Heat Transfer

by Adrian Bejan (Duke Univ.)

• ISBN13: 9780471502906
• ISBN10: 0471502901
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1993-02-01
• Publisher: Wiley

Summary

Relates introductory heat transfer concepts to other disciplines, namely thermodynamics and fluid mechanics. Reflects changes currently taking place in the research community as well as engineering education. Emphasizes that real applications tend to be interdisciplinary and require a solid foundation in all areas of the thermal sciences. Emphasizes design, or the synthesizing of two or more issues into an answer with practical meaning. Design questions are drawn from many diverse areas and each question is presented in a fundamental way. Makes a strong case regarding the use of simple and approximate analyses, focusing on order-of-magnitude calculations or ''scale analysis''. Applications are interdisciplinary.

Table of Contents

List of Symbols	xvii
Introduction	1	(31)
Fundamental Concepts	1	(5)
Heat Transfer	1	(1)
Temperature	2	(3)
Specific Heats	5	(1)
The Objective of Heat Transfer	6	(1)
Conduction	7	(14)
The Fourier Law	7	(3)
Thermal Conductivity	10	(5)
Cartesian Coordinates	15	(1)
Cylindrical Coordinates	16	(2)
Spherical Coordinates	18	(1)
Initial and Boundary Conditions	19	(2)
Convection	21	(6)
Radiation	27	(5)
References	28	(1)
Problems	29	(3)
Unidirectional Steady Conduction	32	(59)
Thin Walls	32	(6)
Thermal Resistance	32	(2)
Composite Walls	34	(1)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	35	(3)
Cylindrical Shells	38	(3)
Spherical Shells	41	(1)
Critical Insulation Radius	42	(3)
Variable Thermal Conductivity	45	(2)
Internal Heat Generation	47	(5)
Uniform Heating	47	(3)
Temperature-Dependent Heating: The Integral Method	50	(2)
Extended Surfaces (Fins)	52	(17)
The Enhancement of Heat Transfer	52	(1)
Constant Cross-Sectional Area	53	(9)
Variable Cross-Sectional Area	62	(2)
When the Unidirectional Conduction Model is Valid	64	(1)
Optimization Subject to Volume Constraint	65	(4)
Extended Surfaces with Relative Motion and Internal Heat Generation	69	(22)
The General Conduction Equation	69	(1)
Plastics Extrusion and Wire Drawing	70	(2)
Electrical Cables	72	(1)
References	73	(1)
Problems	74	(17)
Multidirectional Steady Conduction	91	(52)
Analytical Solutions	91	(18)
Two-Dimensional Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates	91	(8)
Heat Flux Boundary Conditions	99	(4)
Superposition of Solutions	103	(2)
Cylindrical Coordinates	105	(3)
Three-Dimensional Conduction in Cartesian Coordinates	108	(1)
Approximate Methods	109	(11)
The Integral Method	109	(2)
The Method of Scale Analysis	111	(1)
The Graphic Method	112	(8)
Numerical Methods	120	(23)
Finite-Difference Conduction Equations	120	(5)
The Matrix Inversion Method	125	(2)
The Gauss-Seidel Iteration Method	127	(2)
References	129	(1)
Problems	130	(10)
Projects	140	(3)
Time-Dependent Conduction	143	(73)
The Immersion Cooling or Heating of a Conducting Body	143	(3)
The Lumped Capacitance Model (the ``Late'' Regime)	146	(2)
The Semi-infinite Solid Model (the ``Early'' Regime)	148	(8)
Constant Surface Temperature	148	(3)
Constant Heat Flux Surface	151	(1)
Surface in Contact with Fluid	151	(5)
Unidirectional Conduction	156	(16)
The Constant-Thickness Plate	156	(6)
The Long Cylinder	162	(1)
The Sphere	163	(4)
Plate, Cylinder, and Sphere with Fixed Surface Temperature	167	(5)
Multidirectional Conduction	172	(5)
Concentrated Sources and Sinks	177	(7)
Instantaneous (One-Shot) Sources and Sinks	177	(3)
Persistent (Continuous) Sources and Sinks	180	(2)
Moving Heat Sources	182	(2)
Melting and Solidification	184	(6)
Numerical Methods	190	(26)
Discretization in Time and Space	190	(1)
The Explicit Method	191	(5)
The Implicit Method	196	(4)
References	200	(1)
Problems	201	(10)
Projects	211	(5)
External Forced Convection	216	(74)
Classification of Convection Configurations	216	(3)
Basic Principles of Convection	219	(12)
The Mass Conservation Equation	219	(1)
The Momentum Equations	220	(7)
The Energy Equation	227	(4)
Laminar Boundary Layer Over a Plane Wall	231	(17)
The Velocity Boundary Layer	231	(9)
The Thermal Boundary Layer (Isothermal Wall)	240	(4)
Nonisothermal Wall Conditions	244	(2)
Film Temperature	246	(2)
Turbulent Boundary Layer over a Plane Wall	248	(15)
Transition from Laminar to Turbulent Flow	248	(2)
Time-Averaged Equations	250	(3)
Eddy Diffusivities	253	(2)
Wall Friction	255	(4)
Heat Transfer	259	(4)
Other External Flows	263	(27)
Single Cylinder in Cross-Flow	263	(5)
Sphere	268	(1)
Other Body Shapes	269	(1)
