A History of World Societies, Complete

by McKay, John P.

• ISBN13: 9780618301959
• ISBN10: 061830195X
• Edition: 6th
• Format: Trade Book
• Copyright: 2003-07-01
• Publisher: Bedford/St. Martin's

Summary

This comprehensive, mainstream text takes a social approach to history, using political history as its basic framework. It is known for its readability, its attention to recent scholarship, and its new historical interpretations. Material on the Middle Ages has been consolidated to allow more room for non-Western coverage. Two-page "Global Trade" boxed features investigate a variety of important products and commodities, including pottery, tea, slaves, and oil. The feature presents historical background on the commodity, traces its trade throughout the world, and shows its impact on other cultures. About one-third of the maps, illustrations, "Listening to the Past" primary source features, and "Individuals in Society" biographical features in this edition are new.

Table of Contents

Preface	xxvii
Origin of Civilizations in West Asia and North Africa	3	(28)
What Is History and Why?	4	(2)
From Caves to Towns	6	(2)
Mesopotamian Civilization	8	(5)
The Invention of Writing and the First Schools	9	(2)
Mesopotamian Thought and Religion	11	(1)
Sumerian Society	12	(1)
The Spread of Mesopotamian Culture	13	(3)
The Triumph of Babylon	13	(1)
Life Under Hammurabi	14	(2)
Egypt, the Land of the Pharaohs (3100--1200 B.C.E.)	16	(7)
The God-King of Egypt	17	(2)
The Pharaoh's People	19	(1)
The Hyksos in Egypt (1640--1570 B.C.E.)	20	(1)
The New Kingdom: Revival and Empire (1570--1075 B.C.E.)	21	(2)
Individuals in Society: Nefertiti, the ``Great Wife''	23
The Hittites	22	(3)
The Fall of Empires and the Survival of Cultures (ca 1200 B.C.E.)	25	(3)
Political Chaos	25	(1)
Cultural Endurance and Dissemination	25	(1)
Summary	26	(1)
Key Terms	26	(1)
Notes	27	(1)
Suggested Reading	27	(1)
Listening to the Past: A Quest for Immortality	28	(3)
Small Kingdoms and Mighty Empires in the Near East	31	(22)
Recovery and Diffusion	31	(1)
A Shattered Egypt and a Rising Phoenicia	32	(3)
Individuals in Society: Wen-Amon	35	(1)
The Children of Israel	36	(4)
The Evolution of Jewish Religion	38	(1)
Daily Life in Israel	39	(1)
Assyria, the Military Monarchy	40	(4)
The Power of Assyria	40	(3)
Assyrian Rule and Culture	43	(1)
The Empire of the Persian Kings	44	(6)
The Land of Mountains and Plateau	44	(1)
The Coming of the Medes and Persians	44	(1)
The Creation of the Persian Empire	45	(1)
Thus Spake Zarathustra	46	(1)
Persia's World Empire	47	(1)
Summary	48	(1)
Key Terms	49	(1)
Notes	49	(1)
Suggested Reading	49	(1)
Listening to the Past: The Covenant Between Yahweh and the Hebrews	50	(3)
The Foundation of Indian Society, To 300 C.E.	53	(26)
The Land and Its First Settlers (ca. 3000--1500 B.C.E.)	54	(5)
The Aryans and the Vedic Age (ca 1500--500 B.C.E.)	59	(4)
Early Indian Society, 1000-500 B.C.E.	60	(1)
Brahmanism	61	(2)
India's Great Religions	63	(2)
Jainism	63	(1)
Siddhartha Gautama and Buddhism	64	(3)
Hinduism	67
Individuals in Society: Gosala	65	(4)
