High-Yield™ Neuroanatomy

by Fix, James D.

• ISBN13: 9780781779463
• ISBN10: 0781779464
• Edition: 4th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-09-02
• Publisher: LWW

Summary

High-Yield Neuroanatomy, the best-selling book in the series, extracts the most important information on neuroanatomy and presents it in a concise, uncluttered fashion to prepare students for the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). It is neuroanatomy "at its irreducible minimum" and is also used for course review.

Author Biography

James D. Fix, PhD Professor Emeritus of Anatomy, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, West Virginia

Table of Contents

Preface	p. v
Acknowledgements	p. ix
Neurohistology	p. 1
Neurons	p. 1
Nissl substance	p. 1
Axonal transport	p. 1
Wallerian degeneration	p. 2
Chromatolysis	p. 3
Regeneration of nerve cells	p. 3
Glial cells	p. 3
The blood-brain barrier	p. 5
The blood-CSF barrier	p. 5
Pigments and inclusions	p. 5
The classification of nerve fibers	p. 5
Tumors of the CNS and PNS	p. 5
Cutaneous receptors	p. 7
Development of the Nervous System	p. 9
The neural tube	p. 9
The neural crest	p. 9
The anterior neuropore	p. 11
The posterior neuropore	p. 11
Microglia	p. 11
Myelination	p. 11
Positional changes of the spinal cord	p. 13
The optic nerve and chiasm	p. 13
The hypophysis	p. 13
Congenital malformations of the CNS	p. 13
Cross-Sectional Anatomy of the Brain	p. 17
Introduction	p. 17
Midsagittal section	p. 17
Coronal section through the optic chiasm	p. 17
Coronal section through the mamillary bodies	p. 17
Axial image through the thalamus and internal capsule	p. 17
Axial image through the midbrain, mamillary bodies, and optic tract	p. 17
Atlas of the brain and brain stem	p. 17
Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid	p. 30
Meninges	p. 30
Ventricular system	p. 32
Cerebrospinal fluid	p. 33
Herniation	p. 34
Blood Supply	p. 38
The spinal cord and lower brain stem	p. 38
The internal carotid system	p. 38
The vertebrobasilar system	p. 40
The blood supply of the internal capsule	p. 41
Veins of the brain	p. 41
Venous dural sinuses	p. 41
Angiography	p. 41
The middle meningeal artery	p. 43
Spinal Cord	p. 49
Gray and white rami communicans	p. 49
Termination of the conus medullaris	p. 49
Location of the major motor and sensory nuclei of the spinal cord	p. 49
The cauda equina	p. 50
The myotatic reflex	p. 50
Autonomic Nervous System	p. 53
Introduction	p. 53
Cranial nerves (CN) with parasympathetic components	p. 53
Communicating rami	p. 53
Neurotransmitters	p. 56
Clinical correlation	p. 57
Tracts of the Spinal Cord	p. 58
Introduction	p. 58
Posterior (dorsal) column-medial lemniscus pathway	p. 58
Lateral spinothalamic tract	p. 59
Lateral corticospinal tract	p. 63
Hypothalamospinal tract	p. 63
Lesions of the Spinal Cord	p. 65
Diseases of the motor neurons and corticospinal tracts	p. 65
Sensory pathway lesions	p. 65
Combined motor and sensory lesions	p. 65
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) lesions	p. 68
Intervertebral disk herniation	p. 68
Cauda equina syndrome (spinal roots L3 to C0)	p. 68
Conus medullaris syndrome (cord segments S3 to C0)	p. 69
Brain Stem	p. 70
Overview	p. 70
Cross section through the medulla	p. 70
Cross section through the pons	p. 70
Cross section through the rostral midbrain	p. 72
Corticonuclear fibers	p. 73
Cranial Nerves	p. 74
The olfactory nerve (CN I)	p. 74
The optic nerve (CN II)	p. 74
The oculomotor nerve (CN III)	p. 75
The trochlear nerve (CN IV)	p. 76
The trigeminal nerve (CN V)	p. 76
The abducent nerve (CN VI)	p. 79
The facial nerve (CN VII)	p. 79
The vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)	p. 82
The glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)	p. 82
The vagal nerve (CN X)	p. 84
The accessory nerve (CN XI)	p. 85
The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)	p. 87
Trigeminal System	p. 88
Overview	p. 88
The trigeminal ganglion	p. 88
Trigeminothalamic pathways	p. 88
Trigeminal reflexes	p. 90
The cavernous sinus	p. 92
Auditory System	p. 93
Overview	p. 93
The auditory pathway	p. 93
Hearing defects	p. 95
Auditory tests	p. 95
Vestibular System	p. 97
Overview	p. 97
The labyrinth	p. 97
The vestibular pathways	p. 97
Vestibuloocular reflexes	p. 99
Visual System	p. 101
Introduction	p. 101
The visual pathway	p. 101
The pupillary light reflex pathway	p. 105
The pupillary dilation pathway	p. 105
The near reflex and accommodation pathway	p. 106
Cortical and subcortical centers for ocular motility	p. 106
Clinical correlation	p. 107
Lesions of the Brain Stem	p. 109
Lesions of the medulla	p. 109
Lesions of the pons	p. 110
Lesions of the midbrain	p. 111
Acoustic neuroma (schwannoma)	p. 112
Jugular foramen syndrome	p. 113
"Locked-in" syndrome	p. 114
Central pontine myelinolysis	p. 114
"Top of the basilar" syndrome	p. 115
Subclavian steal syndrome	p. 115
The cerebellopontine angle	p. 115
Thalamus	p. 116
Introduction	p. 116
Major thalamic nuclei and their connections	p. 116
Blood supply	p. 118
The internal capsule	p. 118
Hypothalamus	p. 120
Introduction	p. 120
Functions	p. 122
Clinical correlation	p. 124
Limbic System	p. 125
Introduction	p. 125
Major components and connections	p. 125
The Papez circuit	p. 127
Clinical correlation	p. 127
Cerebellum	p. 130
Function	p. 130
Anatomy	p. 130
The major cerebellar pathway	p. 131
Cerebellar dysfunction	p. 132
Cerebellar syndromes and tumors	p. 132
Basal Nuclei (Ganglia) and Striatal Motor System	p. 135
Basal nuclei (ganglia)	p. 135
The striatal (extrapyramidal) motor system	p. 135
Clinical correlation	p. 136
Cerebral Cortex	p. 142
Introduction	p. 142
The six-layered neocortex	p. 142
Functional areas	p. 142
Focal destructive hemispheric lesions and symptoms	p. 148
Cerebral dominance	p. 148
Split-brain syndrome	p. 148
Other lesions of the corpus callosum	p. 149
Brain and spinal cord tumors	p. 149
Neurotransmitters	p. 151
Important transmitters and their pathways	p. 151
Functional and clinical considerations	p. 156
Apraxia, Aphasia, and Dysprosody	p. 158
Apraxia	p. 158
Aphasia	p. 158
Dysprosody	p. 160
Table of Cranial Nerves	p. 162
Table of Common Neurologic Disease States	p. 165
Glossary	p. 169
Index	p. 181
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