Histology

by Henrikson, Ray C., Ph.D.; Kaye, Gordon I.; Mazurkiewicz, Joseph E., Ph.D.

• ISBN13: 9780683062250
• ISBN10: 0683062255
• Edition: 3rd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-07-01
• Publisher: Williams & Wilkins

Summary

The purpose of this book is twofold: The concise presentation in outline format enables the student initially to gain an overview of histology and later to review the discipline. This is particularly important in today's biomedical curriculum because of the reduction in time devoted to basic sciences and the dispersal of specific disciplinary materials into evolving, nontraditional curricula. Second, the inclusion of approximately 300 study questions, and integration of their answers with the text, enables the student to review histology, in a timely and efficient manner, in the context of licensing and other comprehensive examinations.

Table of Contents

Preface	xiii	(2)
Acknowledgments	xv
1 Membrane Structure and Cell Surface	1	(12)
I. Introduction	1	(1)
II. Organization of biological membranes	1	(3)
III. Plasma membrane functions in cell regulation and signaling	4	(1)
IV. Endocytosis: transport of macromolecules and particles	5	(3)
V. Plasma membrane surface structures	8	(5)
2 Cytoplasmic Organelles and Inclusions	13	(12)
I. Introduction	13	(1)
II. Endoplasmic reticulum	13	(4)
III. Golgi apparatus	17	(2)
IV. Mitochondria	19	(2)
V. Peroxisomes	21	(1)
VI. Lysosomes	22	(2)
VII. Particles and inclusions	24	(1)
3 Cytoskeleton	25	(10)
I. Introduction	25	(1)
II. Actin	25	(3)
III. Microtubules	28	(2)
IV. Intermediate filaments	30	(5)
4 Nucleus	35	(12)
I. Introduction	35	(1)
II. Chromosomes	35	(2)
III. Nucleolus	37	(1)
IV. Nuclear envelope	38	(1)
V. Nuclear pores	39	(1)
VI. Nuclear lamina	39	(1)
VII. Nuclear matrix	40	(1)
VIII. Cell cycle	40	(3)
IX. Meiosis	43	(4)
5 Epithelium	47	(14)
I. Introduction	47	(1)
II. General characteristics of epithelia	47	(1)
III. Functions of epithelia	48	(1)
IV. Classification of epithelia	48	(2)
V. Intercellular junctions of epithelial cells	50	(8)
VI. Epithelial cell mitosis and tissue renewal	58	(1)
VII. Epithelia-connective tissue interface	58	(3)
6 Nerve	61	(20)
I. Introduction	61	(1)
II. Neurons	61	(5)
III. Synapses	66	(3)
IV. Supporting cells of the nervous system	69	(1)
V. Myelin sheath of the peripheral nervous system	70	(4)
VI. Myelin sheath of the central nervous system	74	(1)
VII. Comparison of peripheral myelin and central myelin	75	(1)
VIII. Unmyelinated nerves in the peripheral and central nervous systems	75	(1)
IX. Connective tissue sheaths of peripheral nerve	76	(1)
X. Blood-brain barrier	77	(1)
XI. Degeneration and regeneration in the nervous system	77	(1)
XII. Afferent receptors	78	(3)
7 Muscle Tissue	81	(16)
I. Introduction	81	(1)
II. Contractile proteins	81	(2)
III. Classification of muscle	83	(1)
IV. Skeletal muscle	83	(10)
V. Cardiac muscle	93	(1)
VI. Smooth muscle	94	(2)
VII. Repair and renewal in muscle tissue	96	(1)
8 Connective Tissue	97	(18)
I. Introduction	97	(1)
II. Fibers of connective tissue	97	(6)
III. Ground substance of connective tissue	103	(3)
IV. Cells of connective tissue	106	(5)
V. Classification of connective tissue	111	(2)
VI. Histogenesis of connective tissue	113	(2)
9 Adipose Tissue	115	(6)
I. Introduction	115	(1)
II. White adipose tissue	115	(4)
III. Brown adipose tissue	119	(2)
10 Cartilage	121	(6)
I. Introduction	121	(1)
II. Cartilage cells	121	(1)
III. Cartilage matrix	122	(2)
IV. Types of cartilage	124	(1)
V. Supply of nutrients to chondrocytes	125	(1)
VI. Cartilage growth	126	(1)
11 Bone	127	(16)
I. Introduction	127	(1)
