)
What Genuineness Means and Does Not Mean	104	(1)
A Sample of Literature Supporting and Clarifying Genuineness and Its Importance	105	(2)
The Importance of Genuineness in Counseling	107	(3)
Keeping Therapeutic Listening, Empathy, and UPR Real: A Therapeutic Relationship with a Real Person	107	(1)
The Connection to and Role of Genuineness in the Set of Core Conditions	107	(1)
Modeling	108	(1)
Creating a Safe Place for Emotional Honesty	109	(1)
How Counselor Genuineness Is and Is Not Communicated	110	(4)
Declarations of Genuineness Are Rarely Helpful	110	(1)
Sometimes Counselors' Experiences of Clients "Bubble up" or Cannot Be Hidden	110	(1)
State Your Reaction When Your Reaction to Clients Interferes with Your Empathy and UPR	111	(2)
Being Who You Are in the Phrasing of Your Reflections	113	(1)
Make Only Careful, Judicious Self-Expressions, Beyond Your Ever-Present Empathy and UPR	114	(1)
What Makes the Delicate Balance of Providing Empathy and UPR in a Genuine Manner Difficult	114	(8)
The Errant Thought-I Am Who I Am	114	(1)
The Challenge of Clients Who Are Hard to Like	115	(1)
The Need for a High Level of Self-Development for This Counseling Skill	115	(2)
The Question of Expressing Your Positive and Negative Experiences of Clients	117	(1)
The Need for High-Level Observational Skills, Therapeutic Listening, and Empathy	118	(1)
Clients Who Ask for Your Experience of Them	119	(2)
The Need to Balance Freedom That Optimizes Personal Connections and Allows Experiences to Bubble Up into Expression with Avoiding Influence That Limits Client Expression	121	(1)
A Closing Thought on Genuineness	122	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	122	(2)
7 Logistics of Getting Started with New Clients	124	(26)
Primary Skill Objectives	124	(1)
Focus Activity	125	(1)
Introduction	125	(1)
Gathering Information and Understanding for an Initial Session Report Using Your Skills in Therapeutic Listening, Empathy, UPR, and Genuineness	126	(3)
Learning about Initial Counseling Sessions from Situations That Require Intake or Initial Session Reports	126	(1)
Practical Reasons for Information Gathering in Initial Sessions	127	(2)
Incorporating Counseling-Related Assessment with Your Skills in Therapeutic Listening, Empathy, UPR, and Genuineness	129	(1)
The Issue of Writing Notes during Sessions	130	(1)
Writing an Initial Session Report	130	(10)
Identifying Information	131	(1)
Presenting Problem/Concerns	131	(1)
History of the Problem/Previous Interventions	131	(1)
Reason for Coming to Counseling Now	132	(1)
Alcohol/Drug Use and/or Medical Concerns	133	(1)
Related Family History/Information	133	(1)
Major Areas of Stress	134	(1)
Academic/Work Functioning	134	(1)
Social Resources	134	(1)
Initial Impressions or Understanding of the Person and Concerns	135	(2)
Treatment Plans	137	(2)
Additional Notes on Thinking through Initial Impressions or Understandings of the Person and His or Her Concerns and Treatment Plans	139	(1)
Keeping Ongoing Case Notes	140	(1)
Common Dilemmas or Situations in Getting Started with New Clients	141	(1)
A Need to Know What to Expect	141	(1)
Anxiety	141	(1)
An Explanation(s) of Counseling That Helps Clients Begin	142	(1)
Information Your Clients Should Know When Getting Started	142	(2)
Confidentiality	142	(1)
Who and/or Why Referred	143	(1)
Potentially Helpful Information Related to the Presenting Problem	144	(1)
Goals	144	(4)
Problems with Goals	144	(1)
The Thinking behind Our Solutions to Establishing Goals	145	(1)
Reasonable Goals	146	(1)