Arrays of Cylinders in Cross-Flow	270	(3)
Turbulent Jets	273	(3)
References	276	(2)
Problems	278	(9)
Projects	287	(3)
Internal Forced Convection	290	(45)
Laminar Flow Through a Duct	290	(9)
The Flow Entrance Region	290	(2)
The Fully Developed Flow Region	292	(3)
Friction Factor and Pressure Drop	295	(4)
Heat Transfer in Laminar Flow	299	(10)
The Thermal Entrance Region	299	(1)
The Thermally Fully Developed Region	300	(3)
Uniform Wall Heat Flux	303	(2)
Isothermal Wall	305	(4)
Turbulent Flow	309	(9)
Transition, Entrance Region, and Fully Developed Flow	309	(3)
Friction Factor and Pressure Drop	312	(2)
Heat Transfer Coefficient	314	(4)
The Total Heat Transfer Rate	318	(17)
References	320	(1)
Problems	321	(8)
Projects	329	(6)
Natural Convection	335	(63)
What Drives the Natural Convection Flow?	335	(1)
Boundary Layer Flow Along a Vertical Wall	336	(18)
The Boundary Layer-Simplified Equations	336	(4)
Scale Analysis of the Laminar Regime	340	(5)
Isothermal Wall (Laminar Flow)	345	(4)
Transition and the Effect of Turbulence on Heat Transfer	349	(3)
Uniform Wall Heat Flux	352	(2)
Other External Flow Configurations	354	(11)
Thermally Stratified Fluid Reservoir	354	(1)
Inclined Walls	355	(2)
Horizontal Walls	357	(2)
Horizontal Cylinder	359	(2)
Sphere	361	(1)
Vertical Cylinder	361	(1)
Other Immersed Bodies	362	(3)
Internal Flow Configurations	365	(33)
Vertical Channels	365	(3)
Enclosures Heated from the Side	368	(3)
Enclosures Heated from Below	371	(4)
Inclined Enclosures	375	(2)
Annular Space Between Horizontal Cylinders	377	(1)
Annular Space Between Concentric Spheres	378	(1)
References	379	(4)
Problems	383	(7)
Projects	390	(8)
Convection with Change of Phase	398	(46)
Condensation Heat Transfer	398	(21)
Laminar Film on a Vertical Surface	398	(8)
Turbulent Film on a Vertical Surface	406	(3)
Film Condensation in Other Configurations	409	(7)
Dropwise and Direct-Contact Condensation	416	(3)
Boiling Heat Transfer	419	(25)
Pool Boiling Regimes	419	(5)
Nucleate Boiling and Peak Heat Flux	424	(4)
Film Boiling and Minimum Heat Flux	428	(4)
Flow Boiling	432	(1)
References	433	(2)
Problems	435	(7)
Projects	442	(2)
Heat Exchangers	444	(61)
Classification of Heat Exchangers	444	(8)
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient	452	(6)
The Log-Mean Temperature Difference Method	458	(10)
Parallel Flow	458	(2)
Counterflow	460	(1)
Other Flow Arrangements	460	(8)
The Effectiveness-NTU Method	468	(11)
Effectiveness and Limitations Posed by the Second Law	468	(2)
Parallel Flow	470	(2)
Counterflow	472	(1)
Other Flow Arrangements	472	(7)
Pressure Drop	479	(26)
Pumping Power	479	(1)
Abrupt Contraction and Enlargement	480	(5)
Acceleration and Deceleration	485	(1)
Tube Bundles in Cross-Flow	486	(1)
Compact Heat Exchanger Surfaces	487	(5)
References	492	(1)
Problems	493	(6)
Projects	499	(6)
Radiation	505	(71)
Introduction	505	(1)
Blackbody Radiation	506	(13)
Definitions	506	(2)
Temperature and Energy	508	(3)
Intensity	511	(1)
Emissive Power	512	(7)
Heat Transfer Between Black Surfaces	519	(11)
The Geometric View Factor	519	(5)
Relations Between View Factors	524	(2)
Two-Surface Enclosures	526	(4)
Diffuse-Gray Surfaces	530	(21)
Emissivity	530	(3)
Absorptivity and Reflectivity	533	(7)
Kirchhoff's Law	540	(3)
Two-Surface Enclosures	543	(4)
Enclosures with More Than Two Surfaces	547	(4)
Participating Media	551	(25)
Volumetric Absorption	551	(2)
Gas Emissivities and Absorptivities	553	(6)
Gas Surrounded by Black Surface	559	(1)
Gray Medium Surrounded by Diffuse-Gray Surfaces	560	(1)
References	561	(1)
Problems	562	(10)
Projects	572	(4)
Mass Transfer Principles	576	(42)
The Analogy Between Mass Transfer and Heat Transfer	576	(2)
The Conservation of Chemical Species	578	(6)
Species Velocity Versus Bulk Velocity	578	(2)
Diffusion Mass Flux	580	(1)
Fick's Law	581	(1)
Molar Concentration and Molar Flux	582	(2)
Diffusion Through a Stationary Medium	584	(13)
Steady Diffusion	584	(3)
Mass Diffusivities	587	(4)
Boundary Conditions	591	(3)
Time-Dependent Diffusion	594	(3)
Convection	597	(21)
Forced Convection in Laminar Boundary Layer Flow	597	(4)
The Impermeable Surface Model	601	(4)
Other External Forced-Convection Configurations	605	(2)
Internal Forced Convection	607	(2)
Natural Convection	609	(3)
References	612	(1)
Problems	613	(5)
Appendixes	618	(47)
A Constants and Conversion Factors	618	(5)
B Properties of Solids	623	(14)
C Properties of Liquids	637	(8)
D Properties of Gases	645	(7)
E Mathematical Formulas	652	(6)
F Local Reynolds Number Transition Criterion	658	(7)
Author Index	665	(6)
Subject Index	671