II. Bone cells	127	(2)
III. Bone matrix	129	(1)
IV. Types of bone	130	(1)
V. Bone-associated fibrous connective tissue	131	(1)
VI. Osteogenesis: intramembranous ossification	132	(1)
VII. Osteogenesis: endochondral ossification	133	(3)
VIII. Osteons and lamellar bone	136	(3)
IX. Growth and remodeling of a long bone	139	(1)
X. Growth and remodeling of a flat bone	139	(1)
XI. Fracture repair	140	(1)
XII. Bone and hormonal control of calcium	140	(3)
12 Blood	143	(12)
I. Introduction	143	(1)
II. Erythrocytes	143	(2)
III. Neutrophils	145	(2)
IV. Eosinophils	147	(1)
V. Basophils	148	(1)
VI. Lymphocytes	149	(1)
VII. Monocytes	150	(1)
VIII. Platelets	151	(4)
13 Hematopoiesis	155	(14)
I. Introduction	155	(1)
II. Hematopoietic stem cells	155	(3)
III. Erythropoiesis	158	(2)
IV. Granulopoiesis	160	(4)
V. Megakaryocytopoiesis	164	(2)
VI. Monocytopoiesis	166	(1)
VII. Microscopic anatomy of the marrow compartment	166	(3)
14 Cardiovascular System	169	(16)
I. Introduction	169	(1)
II. The heart	169	(4)
III. General structure of blood vessels	173	(1)
IV. The arterial vessels	174	(2)
V. Capillaries	176	(4)
VI. The venous vessels	180	(1)
VII. Portal blood vessels	181	(1)
VIII. Arteriovenous anastomosis (AVA)	182	(1)
IX. Lymphatic vessels	182	(3)
15 Lymphatic Cells and Tissues	185	(10)
I. Introduction	185	(1)
II. Lymphocytes	185	(1)
III. B Lymphocytes and humoral immunity	186	(3)
IV. T Lymphocytes and cell-mediated immunity	189	(1)
V. Other features of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses	190	(1)
VI. Structural framework of lymphatic tissues	191	(1)
VII. Diffuse lymphatic tissue	191	(1)
VIII. Lymphatic nodules and germinal centers	192	(3)
16 Tonsils, Peyer Patches, and Appendix	195	(6)
I. Introduction	195	(1)
II. Tonsils	195	(1)
III. Peyer patches	196	(1)
IV. Appendix	197	(1)
V. M cells	198	(3)
17 Lymph Nodes	201	(8)
I. Introduction	201	(1)
II. Surface landmarks of lymph nodes	201	(1)
III. Lymph node compartments: cortex and medulla	201	(3)
IV. Lymphatic sinuses	204	(1)
V. Lymph pathway through a lymph node	205	(1)
VI. Blood pathway through a node and lymphocyte recirculation	205	(1)
VII. Functions of lymph nodes	206	(3)
18 Spleen	209	(6)
I. Introduction	209	(1)
II. Histologic landmarks of the spleen	209	(1)
III. White pulp	209	(2)
IV. Marginal zone	211	(1)
V. Red pulp	211	(2)
VI. Blood vessels of the spleen	213	(1)
VII. Blood circulation through the red pulp: closed versus open	214	(1)
19 Thymus	215	(6)
I. Introduction	215	(1)
II. Histologic landmarks of the thymus	215	(1)
III. Thymic epithelial reticular cells	215	(1)
IV. Cortex of the thymus	216	(1)
V. Medulla of the thymus	217	(1)
VI. Blood-thymus barrier	217	(1)
VII. Involution of the thymus	218	(2)
VIII. Role of thymus in immune response	220	(1)
20 Skin	221	(16)
I. Introduction	221	(1)
II. Epidermis	221	(5)
III. Dermis	226	(2)
IV. Hair follicles	228	(2)
V. Sebaceous glands	230	(2)
VI. Eccrine sweat glands	232	(2)
VII. Apocrine glands	234	(1)
VIII. Nail	235	(1)
IX. Skin injury, cutaneous appendages, and wound healing	235	(2)
21 General Plan of the Alimentary Tract	237	(8)
I. Introduction	237	(1)
II. Basic plan of the wall of the alimentary canal	237	(3)
III. Functions of the alimentary mucosa	240	(3)
IV. Functional specializations in the wall of the alimentary canal	243	(2)
22 Oral Cavity	245	(10)
I. Introduction	245	(1)
II. Mucosa of the oral cavity	245	(1)
III. Tongue	246	(2)
IV. Teeth	248	(4)
V. Supporting tissues of the teeth	252	(3)
23 Exocrine Glands--Salivary Glands	255	(8)
I. Introduction	255	(1)
II. General characteristics of exocrine glands	255	(4)
III. Parotid glands	259	(1)
