A History of Psychology: Main Currents in Psychological Thought

by Leahey, Thomas Hardy

• ISBN13: 9780130112866
• ISBN10: 0130112860
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-01-01
• Publisher: Taylor & Francis

Summary

This narrative history of psychology from the ancient Greeks through the present focuses on the main philosophical themes that have guided thinking in psychology, while carefully considering the subject in its religious, social, and literary contexts. Topics include: background to psychology, containing information about the origins, spirituality, the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries; founding psychology, including scientific psychology, and Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis; and modern psychology. An excellent reference work for psychologists and psychoanalysts.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
PART I BACKGROUND TO PSYCHOLOGY	1	(240)
Psychology, Science, and History: Introduction	3	(52)
Understanding Science	5	(19)
The Image of Modern Science	5	(1)
Explanation	6	(3)
Theories: How Scientists Explain Things	9	(5)
The Nature of Scientific Change	14	(8)
Science as a Worldview	22	(2)
Psychology and Science	24	(15)
Psychology without Science	24	(1)
Can Psychology Be a Science?	25	(7)
Alternative Models for Psychology	32	(6)
The Scientific Challenges to Psychology	38	(1)
Psychology and History	39	(11)
History of Science	39	(3)
Psychology in History	42	(5)
Historiography of Psychology	47	(3)
Bibliography	50	(1)
References	51	(4)
Origins of Philosophy, Science, and Psychology: The Classical World	55	(46)
Before Philosophy	55	(3)
The Past Is Another Country	55	(1)
Psychology of the Bronze Age	56	(2)
Argument, Law, and Nature: Philosophy and Psychology Begin	58	(11)
Greek Democracy and the Critical Tradition	58	(1)
Understanding the Universe: The Naturalists	59	(2)
Being and Becoming; Appearance and Reality: Parmenides and Heraclitus	61	(1)
The First Protopsychologists: Alcmaeon and Empedocles	62	(1)
The Last Physicists: Atomism	63	(2)
Humanism: The Sophists	65	(1)
Enlightenment and Eudaemonia: Socrates	66	(3)
The Great Classical Philosphies	69	(27)
Plato: The Quest for Perfect Knowledge	69	(12)
Aristotle: The Quest for Nature	81	(10)
Therapeutic Philosophies of Happiness	91	(3)
Neoplatonism and Mystery Religions	94	(1)
Early Christian Thought	95	(1)
Conclusion: The End of the Ancient World	96	(1)
Bibliography	96	(3)
References	99	(2)
Spirituality and Individualism: The Middle Ages and Renaissance	101	(39)
The Medieval Context	102	(3)
Medieval Mentality	103	(1)
Outside Christendom	104	(1)
Medieval Psychology	105	(10)
The Early Middle Ages: Islamic Psychology	105	(4)
The High Middle Ages: Christian Psychology	109	(3)
The Late Middle Ages: The Rebirth of Empiricism	112	(3)
The Construction of the Individual in the Middle Ages and Renaissance	115	(14)
The Individual, Mind, and Psychology	115	(1)
Changing Conceptions of the Individual Before the Middle Ages	116	(2)
The Early Middle Ages: The Mind Without	118	(2)
The High Middle Ages: The Individual in Love	120	(2)
The Renaissance: The Mind Within	122	(6)
Individuality in Religious and Academic Thought	128	(1)
Science, Humanism, and the End of the Middle Ages	129	(6)
The Medieval Foundations of Modern Science	129	(2)
The Renaissance	131	(3)
The Reformation	134	(1)
Skepticism and Its Discontents	134	(1)
Conclusion: The End of the Classical-Medieval-Renaissance Outlook	135	(1)
Bibliography	136	(2)
References	138	(2)
The Scientific Revolution and the Creation of Consciousness: The Seventeenth Century	140	(29)
The Scientific Revolution	141	(4)
The Mechanization of the World Picture	141	(2)
The Transformation of Experience and the Disenchantment of the World	143	(2)
Psychology Invented: The Way of Ideas	145	(14)
Consciousness Created: Rene Descartes (1596-1650)	145	(12)
Human Understanding John Locke (1632-1704)	157	(2)
Psychology and Human Affairs	159	(4)
The Laws of Social Life: Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)	160	(1)
The Heart Has Its Reasons Which the Reason Does Not Understand: Blaise Pascal (1623-1662)	161	(1)
Determinism Extended: Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677)	162	(1)
Consciousness Quantified: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716)	163	(1)
Mind and Body: Psychophysical Parallelism	163	(1)
Sensation, Perception, and Attention	163	(1)
Conclusion: The Seventeenth Century---Seeds of Change	164	(1)