India and the West (ca 513-298 B.C.E.)	69	(1)
The Mauryan Empire (ca 322--185 B.C.E.)	70	(3)
The Reign of Ashoka (ca 269--232 B.C.E.)	71	(2)
Regional Developments (200 B.C.E.--300 C.E.)	73	(3)
Summary	74	(1)
Key Terms	74	(1)
Notes	74	(1)
Suggested Reading	75	(1)
Listening to the Past: Rama and Sita	76	(3)
China's Classical Age, to 256 B.C.E.	79	(26)
The Land and Its Challenge	80	(1)
China's Earliest Civilizations, to 1050 B.C.E.	81	(7)
The Neolithic Age	83	(1)
The Shang Dynasty (ca 1500-ca 1050 B.C.E.)	83	(5)
The Zhou Dynasty (ca 1050-256 B.C.E.)	88	(4)
Zhou Politics	88	(1)
Zhou Society	89	(3)
The Golden Age of Chinese Philosophy	92	(1)
Confucius and His Followers	92	(3)
Mozi	95	(1)
Daoism	95	(2)
Legalism	97	(2)
Other Schools of Thought	99
Individuals in Society: Guan Zhong	93	(9)
Summary	100	(1)
Key Terms	100	(1)
Notes	100	(1)
Suggested Reading	100	(2)
Listening to the Past: The Book of Mencius	102	(3)
The Greek Experience	105	(38)
Hellas: The Land	107	(4)
The Minoans and Mycenaeans (ca 1650--ca 1100 B.C.E.)	108	(1)
Homer, Hesiod, and the Heroic Past (1100--800 B.C.E.)	109	(2)
The Polis	111	(2)
The Archaic Age (800-500 B.C.E.)	113	(2)
Overseas Expansion	113	(1)
The Growth of Sparta	114	(1)
The Evolution of Athens	115	(1)
The Classical Period (500--338 B.C.E.)	115	(11)
The Deadly Conflicts (499--404 B.C.E.)	116	(1)
Athenian Arts in the Age of Pericles	116	(2)
Daily Life in Periclean Athens	118	(2)
Greek Religion	120	(2)
The Flowering of Philosophy	122	(1)
From Polis to Monarchy (404--323 B.C.E.)	123	(3)
The Spread of Hellenism	126	(3)
Cities and Kingdoms	126	(2)
The Greeks and the Opening of the East	128	(3)
Greeks and Easterners	131	(2)
Developments in the Western Mediterranean	133
Individuals in Society: Queen Cratesicleia's Sacrifice	129	(4)
The Economic Scope of the Hellenistic World	133	(2)
Commerce	133	(1)
Industry and Agriculture	134	(1)
Religion in the Hellenistic World	135	(1)
Hellenistic Thought	136	(4)
Philosophy	136	(1)
Hellenistic Science	137	(1)
Summary	138	(1)
Key Terms	138	(1)
Notes	138	(1)
Suggested Reading	138	(2)
Listening to the Past: Antiochus III Meets the Jews	140	(3)
The Glory of Rome	143	(38)
The Land and the Sea	144	(1)
The Etruscans and the Roman Conquest of Italy (750--290 B.C.E.)	144	(3)
The Roman Republic	147	(9)
The Roman State and Social Conflict	147	(2)
The Age of Overseas Conquest (282--146 B.C.E.)	149	(2)
Old Values and Greek Culture	151	(4)
The Late Republic (133--31 B.C.E.)	155	(1)
The Pax Romana	156	(1)
Augustus's Settlement (31 B.C.E.--14 C.E.)	156	(3)
Administration and Expansion Under Augustus	159	(1)
Literary Flowering	160
Individuals in Society: Cicero	157	(3)
The Coming of Christianity	160	(3)
The Golden Age	163	(1)
Life in the Golden Age: Imperial Rome and the Provinces	164	(3)
Rome and the East	167	(2)
Romans Versus Iranians	167	(2)
Trade and Contact	169	(1)
The Empire in Crisis	169	(1)
Civil Wars and Invasions in the Third Century	172	(1)
Reconstruction Under Diocletian and Constantine (284--337 C.E.)	172	(2)
The Acceptance of Christianity	174	(1)
The Construction of Constantinople	175	(1)
Late Antiquity	175
