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Preface | p. xiii |
Classification of Heat Exchangers | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Recuperation and Regeneration | p. 1 |
Transfer Processes | p. 6 |
Geometry of Construction | p. 8 |
Tubular Heat Exchangers | p. 8 |
Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers | p. 8 |
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers | p. 9 |
Spiral-Tube-Type Heat Exchangers | p. 12 |
Plate Heat Exchangers | p. 12 |
Gasketed Plate Heat Exchangers | p. 12 |
Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers | p. 14 |
Lamella Heat Exchangers | p. 15 |
Extended Surface Heat Exchangers | p. 17 |
Plate-Fin Heat Exchanger | p. 17 |
Tubular-Fin Heat Exchangers | p. 18 |
Heat Transfer Mechanisms | p. 23 |
Flow Arrangements | p. 24 |
Applications | p. 25 |
Selection of Heat Exchangers | p. 26 |
References | p. 30 |
Basic Design Methods of Heat Exchangers | p. 33 |
Introduction | p. 33 |
Arrangement of Flow Paths in Heat Exchangers | p. 33 |
Basic Equations in Design | p. 35 |
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 37 |
LMTD Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis | p. 43 |
Parallel- and Counterflow Heat Exchangers | p. 43 |
Multipass and Crossflow Heat Exchangers | p. 47 |
The ¿NTU Method for Heat Exchanger Analysis | p. 56 |
Heat Exchanger Design Calculation | p. 66 |
Variable Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 67 |
Heat Exchanger Design Methodology | p. 70 |
Nomenclature | p. 73 |
References | p. 78 |
Forced Convection Correlations for the Single-Phase Side of Heat Exchangers | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Laminar Forced Convection | p. 84 |
Hydrodynamically Developed and Thermally Developing Laminar Flow in Smooth Circular Ducts | p. 84 |
Simultaneously Developing Laminar Flow in Smooth Ducts | p. 85 |
Laminar Flow through Concentric Annular Smooth Ducts | p. 86 |
Effect of Variable Physical Properties | p. 88 |
Laminar Flow of Liquids | p. 90 |
Laminar Flow of Gases | p. 92 |
Turbulent Forced Convection | p. 93 |
Turbulent Flow in Smooth Straight Noncircular Ducts | p. 99 |
Effect of Variable Physical Properties in Turbulent Forced Convection | p. 103 |
Turbulent Liquid Flow in Ducts | p. 103 |
Turbulent Gas Flow in Ducts | p. 104 |
Summary of Forced Convection in Straight Ducts | p. 107 |
Heat Transfer from Smooth-Tube Bundles | p. 111 |
Heat Transfer in Helical Coils and Spirals | p. 114 |
Nusselt Numbers of Helical Coils— Laminar Flow | p. 116 |
Nusselt Numbers for Spiral Coils— Laminar Flow | p. 117 |
Nusselt Numbers for Helical Coils— Turbulent Flow | p. 117 |
Heat Transfer in Bends | p. 118 |
Heat Transfer in 90° Bends | p. 118 |
Heat Transfer in 180° Bends | p. 119 |
Nomenclature | p. 120 |
References | p. 125 |
Heat Exchanger Pressure Drop and Pumping Power | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Tube-Side Pressure Drop | p. 129 |
Circular Cross-Sectional Tubes | p. 129 |
Noncircular Cross-Sectional Ducts | p. 132 |
Pressure Drop in Tube Bundles in Crossflow | p. 135 |
Pressure Drop in Helical and Spiral Coils | p. 137 |
Helical Coils— Laminar Flow | p. 138 |
Spiral Coils— Laminar Flow | p. 138 |
Helical Coils— Turbulent Flow | p. 139 |
Spiral Coils— Turbulent Flow | p. 139 |
Pressure Drop in Bends and Fittings | p. 140 |
Pressure Drop in Bends | p. 140 |
Pressure Drop in Fittings | p. 142 |
Pressure Drop for Abrupt Contraction, Expansion, and Momentum Change | p. 147 |
Heat Transfer and Pumping Power Relationship | p. 148 |
Nomenclature | p. 150 |
References | p. 155 |
Micro/Nano Heat Transfer | p. 157 |
Part A— Heat Transfer for Gaseous and Liquid Flow in Microchannels | p. 157 |
Introduction of Heat Transfer in Microchannels | p. 157 |
