A History of Western Art

by Adams, Laurie Schneider

• ISBN13: 9780697287823
• ISBN10: 0697287823
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 1997-01-01
• Publisher: McGraw-Hill College

Summary

Appropriate for one-semester art history surveys or historically-focused art appreciation classes, "A History of Western Art," Revised Fourth Edition, features additional color which provides students with a greater understanding of the works of art. Focusing on the Western canon of art history, the text presents a compelling chronological narrative from prehistory to the present. A non-Western supplement, "World Views: Topics in Non-Western Art," addresses specific areas of non-Western art and augments the Western chronology by illustrating moments of thematic relationships and cross-cultural contact. "World Views" is available at a discount when packaged with "A History of Western Art,"

Table of Contents

Preface	11
PART ONE Introduction	14	(23)
CHAPTER ONE Why Do We Study Art?	14	(10)
The Artistic Impulse	15	(1)
Chronology	15	(1)
The Value of Art	15	(3)
Material Value	16	(1)
Brancusi's "Bird": Manufactured Metal or a Work of Art?	16	(1)
Intrinsic Value	17	(1)
Religious Value	17	(1)
Patriotic Value	17	(1)
Other Symbolic Values	18	(1)
Art and Illusion	18	(1)
Traditions Equating Artists with Gods	19	(1)
Art and Identification	19	(5)
Reflections and Shadows: Legends of How Art Began	19	(1)
Image Magic	20	(1)
Architecture	21	(3)
CHAPTER TWO The Language of the Visual Artist	24	(13)
Form	24	(1)
Balance	24	(1)
Line	24	(2)
Expressive Qualities of Line	24	(2)
Lines Used for Modeling	26	(1)
Depth	26	(1)
Perspective	26	(1)
Shape	27	(1)
Expressive Qualities of Shape	27	(1)
Light and Color	28	(4)
Physical Properties of Color	28	(1)
Expressive Qualities of Color	29	(3)
Texture	32	(1)
Stylistic Terminology	32	(2)
Subject Matter, Content, and Iconography	34	(3)
PART TWO The Ancient World	37	(126)
CHAPTER THREE Prehistoric Western Europe	37	(10)
Stone Age	37	(10)
Paleolithic Era	37	(1)
Categories of Sculpture	38	(1)
Carving	39	(1)
Modeling	39	(2)
Pigment	41	(1)
Mesolithic Era	42	(1)
Neolithic Era	42	(1)
The Celts	43	(2)
Post and Lintel Construction	45	(2)
CHAPTER FOUR The Ancient Near East	47	(17)
Neolithic Era	47	(2)
Chronology of the Ancient Near East and Principal Sites	48	(1)
Mesopotamia	49	(10)
Uruk Period	49	(1)
Mesopotamian Gods	50	(1)
Load-Bearing Construction	50	(1)
Ziggurats	50	(1)
Cylinder Seals	51	(1)
From Pictures to Words	52	(1)
Gilgamesh	52	(1)
Sumer: Early Dynastic Period	52	(3)
Neo-Sumerian Culture	55	(1)
Sargon of Akkad	56	(1)
Akkadian Civilization	56	(1)
Babylonian Civilization	57	(1)
The Law Code of Hammurabi	57	(1)
Assyrian Empire	58	(1)
Assyrian Kings	59	(1)
Neo-Babylonian Civilization	59	(1)
Anatolia: Hittite Empire	59	(2)
Round Arches	61	(1)
Glazing	61	(1)
Ancient Iran	61	(1)
Destroying the Archeological Record	62	(1)
The Scythians	62	(1)
Persian (Achaemenid) Empire	62	(2)
Columns	63	(1)
CHAPTER FIVE Ancient Egypt	64	(18)
The Pharaohs	64	(2)
Writing and Religion	66	(1)
Egyptian Gods	66	(1)
Monumental Architecture	67	(6)
Pyramids	67
Temples	69	(2)
Egyptian Columns	71	(2)
Sculpture and Painting	73	(9)
The Egyptian Canon of Proportion	76	(1)
Egyptian Fresco	77	(1)
Akhenaten's Style	78	(1)
Royal Nomenclature and the Cartouche	79	(1)
Tutankhamen's Tomb	80	(2)
CHAPTER SIX The Aegean	82	(12)