IV. Submandibular gland	260	(1)
V. Sublingual gland	260	(1)
VI. Saliva	260	(3)
24 Esophagus and Stomach	263	(10)
I. Esophagus	263	(2)
II. Stomach	265	(4)
III. Cells of the gastric glands	269	(4)
25 Small intestine and Colon	273	(16)
I. Small intestine	273	(11)
II. Colon	284	(5)
26 Liver and Gallbladder	289	(16)
I. Introduction	289	(1)
II. General structure of the liver	289	(1)
III. Hepatic circulation	289	(3)
IV. Organization of liver parenchyma	292	(1)
V. Hepatocytes	293	(5)
VI. Perisinusoidal space	298	(1)
VII. Biliary system	299	(1)
VIII. Bile	300	(2)
IX. Gallbladder	302	(3)
27 Exocrine Pancreas	305	(6)
I. Introduction	305	(1)
II. Histologic characteristics	305	(1)
III. Serous acinar cells	305	(2)
IV. Duct system	307	(2)
V. Control of pancreatic exocrine secretion	309	(2)
28 Respiratory System	311	(12)
I. Introduction	311	(1)
II. Nasal cavity	311	(2)
III. Paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx	313	(1)
IV. Larynx	314	(1)
V. Trachea	314	(1)
VI. Bronchi	315	(2)
VII. Bronchioles	317	(1)
VIII. Alveoli	318	(2)
IX. Air-blood barrier	320	(1)
X. Surfactant	321	(2)
29 Urinary System	323	(18)
I. Introduction	323	(1)
II. General characteristics of the kidneys	323	(1)
III. Organization of the kidney parenchyma	323	(2)
IV. Interstitium of the kidney	325	(1)
V. Nephron	325	(9)
VI. Duct system of the kidney	334	(1)
VII. Renal circulation	335	(2)
VIII. Histophysiology of the kidney	337	(1)
IX. Renal nerve supply	338	(1)
X. Excretory passages of the urinary system	338	(3)
30 Pituitary Gland and Hypothalamus	341	(10)
I. Introduction to endocrine system	341	(1)
II. Pituitary gland	341	(3)
III. Adenohypophysis	344	(2)
IV. Neurohypophysis	346	(2)
V. Hypothalamic regulation of hypophysis	348	(3)
31 Thyroid and Parathyroid Glands	351	(8)
I. Introduction	351	(1)
II. Thyroid gland	351	(3)
III. Parathyroid glands	354	(5)
32 Adrenal Gland	359	(8)
I. Introduction	359	(1)
II. Development and structure	359	(1)
III. Adrenal cortex	359	(3)
IV. Adrenal medulla	362	(2)
V. Fetal adrenal gland	364	(3)
33 Islets of Langerhans	367	(4)
I. Introduction	367	(1)
II. Structure and development	367	(2)
III. Control of release of insulin and glucagon	369	(2)
34 Pineal Gland	371	(2)
I. Introduction	371	(1)
II. Pineal parenchymal cells	371	(1)
III. Pineal functions	371	(2)
35 Female Reproductive System	373	(18)
I. Introduction	373	(1)
II. Ovaries, oocytes, and ovarian follicles	373	(4)
III. Ovulation and corpus luteum formation	377	(2)
IV. Mitosis and meiosis of the female germ cell	379	(1)
V. Oviducts	380	(1)
VI. Fertilization	381	(1)
VII. The uterus	381	(3)
VIII. The menstrual cycle	384	(1)
IX. The vagina	385	(1)
X. The mammary gland	386	(2)
XI. The placenta	388	(3)
36 Male Reproduction System	391	(18)
I. Introduction	391	(1)
II. Testes	391	(4)
III. Spermatogenesis	395	(5)
IV. Sertoli cells	400	(2)
V. Intratesticular genital ducts	402	(1)
VI. Extratesticular genital ducts	403	(1)
VII. Accessory sex glands	404	(2)
VIII. Penis	406	(3)
37 Eye	409	(16)
I. Introduction	409	(1)
II. Specific functions of ocular tissues	409	(2)
III. Embryonic development	411	(2)
IV. Cornea	413	(2)
V. Sclera	415	(1)
VI. Anterior chamber and associated structures	415	(1)
VII. Posterior chamber and associated structures	416	(2)
VIII. Vitreous body	418	(1)
IX. Retina	419	(2)
X. Blood-ocular barrier	421	(1)
XI. Choroid	422	(1)
XII. Eyelids	422	(1)
XIII. Lacrimal apparatus	423	(1)
XIV. Extraocular muscles	423	(2)
38 Ear	425	(8)
I. Introduction	425	(1)
II. External ear	425	(1)
III. Middle ear	425	(1)
IV. Inner ear	426	(3)
V. Functions of the inner ear	429	(4)
Comprehensive Exam	433	(66)
Index	499