Unreasonable Goals	147	(1)
Communicating Goals	148	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	148	(2)
8 Initial and Ongoing Structuring of Therapeutic Relationships	150	(17)
Primary Skill Objectives	150	(1)
Focus Activity	151	(1)
Introduction	151	(1)
Logistics	151	(4)
Session Length and Ending Sessions	151	(1)
Time Warnings and the Importance of Letting Clients Own Their Endings	152	(2)
Exceptions to Ending on Time	154	(1)
The Awkwardness of Giving Time Warnings and Guidance for This	154	(1)
Possibilities of Varying the Time Warning Structure for Some Clients	155	(1)
A Few More Suggestions on This Time Thing	155	(1)
Helping Clients Understand the Structure of Interactions in Counseling or How Counseling May Work for Them	155	(7)
A Client Who Asks for Guidance	156	(1)
A Client Who Seems to Insist on a Quick Solution	157	(2)
A Client Who Has Great Discomfort with Silence	159	(1)
A Client Who Attends Sporadically	160	(1)
A Client Who Just Does Not Know Where to Start	161	(1)
Higher-Level Reflections Can Also Help Clients Understand How to Use Counseling	162	(2)
Example 1	162	(1)
Example 2	163	(1)
Explaining Therapeutic Relationships or Use of Counseling to Significant Persons in Clients' Lives	164	(1)
Problems for Beginning Counselors in Explaining Clients' Potential Use of Counseling	165	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	166	(1)
9 When Clients Need Help Getting Started	167	(16)
Primary Skill Objectives	167	(1)
Focus Activities	168	(1)
Activity 1	168	(1)
Activity 2	168	(1)
Introduction	168	(1)
Mistakes You May Make That Inhibit Your Clients' Beginning Use of Counseling	169	(4)
Trying Too Hard or Worrying about Motivating Clients to Make Rapid Use of Counseling	169	(1)
Not Recognizing That Your Client Began to Use His or Her Therapeutic Relationship with You As Soon As You Began to Provide It	170	(1)
Lack of Acceptance	171	(1)
Pedantic Reflections	172	(1)
Reflections That Sound Like "Aha" Conclusions	172	(1)
Slipping into Questions	173	(1)
When in Doubt, Please Review	173	(1)
Examples of Counselor Actions That Help Clients Struggling in Starting	173	(5)
Start Where Your Client Is	173	(1)
Respond to the Level of Emotion Each Client Expresses	174	(1)
Remember the Uniqueness of Each Client's Pace	175	(1)
Remember That It's Natural to Feel Uncomfortable in the Beginning	175	(1)
Give Them Room	176	(1)
Respect Your Client's Pace	176	(1)
See the Big Picture in Your Clients' Communication	176	(1)
Dispel Expectations of a Need for a Problem or Profundity	177	(1)
Sharing Experience in Letting Go	177	(1)
And Finally, Hang in There	177	(1)
Asking Questions or Suggesting Topics That Clients May Find Helpful in Their Struggles in Starting	178	(2)
Stating Why a Client Was Referred or Why You Offer Counseling	179	(1)
Suggesting Common Areas of Importance for Discussion	179	(1)
Basing Questions/Suggestions of Information That You Already Have and Are Interested In	180	(1)
Open Questions	180	(1)
Concluding Thoughts on Helping Clients Who Are Struggling in Starting	180	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	181	(2)
10 Managing Client Crises with Therapeutic Relationship Skills	183	(38)
Primary Skill Objectives	183	(1)
Focus Activity	184	(1)
Part 1	184	(1)
Part 2	185	(1)
Part 3	185	(1)
Introduction: Therapeutic Relationships as a Source of Power and Influence to Help Clients Manage Crises	185	(1)
Principles of Managing Client Crises with Therapeutic Relationship Skills	186	(5)
Self-Responsibility, Dignity, Integrity, and Least-Restrictive Interventions	186	(1)