Bibliography	165	(2)
References	167	(2)
Enlightenment and Counterenlightenment: The Eighteenth Century	169	(30)
The Enlightenment Project	169	(2)
The Skeptical Crisis	171	(13)
Is There a World? Bishop George Berkeley (1685-1753)	171	(2)
Living with Skepticism: David Hume (1711-1776)	173	(5)
The Reassertion of Common Sense: The Scottish School	178	(2)
The Transcendental Pretense: Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)	180	(4)
The Moral Crisis	184	(10)
Experimental Ethics: French Naturalism	184	(5)
Moral Sense: The Scottish School	189	(5)
Conclusion: Reason and Its Discontents	194	(2)
Bibliography	196	(1)
References	197	(2)
To the Threshold of Psychology: The Nineteenth Century	199	(42)
The Worlds of the Nineteenth Century	200	(1)
Science and the Victorian ``Crisis of Conscience''	200	(1)
The Reassertion of Emotion and Intuition: The Romantic Revolt	201	(2)
The Continuing Enlightenment	203	(6)
Pleasure in Mind: Utilitarianism and Associationism	203	(3)
A Philosophy of and for Science: Positivism	206	(3)
Heraclitus Triumphant: The Darwinian Revolution	209	(7)
Romantic Evolution	210	(1)
The Victorian Revolutionary: Charles Darwin (1809-1882)	211	(3)
Reception and Influence of Evolution by Natural Selection	214	(2)
The Fringes of Science and the Fin De Siecle	216	(3)
Mesmerism: The First Popular Science	216	(2)
Revolt Against Materialism: Spiritualism and Psychical Research	218	(1)
Toward the Science of Psychology	219	(13)
Understanding the Brain and Nervous System	219	(5)
Inventing Methods for Psychology	224	(6)
Philosophy to the Threshold of Psychology	230	(2)
Psychopathology	232	(4)
Psychiatry and Neurology	233	(2)
French Clinical Psychology	235	(1)
Conclusion	236	(1)
The Nineteenth-Century Crisis	236	(1)
Founding Psychology	236	(1)
Bibliography	237	(1)
References	238	(3)
PART II FOUNDING PSYCHOLOGY	241	(114)
The Psychology of Consciousness: The Founding of Scientific Psychology	243	(39)
Introduction: Settings	244	(5)
The German University: Wissenschaft and Bildung	244	(2)
German Values: The Mandarin Bildungsburger	246	(3)
Wilhelm Wundt's Psychology of Consciousness	249	(10)
Making Psychology a Science: The Path through Physiology	250	(5)
Wundt at Work	255	(4)
After Leipzig: Other Methods, New Movements	259	(16)
The Positivist Turn: Psychology as Natural Science	260	(2)
Phenomenological Alternatives	262	(3)
Systematic Introspection: The Wurzburg School (1901-1909)	265	(4)
Scientific Phenomenology: Gestalt Psychology	269	(5)
The Practical Turn: Applied Psychology	274	(1)
The Fate of the Psychology of Consciousness	275	(2)
Slow Growth in Germany	275	(1)
Transplantation to America	276	(1)
Bibliography	277	(2)
References	279	(3)
Psychology of the Unconscious: Sigmund Freud and Psychoanalysis	282	(43)
Freud and Scientific Psychology	283	(2)
Freud and Academic Psychology	284	(1)
Freud and Experimental Method	284	(1)
Structure of the Chapter	285	(1)
The Formation of Psychoanalysis 1884-1899	285	(18)
Freud and Biology	285	(2)
Freud, Evolutionary Biology, and the Turn to Sexuality	287	(2)
Freud the Sexual Reformer	289	(2)
Freud the Physician: Studying Hysteria	291	(5)
The Seduction Error and the Creation of Psychoanalysis	296	(7)
Classical Psychoanalysis 1900-1919	303	(6)
The Founding Work: The Interpretation of Dreams (1900)	303	(1)
The Classical Theory of the Instincts: Three Essays in the Theory of Sexuality (1905)	304	(2)
The Classical Theory of Personality: The Topography of the Mind	306	(3)
Revising and Extending Psychoanalysis 1920-1939	309	(3)
Revisions	309	(2)
Extensions	311	(1)
The Fate of Psychoanalysis	312	(4)
Freudian Psychoanalysis and Science	313	(2)
Psychoanalysis after Freud	315	(1)
The Freudian Legacy	316	(1)
Bibliography	317	(5)
References	322	(3)
The Psychology of Adaptation: Psychology in Evolutionary Context	325	(30)
Evolution and Psychology	326	(1)
The Beginnings of the Psychology of Adaptation in Britain	326	(8)
Lamarckian Psychology: Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)	326	(3)
Darwinian Psychology	329	(5)
Psychological Ideas in the New World	334	(4)
General Intellecutal and Social Environment	334	(3)
Philosophical Psychology	337	(1)
The New American Psychology	338	(10)
America's Native Philosophy: Pragmatism	338	(3)
America's Psychologist: William James (1842-1910)	341	(7)
Establishing American Psychology	348	(2)
The New Psychology and the Old	348	(1)
To the Future: Perception and Thinking Are Only There for Behavior's Sake	349	(1)
Bibliography	350	(2)