Fundamentals of Gaseous Flow in Microchannels | p. 158 |
Knudsen Number | p. 158 |
Velocity Slip | p. 160 |
Temperature Jump | p. 160 |
Brinkman Number | p. 161 |
Engineering Applications for Gas Flow | p. 163 |
Heat Transfer in Gas Flow | p. 165 |
Friction Factor | p. 169 |
Laminar to Turbulent Transition Regime | p. 173 |
Engineering Applications of Single-Phase Liquid Flow in Microchannels | p. 177 |
Nusselt Number and Friction Factor Correlations for Single-Phase Liquid Flow | p. 179 |
Roughness Effect on Friction Factor | p. 185 |
Part B— Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer with Nanofluids | p. 186 |
Introduction of Convective Heat Transfer with Nanofluids | p. 186 |
Particle Materials and Base Fluids | p. 187 |
Particle Size and Shape | p. 187 |
Nanofluid Preparation Methods | p. 188 |
Thermal Conductivity of Nanofluids | p. 188 |
Classical Models | p. 189 |
Brownian Motion of Nanoparticles | p. 191 |
Clustering of Nanoparticles | p. 193 |
Liquid Layering around Nanoparticles | p. 196 |
Thermal Conductivity Experimental Studies of Nanofluids | p. 203 |
Convective Heat Trasfer of Nanofluids | p. 207 |
Analysis of Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids | p. 212 |
Constant Wall Heat Flux Boundary Condition | p. 212 |
Constant Wall Temperature Boundary Condition | p. 214 |
Experimental Correlations of Convective Heat Transfer of Nanofluids | p. 216 |
Nomenclature | p. 224 |
References | p. 228 |
Fouling of Heat Exchangers | p. 237 |
Introduction | p. 237 |
Basic Considerations | p. 237 |
Effects of Fouling | p. 239 |
Effect of Fouling on Heat Transfer | p. 240 |
Effect of Fouling on Pressure Drop | p. 241 |
Cost of Fouling | p. 243 |
Aspects of Fouling | p. 244 |
Categories of Fouling | p. 244 |
Particulate Fouling | p. 244 |
Crystallization Fouling | p. 245 |
Corrosion Fouling | p. 245 |
Biofouling | p. 245 |
Chemical Reaction Fouling | p. 246 |
Fundamental Processes of Fouling | p. 246 |
Initiation | p. 246 |
Transport | p. 246 |
Attachment | p. 247 |
Removal | p. 247 |
Aging | p. 248 |
Prediction of Fouling | p. 248 |
Design of Heat Exchangers Subject to Fouling | p. 250 |
Fouling Resistance | p. 250 |
Cleanliness Factor | p. 256 |
Percent over Surface | p. 257 |
Cleanliness Factor | p. 260 |
Percent over Surface | p. 260 |
Operations of Heat Exchangers Subject to Fouling | p. 262 |
Techniques to Control Fouling | p. 264 |
Surface Cleaning Techniques | p. 264 |
Continuous Cleaning | p. 264 |
Periodic Cleaning | p. 264 |
Additives | p. 265 |
Crystallization Fouling | p. 265 |
Particulate Fouling | p. 266 |
Biological Fouling | p. 266 |
Corrosion Fouling | p. 266 |
Nomenclature | p. 266 |
References | p. 270 |
Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers | p. 273 |
Introduction | p. 273 |
Thermal and Hydraulic Design of Inner Tube | p. 276 |
Thermal and Hydraulic Analysis of Annulus | p. 278 |
Hairpin Heat Exchanger with Bare Inner Tube | p. 278 |
Hairpin Heat Exchangers with Multitube Finned Inner Tubes | p. 283 |
Parallel-Series Arrangements of Hairpins | p. 291 |
Total Pressure Drop | p. 294 |
Design and Operational Features | p. 295 |
Nomenclature | p. 297 |
References | p. 304 |
Design Correlations for Condensers and Evaporators | p. 307 |
Introduction | p. 307 |
Condensation | p. 307 |
Film Condensation on a Single Horizontal Tube | p. 308 |
Laminar Film Condensation | p. 308 |
Forced Convection | p. 309 |
Film Condensation in Tube Bundles | p. 312 |
Effect of Condensate Inundation | p. 313 |
Effect of Vapor Shear | p. 317 |
Combined Effects of Inundation and Vapor Shear | p. 317 |
Condensation inside Tubes | p. 322 |
Condensation inside Horizontal Tubes | p. 322 |
Condensation inside Vertical Tubes | p. 327 |
Flow Boiling | p. 329 |
Subcooled Boiling | p. 329 |
Flow Pattern | p. 331 |