Global Trade: Pottery	170	(8)
Summary	176	(1)
Key Terms	176	(1)
Notes	176	(1)
Suggested Reading	176	(2)
Listening to the Past: Titus Flamininus and the Liberty of the Greeks	178	(3)
East Asia and the Spread of Buddhism, Ca 200 B.C.E.--800 C.E.	181	(28)
The Age of Empire in China	181	(10)
The Qin Unification (221--206 B.C.E.)	181	(3)
The Glory of the Han Dynasty (206 B.C.E.--220 C.E.)	184	(1)
Inner Asia and the Silk Road	185	(2)
Han Intellectual and Cultural Life	187	(1)
Daily Life in Han China	188	(1)
China and Rome	189	(1)
The Fall of the Han and the Age of Division	190	(1)
Individuals in Society: Tao Qian	191	(1)
The Spread of Buddhism Out of India	192	(3)
The Second Chinese Empire: Sui (581--618) and Tang (618--907)	195	(3)
The Tang Dynasty (618--907)	195	(1)
Tang Culture	196	(2)
The East Asian Cultural Sphere	198	(8)
Korea	198	(2)
Vietnam	200	(1)
Japan	201	(3)
Summary	204	(1)
Key Terms	204	(1)
Notes	204	(1)
Suggested Reading	205	(1)
Listening to the Past: Copying Buddhist Sutras	206	(3)
The Making of Europe	209	(30)
The Growth of the Christian Church	210	(5)
The Church and the Roman Emperors	210	(1)
Administration and Leadership	211	(1)
Missionary Activity	212	(2)
Conversion and Assimilation	214	(1)
Christian Attitudes Toward Classical Culture	215	(3)
Adjustment	215	(2)
Synthesis: Saint Augustine	217	(1)
Christian Monasticism	218	(2)
Western Monasticism	218	(1)
The Rule of Benedict	218	(2)
Eastern Monasticism	220	(1)
The Migration of the Germanic Peoples	220	(3)
The Idea of the Barbarian	221	(1)
Romanization and Barbarization	221	(2)
Germanic Society	223	(2)
Kinship, Class, and Law	223	(2)
Germanic Life	225	(1)
The Byzantine East (ca 400--788)	225	(6)
The Sasanid Kingdom of Persia and Byzantium	227	(1)
Byzantine East and Germanic West	228	(1)
External Threats and Internal Conflicts	228	(1)
The Law Code of Justinian	229	(1)
Byzantine Intellectual Life	230	(3)
Constantinople: The Second Rome	233
Individuals in Society: Theodora of Constantinople	231	(5)
Summary	234	(1)
Key Terms	234	(1)
Notes	234	(1)
Suggested Reading	235	(1)
Listening to the Past: The Conversion of Clovis	236	(3)
The Islamic World, Ca 600--1400	239	(40)
The Arabs Before Islam	240	(1)
Muhammad and the Faith of Islam	240	(4)
The Expansion of Islam	244	(4)
Expansion to the East and the West	244	(1)
Reasons for the Spread of Islam	245	(3)
Beginnings of the Islamic State	248	(3)
The Caliphate	248	(2)
The Abbasid Caliphate	250	(1)
Administration of Islamic Territories	251	(1)
Decentralization	251	(2)
Decline of the Abbasids	252	(1)
The Assault of the Turks and Mongols	252	(1)
The Life of the People	253	(12)
The Classes of Society	253	(2)
Slavery	255	(2)
Race	257	(2)
Women in Classical Islamic Society	259	(2)
Trade and Commerce	261	(3)
Urban Centers	264	(2)
Education and Intellectual Life	266	(4)
Sufism	270	(1)
The Muslim View of the West	270
Individuals in Society: Abu `Abdallah Ibn Battuta	265	(11)
Summary	272	(1)
Key Terms	273	(1)
Notes	273	(1)
Suggested Reading	274	(2)
Listening to the Past: A Treatise on Buying Slaves	276	(3)
African Societies and Kingdoms, Ca 400--1450	279	(28)