References	352	(3)
PART III THE RISE OF BEHAVIORALISM	355	(104)
The Conspiracy of Naturalism (1892-1912)	357	(38)
From Mentalism to Behavioralism	358	(1)
Psychology and Society	358	(7)
From Island Communities to Everywhere Communities	358	(2)
The Old Psychology vs. the New Psychology	360	(1)
Progressivism and Psychology	361	(4)
Building on James: The Motor Theory of Consciousness (1892-1896)	365	(3)
Hugo Munsterberg and Action Theory	365	(1)
John Dewey and the Reflex Arc	366	(2)
From Philosophy to Biology: Functional Psychology (1896-1910)	368	(6)
Experiments Become Functional	368	(2)
Functional Psychology Defined	370	(1)
From Undercurrent to Main Current	371	(3)
New Directions in Animal Psychology (1898-1909)	374	(8)
From Anecdote to Experiment	374	(6)
The Problem of Animal Mind	380	(2)
Rethinking Mind: The Consciousness Debate (1904-1912)	382	(5)
Does Consciousness Exist? Radical Empiricism	382	(1)
The Relational Theory of Consciousness: Neorealism	383	(3)
The Functional Theory of Consciousness: Instrumentalism	386	(1)
Discarding Consciousness (1910-1912)	387	(3)
Bibliography	390	(2)
References	392	(3)
The Golden Age of Theory: Behaviorism Ascendant	395	(27)
Developing Behavioralism (1913-1930)	396	(10)
Behaviorism Proclaimed	396	(3)
The Initial Response (1913-1918)	399	(2)
Behaviorism Defined (1919-1930)	401	(3)
Watson's Behaviorism in Action	404	(2)
Major Formulations of Behavioralism (1930-1950)	406	(12)
Psychology and the Science of Science	406	(3)
Edward Chace Tolman's Purposive Behaviorism	409	(3)
Clark Leonard Hull's Mechanistic Behaviorism	412	(3)
Conclusion: Tolman versus Hull	415	(3)
Conclusion: We're All Behaviorists Now	418	(1)
References	419	(3)
The Rise of Applied Psychology: Psychology and Society	422	(37)
The Rise of Applied Psychology (1896-1918)	424	(5)
Beginnings of Applied Psychology	424	(1)
Psychologists in the Great War	425	(4)
Psychologists in Social Controversy (1917-1940)	429	(7)
Is America Safe for Democracy? Impact of Army Intelligence Testing	429	(1)
Making America Safe for Democracy: Immigration Control and Eugenics	430	(4)
Psychologists at Work	434	(2)
Flaming Youth and the Reconstruction of the Family	436	(7)
When Psychology Was King	439	(4)
Psychology Transformed (1940-1950)	443	(7)
Psychology Divided and Reunited	443	(3)
Redefining Clinical Psychology	446	(2)
Psychology in the New Era of Big Science	448	(2)
Psychologists Look Ahead to the Psychological Society	450	(3)
Values and Adjustment	451	(2)
Bibliography for Chapters 11 and 12	453	(2)
References	455	(4)
PART IV PSYCHOLOGY SINCE WORLD WAR II	459	(94)
Eclectic Psychology: The Sun Sets on Behaviorism	461	(33)
Troubles with Behaviorism (1950-1954)	462	(6)
Philosophical Behaviorism	462	(5)
Are Theories of Learning Adequate?	467	(1)
Are Theories of Learning Necessary?	468	(9)
Radical Behaviorism (1938-1958)	468	(2)
The Experimental Analysis of Behavior	470	(4)
Interpreting Human Behavior	474	(3)
The Roots of Cognitive Science (1943-1958)	477	(10)
Informal Behaviorism	478	(1)
Early Cognitive Theories	479	(3)
Artificial Intelligence	482	(5)
Psychology and Society (1950-1958)	487	(2)
Bibliography	489	(2)
References	491	(3)
Years of Turmoil: From Behaviorism to Cognitive Science	494	(29)
Challenges to Behaviorism	495	(4)
Humanistic Psychology	495	(1)
Cartesian Linguistics	496	(3)
Erosion of the Foundations	499	(5)
The Disappearance of Positivism	499	(1)
Constraints on Animal Learning	500	(2)
Awareness and Human Learning	502	(2)
Cognitive Psychology Asserts Itself	504	(6)
The New Structuralism	504	(1)
Man the Machine: Information Processing	505	(5)
Psychology and Society	510	(8)
Funding Social Science	510	(1)
Professional Psychology	511	(2)
Values	513	(5)
Bibliography	518	(1)
References	519	(4)
Contemporary Psychology: Doubts, Troubles, and Controversies	523	(30)
Cognitive Science	523	(5)
Doubts about Cognitive Science	523	(2)
The New Connectionism	525	(3)
The Strange Death of Radical Behaviorism	528	(3)
Beyond Freedom and Dignity	528	(2)
Critique of Cognitive Science	530	(1)
Challenges to Scientific Psychology	531	(7)
From Psychology's Occult Doubles	531	(3)
From Biology	534	(2)
From the Humanities	536	(2)
Professional Controversies	538	(4)
Clinical Psychology	538	(3)
Divorced Again: The Academics Walk Out	541	(1)
Psychology and Society	542	(2)
Giving Psychology Away	542	(1)
The Turn to Service	543	(1)
Our Psychological Society	544	(2)
Bibliography	546	(3)
References	549	(4)
Photo Credits	553	(2)
Index	555