Flow Boiling Correlations | p. 334 |
Nomenclature | p. 353 |
References | p. 356 |
Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers | p. 361 |
Introduction | p. 361 |
Basic Components | p. 361 |
Shell Types | p. 361 |
Tube Bundle Types | p. 364 |
Tubes and Tube Passes | p. 366 |
Tube Layout | p. 368 |
Baffle Type and Geometry | p. 371 |
Allocation of Streams | p. 376 |
Basic Design Procedure of a Heat Exchanger | p. 378 |
Preliminary Estimation of Unit Size | p. 380 |
Rating of the Preliminary Design | p. 386 |
Shell-Side Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop | p. 387 |
Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 387 |
Shell-Side Pressure Drop | p. 389 |
Tube-Side Pressure Drop | p. 390 |
Bell-Delaware Method | p. 395 |
Shell-Side Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 396 |
Shell-Side Pressure Drop | p. 407 |
Nomenclature | p. 419 |
References | p. 425 |
Compact Heat Exchangers | p. 427 |
Introduction | p. 427 |
Heat Transfer Enhancement | p. 427 |
Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers | p. 431 |
Tube-Fin Heat Exchangers | p. 431 |
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop | p. 433 |
Heat Transfer | p. 433 |
Pressure Drop for Finned-Tube Exchangers | p. 441 |
Pressure Drop for Plate-Fin Exchangers | p. 441 |
Nomenclature | p. 446 |
References | p. 449 |
Gasketed-Plate Heat Exchangers | p. 451 |
Introduction | p. 451 |
Mechanical Features | p. 451 |
Plate Pack and the Frame | p. 453 |
Plate Types | p. 455 |
Operational Characteristics | p. 457 |
Main Advantages | p. 457 |
Performance Limits | p. 459 |
Passes and Flow Arrangements | p. 460 |
Applications | p. 461 |
Corrosion | p. 462 |
Maintenance | p. 465 |
Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Calculations | p. 466 |
Heat Transfer Area | p. 466 |
Mean Flow Channel Gap | p. 467 |
Channel Hydraulic Diameter | p. 468 |
Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 468 |
Channel Pressure Drop | p. 474 |
Port Pressure Drop | p. 474 |
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | p. 475 |
Heat Transfer Surface Area | p. 475 |
Performance Analysis | p. 476 |
Thermal Performance | p. 481 |
Nomenclature | p. 484 |
References | p. 488 |
Condensers and Evaporators | p. 491 |
Introduction | p. 491 |
Shell and Tube Condensers | p. 492 |
Horizontal Shell-Side Condensers | p. 492 |
Vertical Shell-Side Condensers | p. 495 |
Vertical Tube-Side Condensers | p. 495 |
Horizontal in-Tube Condensers | p. 497 |
Steam Turbine Exhaust Condensers | p. 500 |
Plate Condensers | p. 501 |
Air-Cooled Condensers | p. 502 |
Direct Contact Condensers | p. 503 |
Thermal Design of Shell-and-Tube Condensers | p. 504 |
Design and Operational Considerations | p. 515 |
Condensers for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning | p. 516 |
Water-Cooled Condensers | p. 518 |
Air-Cooled Condensers | p. 519 |
Evaporative Condensers | p. 519 |
Evaporators for Refrigeration and Air-Conditioning | p. 522 |
Water-Cooling Evaporators (Chillers) | p. 522 |
Air-Cooling Evaporators (Air Coolers) | p. 523 |
Thermal Analysis | p. 525 |
Shah Correlation | p. 526 |
Kandlikar Correlation | p. 528 |
Güngör and Winterton Correlation | p. 529 |
Standards for Evaporators and Condensers | p. 531 |
Nomenclature | p. 536 |
References | p. 540 |
Polymer Heat Exchangers | p. 543 |
Introduction | p. 543 |
Polymer Matrix Composite Materials (PMC) | p. 547 |
Nanocomposites | p. 551 |
Application of Polymers in Heat Exchangers | p. 552 |
Polymer Compact Heat Exchangers | p. 563 |
Potential Applications for Polymer Film Compact Heat Exchangers | p. 567 |
Thermal Design of Polymer Heat Exchangers | p. 570 |
References | p. 573 |
p. 577 | |
p. 583 | |
Index | p. 607 |
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