Cycladic Civilization	82	(1)
Minoan Civilization	83	(7)
Minoan Fresco	84	(1)
The Myth of the Minotaur	86	(2)
Discoveries at Thera	88	(2)
Mycenaean Civilization	90	(4)
The Legend of Agamemnon	90	(4)
Cyclopean Masonry	91	(3)
CHAPTER SEVEN Ancient Greece	94	(33)
Cultural Identity	94	(1)
Plato on Artists	94	(1)
Government Philosophy, and Science	95	(1)
The Greek Gods	96	(1)
Literature and Drama	97	(1)
"Man is the Measure of All Things"	97	(1)
Women in Ancient Greece	97	(1)
Painting and Pottery	98	(3)
Geometric Style	98	(1)
Greek Vase Media	98	(1)
Black-Figure Painting	99	(1)
Encaustic: Luminous Painting	99	(1)
Red-Figure Painting	100	(1)
White-Ground Painting	100	(1)
Mosaic	101	(1)
Sculpture	101	(8)
Archaic Style	101	(2)
Early Classical Style	103	(1)
The Lost-Wax Process	104	(2)
Fifth-Century Classical Style	106	(1)
Classical Architecture	109	(11)
Athens: The Acropolis	109	(1)
The Parthenon	110	(1)
Plan of the Parthenon	110	(1)
The Golden Section	111	(3)
The Orders of Greek Architecture	114	(3)
Medusa	117	(1)
The Temple of Athena Nike	118	(1)
The Erechtheum	118	(2)
Late Classical Style	120	(2)
The Greek Theater	120	(1)
Greek Theater	121	(1)
Sculpture	121	(1)
Hellenistic Period	122	(5)
Socrates: "Know Thyself"	122	(1)
Hellenistic Sculpture	122	(2)
The Trojan Horse	124	(3)
CHAPTER EIGHT The Etruscans	127	(8)
Etruscan Materials	128	(1)
Greek Influence on Etruscan Art	128	(1)
Vitruvius on Architecture	128	(1)
Women in Etruscan Art	129	(1)
Funerary Art	130	(5)
Cinerary Urns	130	(1)
Pilasters	131	(1)
Tombs	132	(3)
CHAPTER NINE Ancient Rome	135	(28)
Origins of the Roman Empire	135	(1)
Greek Influence on Roman Art	135	(1)
Women in Ancient Rome	135	(1)
Virgil's "Aeneid"	136	(1)
Roman Emperors	136	(1)
Architectural Types	137	(16)
Domestic Architecture	137	(1)
Roman Building Materials	138	(1)
Arches, Domes, and Vaults	138	(2)
Public Buildings	140	(4)
Functional Architecture	144	(1)
Religious Architecture	145	(4)
Commemorative Architecture	149	(1)
Josephus and the Jewish Wars	150	(3)
Sculptural Types	153	(4)
Sarcophagi	153	(1)
Julius Caesar: Conqueror and Statesman	154	(1)
Portraits	154	(2)
Marcus Aurelius: Emperor and Philosopher	156	(1)
Mosaic and Mural Painting	157	(6)
Mosaics	157	(1)
Frescoes	158	(5)
PART THREE The Christian World	163	(64)
CHAPTER TEN Early Christian and Byzantine Art	163	(15)
A New Religion	163	(1)
Constantine and Christianity	163	(1)
The Divergence of East and West	163	(1)
Christianity and the Scriptures	164	(1)
Christian Symbolism	164	(1)
Early Christian Art	165	(3)
Sarcophagi	165	(1)
Basilicas	166	(1)
The Catacombs	166	(1)
Saint Peter	167	(1)
The Cross	167	(1)
Centrally Planned Churches	168	(1)
Justinian and the Byzantine Style	168	(8)
San Vitale	168	(2)
Mosaic Technique	170	(3)
Hagia Sophia	173	(3)
Later Byzantine Developments	176	(2)
CHAPTER ELEVEN The Early Middle Ages	178	(12)
Islamic Art	178	(5)
Mosques	178	(1)
Islam	178	(5)
Northern European Art	183	(7)
Anglo-Saxon Metalwork	183	(1)
"Beowulf"	183	(1)
Hiberno-Saxon Art	184	(3)
Manuscript Illumination	187	(1)
Carolingian Period	187	(1)
Monasticism: Chastity, Obedience, and Poverty	188	(2)
CHAPTER TWELVE Romanesque Art	190	(13)
Feudalism	190	(1)
Historical Background	190	(1)
Pilgrimage Roads	191	(2)
The Stavelot Reliquary Triptych	192	(1)
Architecture	193	(1)
Sainte-Foy at Conques	193	(1)
Sculpture	194	(4)
Manuscripts	198	(1)
Mural Painting	198	(4)