The Land and Peoples of Africa	279	(8)
Egypt, Africa, and the Historians	282	(1)
Early African Societies	283	(1)
Bantu Migrations	284	(1)
Kingdoms of the Western Sudan, ca 1000 B.C.E.--200 C.E.	285	(1)
The Trans-Saharan Trade	286	(1)
Individuals in Society: An Unknown Artist of Djenne	287	(2)
African Kingdoms and Empires (ca 800--1450)	289	(15)
The Kingdom of Ghana (ca 900--1100)	289	(3)
The Kingdom of Mali (ca 1200--1450)	292	(2)
Ethiopia: The Christian Kingdom of Axum	294	(3)
The East African City-States	297	(3)
South Africa	300	(2)
Summary	302	(1)
Key Terms	302	(1)
Notes	302	(1)
Suggested Reading	303	(1)
Listening to the Past: The Epic of Old Mali	304	(3)
Southern and Central Asia to the Rise of the Mongols, Ca 300--1400	307	(30)
India, 300--1400	307	(9)
The Gupta Empire (ca 320--480)	308	(1)
India's Medieval Age (ca 500--1400) and the First Encounter with Islam	309	(4)
Daily Life in Medieval India	313	(3)
Southeast Asia, to 1400	316	(2)
The Spread of Indian Culture in Comparative Perspective	318	(1)
Central Asia, to 1400	318	(9)
Daily Life of the Mongols	319	(2)
Chinggis Khan and the Creation of the Mongol Empire	321	(2)
Chinggis's Successors	323	(3)
The Mongols as Rulers	326	(1)
Individuals in Society: Mukhali	327	(1)
East-West Communication During the Mongol Era	328	(6)
Summary	331	(1)
Key Terms	332	(1)
Notes	332	(1)
Suggested Reading	332	(2)
Listening to the Past: To Commemorate Building a Well	334	(3)
East Asia, Ca 800--1400)	337	(26)
China (800--ca 1400)	338	(5)
The Song Dynasty (960--1279)	338	(1)
The Scholar-Officials and Neo-Confucianism	338	(4)
The Medieval Chinese Economic Revolution (800--1100)	342	(6)
Women's Lives	348
Individuals in Society: Shen Gua	343	(1)
Global Trade: Tea	344	(6)
Korea (780--1392)	350	(1)
Japan in the Heian and Kamakura Eras (794--1333)	351	(7)
The Heian Period (794--1185)	351	(1)
The Samurai	352	(2)
The Kamakura Shogunate (1185--1333)	354	(1)
Culture During the Heian and Kamakura Periods	354	(3)
Summary	357	(1)
Key Terms	357	(1)
Notes	357	(3)
Suggested Reading	360
Listening to the Past: The Pillow Book of Sei Shonagon	358	(5)
Europe in the Middle Ages	363	(54)
The Frankish Kingdom	364	(4)
The Merovingians and the Rise of the Carolingians	364	(1)
The Empire of Charlemagne	365	(2)
The Carolingian Intellectual Revival	367	(1)
Aristocratic Resurgence	368	(1)
Feudalism and Manorialism	368	(2)
Crisis and Recovery	370	(1)
Assaults on Western Europe	370	(1)
The Restoration of Order	371	(1)
Revival and Reform in the Christian Church	371	(3)
Monastic Revival	372	(1)
Reform of the Papacy	372	(2)
The Crusades	374	(3)
Background of the Crusades	374	(1)
Motives and Course of the Crusades	374	(2)
Cultural Consequences	376	(1)
The Expansion of Latin Christendom	377	(2)
Northern and Eastern Europe	377	(1)
Spain	377	(1)
Toward a Christian Society	378	(1)
Medieval Origins of the Modern Western State	379	(5)
Unification and Communication	379	(3)
Law and Justice	382	(2)
Economic Revival	384	(5)
The Rise of Towns	384	(1)
Town Liberties and Town Life	385	(2)
The Revival of Long-Distance Trade	387	(1)
