A History of Latin America, Volume 2: Independence to Present

by Keen,Benjamin

• ISBN13: 9780618783212
• ISBN10: 0618783210
• Edition: 8th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2008-07-28
• Publisher: Wadsworth Publishing

Summary

This best-selling text for introductory Latin American history courses, A History of Latin America, encompasses political and diplomatic theory, class structure and economic organization, culture and religion, and the environment. The integrating framework is the dependency theory, the most popular interpretation of Latin American history, which stresses the economic relationship of Latin American nations to wealthier nations, particularly the United States.Spanning pre-historic times to the present, A History of Latin America uses both a chronological and a nation-by-nation approach, and includes the most recent historical analysis and the most up-to-date research. This is the most streamlined and cohesive edition yet, with substantial additions to pedagogy and chapter content. Expanded coverage of social and cultural history includes women, indigenous cultures, and Afro-Latino peoples.

Table of Contents

Maps	p. vii
Preface	p. viii
Introduction: The Geographic Background of Latin American History	p. xiii
Latin America in the Nineteenth Century	p. 178
Decolonization and the Search for National Identities, 1821-1870	p. 193
The Fruits of Independence	p. 193
Economic Stagnation	p. 194
Politics: The Conservative and Liberal Programs	p. 195
Mexico	p. 196
The Mexican Economy	p. 197
Politics: Liberals versus Conservatives	p. 199
La Reforma, Civil War, and the French Intervention	p. 201
Postwar Transformation of La Reforma	p. 204
Argentina	p. 205
The Liberation of Paraguay, Uruguay, and Upper Peru	p. 205
The Struggle for Progress and National Unity	p. 205
The Paraguayans War	p. 209
Progress and Development Under Sarmiento	p. 211
Chile	p. 211
Portales and Economic Growth	p. 212
Economic Expansion Under Bulnes	p. 212
Montt's Moderate Reforms	p. 214
Liberal Control	p. 215
United Provinces of Central America	p. 216
Independence and the Failure of Union, 1810-1865	p. 216
Race, Nation, and the Meaning of Freedom, 1821-1888	p. 219
Brazil	p. 220
Dom Pedro, Emperor	p. 221
Regency, Revolt, and a Boy Emperor	p. 222
The Game of Politics and the Crisis of Slavery	p. 224
The Antislavery Movement	p. 225
Peru	p. 228
Peruvian Politics and Economy	p. 229
Pardo and the Civilianist Party	p. 230
Cuba	p. 231
Economic and Social Change: The Bitter Harvest of King Sugar	p. 231
The Ten Years' War	p. 234
Gran Colombia	p. 235
Páez, the Conservative-Liberal Split, and the Federal War in Venezuela, 1830-1863	p. 237
Santander and the Birth of a Two-Party System in Colombia, 1830-1850	p. 239
The Triumph of Neocolonialism and the Liberal State, 1870-1900	p. 243
The New Colonialism	p. 244
Expansion of the Hacienda System	p. 245
Foreign Control of Resources	p. 246
The Politics of Acquisition	p. 246
Mexican Politics and Economy	p. 247
Dictatorship Under Díaz	p. 247
Concentration of Landownership	p. 249
The Economic Advance	p. 250
Labor, Agrarian, and Middle-Class Unrest	p. 250
Argentine Politics and Economy	p. 252
Consolidation of the State	p. 252
Economic Boom and Inflation	p. 252
The Formation of the Radical Party	p. 254
Electoral Reform and the Growth of the Labor Movement	p. 255
Chilean Politics and Economy	p. 255
Nitrates and War	p. 255
Aftermath of the War of the Pacific	p. 256
Balmaceda's Nationalistic Policies	p. 258