Acceptance	187	(1)
Empathy	187	(1)
Tell Your Client What's Going On with You	187	(1)
Remember to Reflect	188	(1)
Help Your Clients Make Their Plan	189	(1)
Plan Specifically	189	(1)
Err on the Side of Caution	189	(1)
Say the Words	190	(1)
Respond to the Possible Communication of a Dangerous Situation As Soon As Possible	190	(1)
Consideration of Assessment Factors	191	(3)
A Plan	191	(1)
Lethality of the Plan	192	(1)
A Means	192	(1)
Preventive Factors	192	(1)
Future Orientation	193	(1)
A Sudden Change or Switch	193	(1)
Previous Attempts	193	(1)
Lowered Inhibitions and Impulse Control	193	(1)
Ability to Guarantee Safety	194	(1)
And Finally...	194	(1)
Non-Self-Harm Agreement/Safety Plan	194	(3)
A Good Safety Plan Is Time Specific	194	(1)
Relate the Safety Plan to Avoiding Elements within Your Client's Suicide Plan or Thoughts	195	(1)
Get Rid of the Means	195	(1)
Avoid Lowered Inhibitions and Impulse Control	195	(1)
Prevent Harm by Contacting Someone Immediately	196	(1)
Work Slowly and Carefully	196	(1)
And Finally...	197	(1)
A Case Example of a Client with Mild Suicidal Ideation	197	(4)
The Issue of Hospitalization	201	(1)
Know Your Local Laws, Guidelines, and Procedures	201	(1)
When to Seek Hospitalization	201	(1)
Maintaining Maximal Client Self-Responsibility	201	(1)
Responding with Empathy to Clarify Intent	201	(1)
Counselor Responsibility	202	(1)
The Issue of Paying for Hospitalization	202	(1)
An Example with a Client Experiencing Strong Suicidal Ideation	202	(4)
An Example with a Client Who Is at Risk of Harming Others	206	(6)
Assessment Factors in Determining Risk and Safety Plans in Domestic Violence Situations, Especially Those That Rise to the Level of Imminent Danger	212	(2)
Physical Violence	212	(1)
The Extent of Physical Violence and Any Potential Pattern	212	(1)
Triggers and High-Risk Behaviors	213	(1)
Children	213	(1)
Planning for Safety	213	(1)
Common Difficulties for Beginning Counselors Helping Clients Manage Situations That Are or May Be of Imminent Danger	214	(5)
The Seriousness of the Situation and the Weight of Decisions-The Danger Itself	214	(1)
"What if I Panic and Know What to Do, But I Forget?"	214	(1)
The Pressure of Never Being 100% Sure	215	(1)
Discerning the Difference between Your Feelings and Empathy	215	(1)
Errors in Empathy	216	(1)
Preoccupation with Liability	216	(1)
Having to Let Go and Let Clients Be Responsible-Trusting That Each Client Will Actually Do the Plan Agreed To	216	(1)
Self-Confidence and Self-Perception of Competence to Make Such Decisions	217	(1)
Coordination with Other Professionals-Fearing Breaking Trust to Ask for Help	217	(1)
Coordination with Client Loved Ones or Significant Others	218	(1)
The Infinity of Unknown or New Situations for Which There Is No Script	218	(1)
Shifting into Crisis Management Panic Mode and Forgetting to Continue to Build and Use a Therapeutic Relationship with Each Client	218	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	219	(2)
11 Ending Therapeutic Relationships	221	(29)
Primary Skill Objectives	221	(1)
Focus Activity	222	(1)
Introduction	222	(1)
The Principle of Independence	223	(1)
Planfulness	224	(10)
Committing to Review for Client Readiness to End throughout Ongoing Work	225	(1)
Reviewing for Client Progress, Satisfaction, and Decisions toward Ending	225	(2)
Setting a Tentative Plan for Counseling, Reviewing Progress, Satisfaction, and Decisions about Whether and How Long to Continue with an Initially Reluctant Client	227	(1)