Tapestry	202	(1)
Bayeux Tapestry	202	(1)
CHAPTER THIRTEEN Gothic Art	203	(24)
Origins of the Gothic Style	203	(1)
St. Augustine and the City of God	203	(1)
Early Gothic Architecture: Saint-Denis	204	(2)
The Life of St. Denis	204	(2)
Elements of Gothic Architecture	206	(2)
Ribbed Groin Vaults	206	(1)
Piers	207	(1)
Flying Buttresses	207	(1)
Pointed Arches	207	(1)
The Skeleton	207	(1)
Stained Glass Windows	207	(1)
Stained Glass Windows	208	(1)
The Age of Cathedrals: Chartres	208	(12)
Exterior Architecture	209	(1)
Guilds	209	(2)
Exterior Sculpture	211	(5)
Antichrist: Embodiment of Evil	216	(1)
Interior	217	(3)
Later Developments of the Gothic Style	220	(7)
Reims Cathedral	220	(3)
English Gothic Cathedrals	223	(4)
PART FOUR The Renaissance	227	(104)
CHAPTER FOURTEEN Precursors of the Renaissance	227	(17)
Thirteenth-Century Italy	227	(2)
Nicola Pisano	227	(2)
Cimabue	229	(1)
Roman Revival in Padua	229	(1)
Fourteenth-Century Italy	229	(12)
Giotto di Bondone	229	(1)
Dante: Poet of Heaven and Hell	229	(2)
Tempera: Painstaking Preparation and Delicate Detail	231	(1)
Training in the Master's Workshop	232	(3)
Fresco: A Medium for Speed and Confidence	235	(2)
Cardinal Virtues and Deadly Sins	237	(1)
Ambrogio Lorenzetti and the Effects of Good Government	238	(2)
The Black Death	240	(1)
Court Patronage in Fourteenth-Century France	241	(3)
Claus Sluter	241	(1)
The Limbourg Brothers	242	(2)
CHAPTER FIFTEEN The Early Renaissance	244	(35)
Fifteenth-Century Italy	244	(3)
The Age of Humanism	244	(3)
Soldiers of Fortune	247	(1)
Architecture	247	(5)
Brunelleschi	247	(3)
Lines of Vision	250	(2)
Early Fifteenth-Century Painting	252	(5)
Brunelleschi and Scientific Perspective	252	(1)
Masaccio	252	(1)
Vasari's "Lives"	252	(3)
A Distant Haze	255	(1)
International Style: Gentile da Fabriano	256	(1)
Early Renaissance Sculpture	257	(1)
Donatello's Early Years	257	(1)
Second-Generation Developments	258	(12)
Alberti	258	(1)
Equestrian Portraits	259	(2)
State Portraits	261	(1)
Oil Painting	261	(1)
Monumental versus Spiritual in Fifteenth-Century Painting	261	(3)
Mendicant Monks	264	(1)
Castagno	264	(2)
Mantegna's Illusionism	266	(2)
Mantegna and the "Studiolo" of Isabella d'Este	268	(1)
Botticelli and Mythological Subject Matter	269	(1)
The Platonic Academy	269	(1)
Fifteenth-Century Flanders	270	(1)
Painting	270	(9)
Campin's "Annunciation"	270	(1)
Jan van Eyck	271	(4)
Van der Weyden	275	(1)
Later Developments	275	(4)
CHAPTER SIXTEEN The High Renaissance in Italy	279	(26)
Savonarola: Fifteenth-Century Fanatic	279	(1)
Architecture	279	(5)
The Ideal of the Circle	279	(1)
Centrally Planned Churches	280	(3)
St. Peter's and the Central Plan	283	(1)
Painting and Sculpture	284	(14)
Leonardo da Vinci	284	(3)
Sfumato	287	(1)
Michelangelo	288	(6)
Raphael	294	(4)
Developments in Venice	298	(7)
Gentile Bellini	298	(1)
Giovanni Bellini and the "Sacra Conversazione"	299	(1)
Giorgione	300	(1)
Painting versus Sculpture	301	(2)
Titian	303	(2)
CHAPTER SEVENTEEN Mannerism and the Later Sixteenth Century in Italy	305	(11)
The Reformation	305	(1)
Mannerist Painting	306	(3)
Parmigianino	306	(3)
Bronzino	309	(1)
Mannerist Sculpture	309	(2)
Cellini	309	(2)
Counter-Reformation Painting	311	(1)
Tintoretto	311	(1)
The Painter's Daughter	311	(1)
The Counter-Reformation	311	(1)
El Greco	312	(1)
Architecture	312	(4)
Palladio	312	(3)
Palladio and Pythagorean Harmony	315	(1)