The Parliamentary Republic, Foreign Economic Domination, and the Growth of the Working Class	p. 260
Brazilian Politics and Economy	p. 260
The Fall of the Monarchy	p. 260
The New Republic	p. 262
The Economic Revolution	p. 263
Central American Politics and Economy	p. 265
Guatemala, 1865-1898	p. 265
Nicaragua, 1870-1909	p. 266
El Salvador, 1876-1911	p. 267
Venezuelen Politics and Economy	p. 268
Colombian Politics and Economy	p. 270
Rafael N&uacuate;ñez, the ""Regeneration,"" and the War of a Thousand Days, 1880-1903	p. 271
Latin America Since 1900	p. 274
Forging a New Nation: The Mexican Revolution and the Populist Challenge	p. 313
The Great Revolution, 1910-1920	p. 314
Madero's Presidency: Inadequacy and Revolt	p. 315
Huerta's Dictatorship	p. 317
The Opposition: Zapata, Villa, Carranza, and Obregón	p. 319
Intervention by the United States	p. 320
Fighting Among the Victors	p. 321
The Constitution of 1917	p. 324
Carranza's Presidency	p. 325
Reconstructing the State: Rule of the Millionaire Socialists	p. 325
Obregón and Reform	p. 325
Calles' Regime	p. 328
Cárdenas the Populist Interlude	p. 330
Land Reform	p. 330
Labor Reform	p. 331
Economic Reform	p. 332
Women's Rights	p. 332
Cárdenas's Growing Moderation and the Election of 1940	p. 333
The Big Bourgeoisie in Power, 1940-1976: Erosion of Reform	p. 333
Popular Culture and Resistance	p. 334
Brazil: Populism and the Struggle for Democracy in a Multiracial Society	p. 339
Decline and Fall of the Old Republic, 1914-1930	p. 340
Economic Impact of World War I	p. 340
Postwar Industry and Labor	p. 341
Cultural Crisis and Political Unrest	p. 342
Economic Crisis	p. 344
Vargas and the Bourgeois Revolution, 1930-1954	p. 345
Vargas as Dictator	p. 347
A Military Coup	p. 349
Vargas's Return to Power	p. 350
Reform and Reaction, 1954-1964	p. 351
The Kubitschek Era	p. 351
The Quadros Regime	p. 352
Goulart's Presidency	p. 353
Argentina: Populism, the Military, and the Struggle for Democracy	p. 356
The Export Economy	p. 357
Argentine Society	p. 359
The Radical Era, 1916-1930	p. 361
The Rise of the Radical Party	p. 361
The First Radical Government: Yrigoyen, 1916-1922	p. 363
The Second Radical Government Alvear, 1922-1928	p. 364
Yrigoyen's Second Term, 1928-1930	p. 365
The ""Infamous Decade,"" 1930-1943: Military Intervention and the State	p. 366
The Perón Era, 1943-1955	p. 368
Perón's Rise to Power	p. 368
Postwar Economics	p. 370
Perón's Downfall	p. 371
Collapse of Populism: In the Shadow of Perón, 1955-1973	p. 373
Economic Stagnation	p. 373
The Military in Politics	p. 373
The Return of Perón	p. 374
Cuba: The Revolutionary Socialist Alternative to Populism	p. 376
Independence and the Spanish-Cuban-American War	p. 376
José Martí and the Revolutionary Movement	p. 376
Involvement by the United States	p. 378
The First U.S. Occupation, 1899-1902	p. 379
Dependent Development and Popular Struggle, 1902-1953	p. 381
Intervention, Corruption, and Popular Resistance, 1902-1924	p. 381
World War I and the Dance of the Millions	p. 383
Machado, 1925-1933	p. 385
The Revolution of 1933	p. 386
Populist Interlude, 1938-1952	p. 387
The Return of Batista as Dictator, 1952-1959	p. 388
The Revolution	p. 389
The Revolution in Power, 1959-2003	p. 391
United States-Cuban Relations	p. 391
Revolutionary Economics	p. 392
The Return to Sugar, 1963-1970: The Ten-Million-Ton Harvest	p. 393
Failure, Reassessment, and Institutionalized Revolution, 1970-1990	p. 394
Achievements	p. 397
Storm Over the Andes: Indigenous Rights and the Corporatist Military Alternative	p. 400