The Commercial Revolution	387	(2)
Universities, Gothic Art, and Poetry	389	(3)
From Romanesque Gloom to ``Uninterrupted Light''	390	(2)
Troubadour Poetry	392	(1)
Life in Christian Europe in the Central Middle Ages	392	(3)
Those Who Work	392	(4)
Those Who Fight	396	(1)
Those Who Pray	397
Individuals in Society: Jean Mouflet of Sens	395	(3)
Crises of the Later Middle Ages	398	(9)
A Challenge to Religious Authority	398	(1)
The Great Famine and the Black Death	399	(3)
The Hundred Years' War (ca 1337--1453)	402	(2)
Religious Crisis	404	(1)
Peasant Revolts	405	(2)
Race and Ethnicity on the Frontiers	407	(7)
Summary	409	(1)
Key Terms	410	(1)
Notes	410	(2)
Suggested Reading	412	(2)
Listening to the Past: An Arab View of the Crusades	414	(3)
Civilizations of the Americas, Ca 400--1500	417	(32)
The Geography and Peoples of the Americas	418	(1)
Mesoamerican Civilizations from the Olmecs to the Toltecs	419	(6)
The Olmecs	419	(2)
The Maya of Central America	421	(3)
Teotihuacan and Toltec Civilizations	424	(1)
Aztec Society: Religion and War	425	(2)
Religion and Culture	426	(4)
The Life of the People	430	(2)
Gender, Culture, and Power	432	(2)
The Cities of the Aztecs	434
Individuals in Society: Quetzalcoatl	427	(8)
The Incas of Peru	435	(6)
Inca Imperialism	437	(3)
Inca Society	440	(1)
North America and the Mound Builders	441	(5)
Summary	444	(1)
Key Terms	444	(1)
Notes	444	(1)
Suggested Reading	445	(1)
Listening to the Past: The Death of Inca Yupanque (Pachacuti Inca) in 1471	446	(3)
Europe in the Renaissance and Reformation	449	(50)
Economic and Political Origins of the Italian Renaissance	450	(2)
Intellectual Hallmarks of the Renaissance	452	(3)
Individualism	452	(1)
Humanism	453	(1)
Secular Spirit	454	(1)
Art and the Artist	454	(3)
The Renaissance in the North	457
Individuals in Society: Leonardo da Vinci	455	(3)
Social Change During the Renaissance	458	(6)
Education and Political Thought	459	(1)
Movable Type and the Spread of Literacy	459	(1)
Women and Work	460	(2)
Slavery and Ethnicity	462	(2)
Politics and the State in the Renaissance (ca 1450--1521)	464	(5)
France	465	(1)
England	465	(1)
Spain	466	(1)
Germany and the Habsburg Dynasty	467	(2)
The Condition of the Church (ca 1400--1517)	469	(1)
Martin Luther and the Birth of Protestantism	470	(4)
Luther's Theology	470	(2)
The Social Impact of Luther's Beliefs	472	(1)
The Political Impact of Luther's Beliefs	473	(1)
The Growth of the Protestant Reformation	474	(5)
Calvinism	474	(1)
The Anabaptists	475	(2)
The English Reformation	477	(2)
The Catholic Reformation and the Counter-Reformation	479	(1)
The Council of Trent	479	(1)
New Religious Orders and the Inquisition	480	(1)
Politics, Religion, and War	480	(7)
The Origins of Difficulties in France (1515--1559)	481	(1)
Religious Riots and Civil War in France (1559--1589)	482	(1)
The Revolt of the Netherlands and the Spanish Armada	483	(1)
The Thirty Years' War (1618--1648)	484	(3)
Changing Attitudes	487	(3)
The Status of Women	488	(1)
Witches	489	(1)
Literature, Art, and Music	490	(4)
Literature	490	(1)
Baroque Art and Music	491	(1)