CHAPTER EIGHTEEN Sixteenth-Century Painting in Northern Europe	316	(15)
The Netherlands	316	(7)
Bosch	316	(5)
Pieter Brueghel the Elder	321	(2)
Germany	323	(8)
Durer	323	(2)
The Development of Printmaking	325	(1)
Erasmus: Tolerance and Reform	325	(1)
Cranach	326	(1)
Grunewald	326	(2)
Hans Holbein the Younger	328	(3)
PART FIVE Early Modern through the Nineteenth Century	331	(120)
CHAPTER NINETEEN The Baroque Style in Western Europe	331	(33)
Baroque Style	331	(2)
Architecture	333	(9)
Italy	333	(4)
France	337	(1)
The French Academy	337	(4)
England	341	(1)
Sculpture	342	(4)
Bernini	342	(4)
Italian Baroque Painting	346	(3)
Caravaggio	346	(2)
Gentileschi	348	(1)
Women as Artists: From Antiquity to the Seventeenth Century	348	(1)
Northern Baroque Painting	349	(13)
Rubens	349	(3)
Rembrandt	352	(3)
Etching	355	(1)
Vermeer	356	(2)
"Vanitas"	358	(1)
Spanish Baroque Painting	358	(1)
Velazquez	358	(4)
French Baroque Painting	362	(2)
Poussin	362	(1)
Poussin: Art as Music	363	(1)
CHAPTER TWENTY Rococo and the Eighteenth Century	364	(14)
Salons and "Salonnieres"	364	(1)
Royal Portraiture and the French Revolution	365	(1)
The Enlightenment	366	(1)
Rococo Painting	366	(4)
Watteau	366	(2)
Fragonard	368	(1)
Gainsborough	369	(1)
Hogarth	369	(1)
Rococo Architecture	370	(2)
Neumann: The Residenz	370	(2)
Zimmermann: The Wieskirche	372	(1)
Architectural Revivals	372	(3)
Palladian Style: Burlington and Adam	372	(2)
Gothic Revival	374	(1)
European Painting	375	(1)
Bourgeois Realism: Chardin	375	(1)
American Painting	376	(2)
Copley	376	(1)
West	376	(2)
CHAPTER TWENTY-ONE Neoclassicism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries	378	(9)
Chronology of the French Revolution and the Reign of Napoleon	378	(1)
The Neoclassical Style in Europe	378	(5)
Clodian and Canova	378	(1)
Satyrs and Bacchantes	378	(3)
Kauffmann	381	(1)
David: Art in the Service of the State	381	(2)
The Transition to Romanticism	383	(2)
Ingres	383	(1)
John Trumbull's "Declaration of Independence"	384	(1)
Developments in America	385	(2)
Chronology of the American Campaign for Independence	385	(1)
The Architecture of Jefferson	385	(1)
Greenough's "George Washington"	386	(1)
CHAPTER TWENTY-TWO Romanticism: The Late Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries	387	(15)
Rousseau and the Return to Nature	387	(1)
Romanticism in Music and Poetry	388	(1)
Romantic Trends in Architecture	388	(1)
Figural Painting	389	(7)
Blake	389	(1)
Watercolor	389	(1)
Gericault	389	(2)
Delacroix	391	(1)
The Salon	392	(2)
Goya	394	(1)
Aquatint	394	(2)
Landscape Painting	396	(6)
Friedrich	396	(1)
Constable and Turner	396	(2)
Cole	398	(1)
Folk Art: Hicks	399	(1)
American Romantic Writers	400	(1)
Artists on Art I	401	(1)
CHAPTER TWENTY-THREE Nineteenth-Century Realism	402	(18)
"The Communist Manifesto"	402	(1)
Realism in Literature	403	(1)
French Realist Painting	404	(5)
Millet	404	(1)
Courbet	404	(2)
Daumier	406	(1)
Lithography	406	(1)
Gargantua	407	(2)
Nineteenth-Century Photography	409	(3)
France: Nadar	409	(1)
Photography	410	(1)
America: Brady	411	(1)
American Realism	412	(1)
Eakins's "Gross Clinic"	412	(1)
French Realism of the 1860s	413	(3)
Manet's "Dejeuner sur I'Herbe"	413	(1)
Manet's "Olympia"	414	(2)
Architecture	416	(4)
Paxton: Crystal Palace	416	(1)
Bridges: The Roeblings	417	(1)
Eiffel Tower	418	(1)
Origins of the Skyscraper: Sullivan	418	(2)