Neocolonialism, the Military, and Indigenous Resistance	p. 401
Indigenous Resistance	p. 402
The Leguía Regime: North American Investment and Peruvian Disillusionment	p. 403
Indigenismo and Socialism	p. 405
APRA versus the Military	p. 406
The Limits of Populism, 1952-1968	p. 407
The 1952 Bolivian Revolution	p. 407
Peru's Belaúnde: Indigenista Populism and Broken Promises	p. 409
Military Corporatism and Revolution, 1968-1975	p. 410
The Peruvian Military About-Face	p. 410
Land Reform and Nationalization of Resources	p. 411
Equador's Military Revolution	p. 413
Collapse of Military Corporatism, 1975-1990	p. 415
The Peruvian Revolution Under Attack, 1975-1983	p. 415
Popular Culture and Resistance	p. 416
APRA in Power, 1985-1990	p. 418
Chile: The Democratic Socialist Alternative	p. 421
Foreign Dependency and the Liberal Parliamentary Republic, 1891-1920	p. 422
Economic Growth and the Export Sector	p. 422
Women and the Workplace	p. 423
Alessandri and the Rise of Populism, 1920-1970	p. 424
Ibáñez and the Great Depression	p. 425
Alessandri and the Limits of Populism	p. 426
Women and the Rise of the Popular Front	p. 427
New Alignments: Christian Democracy and Populism	p. 429
The Children Road to Socialism, 1970-1973	p. 432
The Opposition	p. 432
The First Year, 1971	p. 434
Democratic Socialist Dilemma: Caught in the Middle, 1972-1973	p. 435
Twilight of the Tyrants: Revolution and Prolonged Popular War in Central America	p. 438
Guatemala	p. 439
Revolution and Counterrevolution, 1944-1983	p. 440
Return to Democracy Guatemala Style, 1983-2003	p. 443
Nicaragua	p. 447
Liberalism, U.S. Intervention, and Sandino, 1894-1933	p. 447
The Somoza Era, 1934-1979	p. 449
The Sandinistas in Power, 1979-1990	p. 452
Self-Determination for Atlantic Coast Peoples	p. 455
Women and the Revolution	p. 456
El Salvador	p. 457
The Populist Flirtation	p. 457
Oligarchs and Generals, 1932-1979	p. 458
The Salvadoran Revolution, 1980-1992	p. 463
The Salvadoran Revolution: A Reckoning	p. 466
Lands of Bolívar: Military Crisis, State Repression, and Popular Democracy	p. 468
Populism, Military Repression, and Authorization Politics in Colombia	p. 469
The Oligarchical Republic, 1903-1930	p. 469
The Limits of Populism: ""The Revolution on the March"" and Oligarchical Resistance, 1934-1958	p. 470
The National Front: Reform and Repression, 1958-1974	p. 473
Drug Trafficking and Repression, 1974-2000	p. 474
Foreign Aid and Repression	p. 478
Populism, Authoritarian Politics, and Bolivarian Revolution in Venezuela	p. 481
The Liberal Tyranny of Juan Vicente Gómez, 1908-1935	p. 481
A Strange Alliance: Betancourt, Military Populism, and Dictatorship, 1945-1954	p. 484
Limited Democracy and Populist Resurgence, 1958-1969	p. 487
Populist Problems in a Petroleum Republic, 1969-1988	p. 489
Neoliberalism and the Dilemmas of a Petroleum Republic, 1988-2003	p. 490
Popular Democracy, the Military, and Bolivarian Revolution	p. 493
Deconstructing the State: Dictatorship and Neoliberal Markets	p. 498
Military Dictatorship and Neoliberalism in Brazil, 1964-1990	p. 499
Encouragement of Foreign capital and Repression of Labor	p. 500
The Economy and Denationalization	p. 500
Cultural Resistance to Dictatorship	p. 501
The Dictatorship in Crisis, 1978-1983	p. 505
The Military and External Constraints on Democracy	p. 506
Military Dictatorship and Neoliberalism in Chile, 1973-1990	p. 508
Pinochet, State Terrorism, and Free Markets	p. 508
Women and Resistance to Dictatorship	p. 510