Recognizing the Many Forms of Progress	228	(4)
Consideration of Alternative Modes of Planful Endings	232	(1)
Counting Down to the Ending	233	(1)
Letting Your Clients Know They May Return	233	(1)
Telling Your Clients How You See Them in the End or Last Meeting	233	(1)
Arbitrary Endings	234	(8)
Help Clients Plan for the Premature Ending	236	(1)
Counting Down	237	(1)
Discussing/Suggesting Continued Work and Progress	237	(1)
Special Problems or Situations That Occur with Arbitrary Endings	238	(4)
Seeking Feedback in Final Meetings	242	(1)
Common Difficulties for Beginning Counselors around Ending	243	(3)
Not Wanting to Let Go	243	(1)
The Frequent Happy/Sad Endings	243	(1)
Seeming to Want Too Much to End	243	(1)
Client Reluctance to End	244	(1)
Surprise That a Client Seems More Okay with Ending Than You Do	245	(1)
Unknown Reasons for Clients Ending and the Temptation for Counselors to Speculate or Blame Themselves for Some Error	245	(1)
Great Satisfaction and Joy in Endings	246	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	247	(3)
12 Therapeutic Relationships across Cultures	250	(16)
Primary Skill Objectives	250	(1)
Focus Activity	251	(1)
Introduction: All Counseling Is Cross-Cultural-But You Have to Reach Out	252	(2)
Reaching across Cultural Differences with Your Skills and Your Self	254	(1)
Humility	255	(1)
Be Wary of Cultural Assumptions	255	(1)
Know Yourself through Immersing Yourself	256	(1)
Think Broadly	256	(5)
The Fairly Foreign World of Children	258	(1)
Clients and Others Who May Not See the Value of Counseling	259	(2)
Common Problems or Experiences of Beginning Counselors in Counseling across Cultures	261	(3)
Opportunity to Experience a Diversity of Clients	261	(1)
Difference as Advantage to the Counselor	261	(1)
Missing the Feelings for the Cultural Context	261	(1)
Missing the Content for the Context	261	(1)
Significant Value Differences	262	(1)
The Experience of Connecting	262	(1)
Sensing a Need for Information and Context Education	262	(1)
Reaching Out and Becoming Accessible	263	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	264	(2)
13 Growing Your Therapeutic Relationship Skills and the Core Conditions of Counseling	266	(14)
Primary Skill Objectives	266	(1)
Focus Activity	267	(1)
Introduction	267	(1)
Developing Yourself through Developing Your Skills in Therapeutic Relationships	268	(1)
The Question of Multiple or Dual Relationships with Clients	269	(5)
Therapeutic Relationship Skills in Consultation	272	(1)
With Teachers	272	(1)
With Parents and Loved Ones of Clients	273	(1)
With Other Professionals from Related Fields	273	(1)
Therapeutic Relationship Skills in Job Task Negotiation	274	(1)
Therapeutic Relationship Skills in the Classroom	275	(2)
Empathy Sandwich	275	(1)
Project Special Friend	276	(1)
Teaching Clients and Others to Use the Skills of Therapeutic Relationships in Their Relationships	277	(1)
"Oh, the Places You'll Go"	278	(1)
Activities and Resources for Further Study	278	(2)
SKILL SUPPORT RESOURCE A: BRIEF SUMMARY NOTES FOR CHAPTER 1: ELEVEN CONCEPTS-ROOTS THAT GROUND AND GROW WITH THE HEART OF COUNSELING	280	(2)
SKILL SUPPORT RESOURCE B: DO'S AND DON'TS OF REFLECTIVE LISTENING AND EXPRESSING EMPATHY	282	(2)
SKILL SUPPORT RESOURCE C: SAMPLE INITIAL SESSION REPORT ITEMS	284	(1)
SKILL SUPPORT RESOURCE D: ESSAY ASSIGNMENT FOR PARTICULAR USE IN READYING YOUR SELF-AWARENESS FOR COUNSELING ACROSS CULTURAL DIFFERENCES	285	(2)
REFERENCES	287	(5)
SPECIAL REFERENCE LIST FOR PRE-CHAPTER QUOTES	292	(3)
INDEX	295