CHAPTER TWENTY-FOUR Nineteenth-Century Impressionism	420	(15)
"Japonisme"	420	(1)
Urban Renewal during the Second Empire	421	(1)
Painting in France	422	(7)
Manet: From the 1860s to the 1880s	422	(1)
Degas	423	(2)
Cassatt	425	(1)
Monet	426	(2)
Renoir	428	(1)
Pissarro	428	(1)
American Painting at the Turn of the Century	429	(3)
Homer	429	(1)
Sargent	430	(1)
Prendergast	430	(2)
"Art for Art's Sake"	432	(2)
Whistler versus Ruskin: The Brush and the Pen	432	(2)
French Sculpture	434	(1)
Rodin	434	(1)
CHAPTER TWENTY-FIVE Post-Impressionism and the Late Nineteenth Century	435	(16)
Post-Impressionist Painters	435	(10)
Toulouse-Lautrec	435	(1)
Cezanne	436	(1)
An Apple a Day	437	(3)
Seurat	440	(1)
Van Gogh	440	(2)
Gauguin	442	(1)
Artists on Art II	443	(1)
The Symbolist Movement	444	(1)
Symbolism	445	(6)
Moreau	445	(1)
Munch	446	(1)
Rousseau	447	(1)
The Mechanisms of Dreaming	448	(3)
PART SIX The Twentieth Century	451	(85)
CHAPTER TWENTY-SIX Turn of the Century: Early Picasso, Fauvism, Expressionism, and Matisse	451	(10)
Picasso and Matisse	451	(1)
Wallace Stevens: "The Man with the Blue Guitar"	452	(1)
Fauvism	453	(1)
Matisse: "The Green Line"	453	(1)
Expressionism	454	(4)
Kollwitz	454	(1)
The Bridge ("Die Brucke"): Kirchner	454	(1)
The Blue Rider ("Der blaue Reiter"): Kandinsky and Marc	454	(4)
Matisse after Fauvism	458	(3)
CHAPTER TWENTY-SEVEN Cubism, Futurism, and Related Twentieth-Century Developments	461	(17)
Gertrude Stein	461	(1)
Early Cubism	461	(7)
Picasso	461	(2)
Analytic Cubism: Braque	463	(2)
Collage	465	(1)
Synthetic Cubism	465	(1)
Collage and Assemblage	465	(1)
Surrealism	466	(2)
Early Twentieth-Century Developments	468	(5)
The City	468	(1)
Futurism	469	(1)
Leger's "City"	469	(1)
Mondrian	470	(1)
The Armory Show	471	(2)
Postscript	473	(1)
Early Twentieth-Century Architecture	473	(5)
Wright and the Prairie Style	473	(1)
Cantilever	473	(2)
International Style	475	(3)
CHAPTER TWENTY-EIGHT Dada, Surrealism, Fantasy, and America Between the Wars	478	(17)
Dada	478	(2)
Duchamp	479	(1)
Surrealism	480	(4)
Sculpture Derived from Surrealism	484	(2)
America Between the Wars	486	(9)
Regionalism and Social Realism	486	(3)
The Harlem Renaissance	489	(1)
Photography	489	(2)
Mexico	491	(1)
Toward American Abstraction	492	(2)
Transcendental Painting	494	(1)
CHAPTER TWENTY-NINE Abstract Expressionism and Color Field Painting	495	(13)
The Teachers: Hofmann and Albers	495	(2)
Abstract Expressionism and the New York School	497	(9)
Gorky	497	(1)
Action Painting	498	(3)
Acrylic	501	(1)
Color Field Painting	502	(3)
West Coast Abstraction	505	(1)
Sculpture	506	(2)
CHAPTER THIRTY The 1960s: Pop, Op, and Minimalism	508	(10)
New York Pop Art	508	(8)
Painting	508	(6)
Sculpture	514	(2)
Op Art	516	(1)
Minimal Sculpture	516	(2)
CHAPTER THIRTY-ONE Innovation and Continuity	518	(18)
Return to Realism	518	(3)
Developments in Architecture	521	(5)
Buckminster Fuller	521	(1)
Post-Modernism: The Piazza d'Italia	522	(2)
The Louvre Pyramid	524	(1)
"High Tech" Architecture: The 1986 Lloyd's Building	525	(1)
Environmental Art	526	(4)
Smithson: "Spiral Jetty"	526	(1)
The Christos	527	(2)
Urban Environment	529	(1)
Feminist Iconography	530	(1)
Chicago: "The Dinner Party"	530	(1)
"Plus ca change..."	531	(4)
Conclusion	535	(1)
Glossary	536	(6)
Suggestions for Further Reading	542	(6)
Notes	548	(1)
Acknowledgements	548	(1)
Picture Credits	549	(2)
Index	551