Military Dictatorship and Neoliberalism in Argentina, 1976-1990	p. 511
Economic Crisis and ""Dirty War""	p. 512
Women, War, and Resistance	p. 513
Neoliberalism and the Authoritarian State in Mexico, 1977-1994	p. 514
Debt, Crisis, the IMF, and Populist Collapse	p. 514
Electoral Fraud, Maquiladoras, and NAFTA	p. 516
Foreign Intervention and Subversion of Democracy in Nicaragua	p. 520
""Low-Intensity"" Conflict and Democratic Destabilization	p. 520
Transcending Neoliberalism: Electoral Engaños and Popular Resistance to the Dictatorship of Markets	p. 523
Electoral Deception in Brazil	p. 524
Neoliberal Wine in Populist Electoral Bottles, 1990-2002	p. 524
Electoral Engaños and Popular Protest	p. 525
Popular Resistance and State-Sponsored Development, 2002-2008	p. 527
Electoral Deception in Argentina	p. 529
Menem's Reversal of Fortune, 1990-2000	p. 529
""Democracy or Dictatorship of the Market,"" 2000-2008	p. 530
Electoral Deception in Peru	p. 532
Fujimori's Fraud, 1990-2000	p. 532
Popular Mobilization and Resistance, 2000-2008	p. 535
Electoral Deception in Chile	p. 536
Neoliberalism in a Limited Democracy, 1990-2000	p. 536
Popular Struggle for Democracy and Social Justice, 2000-2008	p. 538
Electoral Deception in Mexico	p. 540
Neoliberal Crisis and Popular Resistance, 1994-2008	p. 540
A Fox in the Henhouse	p. 541
Electoral Deception in Bolivia	p. 543
Covert Subversion of Democracy, 1985-2000	p. 544
Popular Resistance and Resurrection of the State, 2000-2008	p. 546
Electoral Deception in Ecuador	p. 547
Populist Rhetoric and Neoliberal Practice, 1984-2000	p. 547
Pluricultural Resistance and State Reconstruction, 2000-2008	p. 549
Market Forces and State Regulation in the Cuban Model, 1990-2008	p. 552
Rectificación and the ""Special Period""	p. 552
A Mix of State Ownership, Regulation, and Markets	p. 555
The Two Americas: United States-Latin American Relations	p. 559
U.S. Policy Objectives	p. 561
Prelude to Empire, 1810-1897	p. 561
Manifest Destiny, 1810-1865	p. 561
Commerce and the Canal	p. 563
The Awakening Giant, 1865-1887	p. 563
Adventures in Latin America, 1888-1896	p. 563
The Turning Point: Venezuela, 1895-1896	p. 565
An Imperial Power, 1898-1945	p. 566
The War with Spain	p. 566
An ""American Lake"": The ""Big Stick"" and ""Dollar Diplomacy"" in the Caribbean	p. 566
The Panama Canal	p. 566
The Dominican Republic, Haiti, and Nicaragua	p. 568
Puerto Rico	p. 569
The Mexican Revolution	p. 570
Quiet Imperalism: The Good Neighbor in Words and Action, 1921-1945	p. 571
Defending the Empire and Capitalism, 1945-1981	p. 573
Investment and Trade	p. 573
Post-World War II Adjustments	p. 574
The Cold War	p. 575
The Latin American Policies of Truman and Eisenhower	p. 575
The Cuban Revolutions and United States-Latin American Relations	p. 578
The Vietnam Era	p. 579
Carter's Latin American Policy: Nationalism, the Canals, and Human Rights	p. 581
The Return to ""Gunboat Diplomacy,"" 1981-2003	p. 581
Grenada	p. 582
Haiti	p. 582
Central America	p. 584
The Invasion of Panama	p. 585
Latin America and the Gulf War	p. 586
Toward a New World Order?	p. 587
Index	p. I-1
Maps
Geographic Features of Middle America	p. xiv
Geographical Features of South America	p. xv
Latin America in 1830	p. 198
War of the Triple Alliance and the Chaco War	p. 210
War of the Pacific	p. 257
Modern Mexico	p. 318
Modern South America	p. 360
Modern Caribbean Nations	p. 378
U.S. Territorial Expansion	p. 560
U.S. Interventions in the Caribbean and Central America 1898-1945	p. 568
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