Summary	492	(1)
Key Terms	492	(1)
Notes	492	(1)
Suggested Reading	493	(1)
Listening to the Past: Martin Luther, On Christian Liberty	494	(5)
The Acceleration of Global Contact	499	(38)
The World of the Indian Ocean	501	(6)
Peoples and Cultures	502	(2)
Religious Revolutions	504	(1)
Trade and Commerce	505	(2)
Individuals in Society: Zheng He	507
European Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion	506	(13)
Overseas Exploration and Conquest	509	(2)
Technological Stimuli to Exploration	511	(1)
The Explorers' Motives	511	(2)
The Problem of Christopher Columbus	513	(2)
The Conquest of Aztec Mexico and Inca Peru	515	(4)
Global Trade Networks	519	(2)
The Chinese and Japanese Discovery of the West	521	(3)
The Impact of Contact	524	(10)
The Columbian Exchange	524	(1)
The Native American Population Decline	525	(2)
Colonial Administration	527	(1)
Slavery and the Origins of American Racism	527	(3)
The Economic Effects of Spain's Discoveries	530	(1)
Summary	531	(1)
Key Terms	531	(1)
Notes	532	(1)
Suggested Reading	532	(2)
Listening to the Past: Columbus Describes His First Voyage	534	(3)
Absolutism and Constitutionalism in Europe, Ca 1589--1725	537	(34)
France: The Model of Absolute Monarchy	538	(7)
The Foundations of French Absolutism	538	(2)
The Monarchy of Louis XIV	540	(2)
Economic Management and Religious Policy	542	(2)
French Classicism	544	(1)
The Wars of Louis XIV	544	(1)
The Decline of Absolutist Spain in the Seventeenth Century	545	(2)
Absolutism in Eastern Europe: Austria, Prussia, and Russia	547	(8)
Lords and Peasants	547	(1)
Austria and the Ottoman Turks	548	(2)
The Emergence of Prussia	550	(2)
The Rise of Moscow	552	(2)
The Reforms of Peter the Great	554	(2)
Absolutism and Baroque Architecture	556
Individuals in Society: Stenka Razin, Russian Rebel	555	(3)
England: The Triumph of Constitutional Monarchy	558	(4)
The Decline of Absolutism in England (1603--1660)	558	(3)
The Restoration of the English Monarchy	561	(1)
The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century	562	(4)
Summary	564	(1)
Key Terms	565	(1)
Notes	565	(3)
Suggested Reading	568
Listening to the Past: The Court at Versailles	566	(5)
Toward a New World-View in the West	571	(26)
The Scientific Revolution	571	(6)
Scientific Thought in 1500	572	(1)
The Copernican Hypothesis	572	(2)
From Brahe to Galileo	574	(1)
Newton's Synthesis	575	(1)
Causes of the Scientific Revolution	575	(2)
Some Consequences of the Scientific Revolution	577	(1)
The Enlightenment	577	(9)
The Emergence of the Enlightenment	577	(2)
The Philosophes and the Public	579	(3)
The Later Enlightenment	582	(1)
Urban Culture and Public Opinion	583	(1)
The Enlightenment and the Common People	584	(2)
The Enlightenment and Absolutism	586	(1)
Frederick the Great of Prussia	588	(1)
Catherine the Great of Russia	588	(2)
The Austrian Habsburgs	590	(1)
Absolutism in France	591	(1)
The Overall Influence of the Enlightenment	591
Individuals in Society: Madame du Coudray, the Nation's Midwife	587	(7)
Summary	592	(1)
Key Terms	592	(1)
Notes	593	(1)
Suggested Reading	593	(1)
Listening to the Past: Gender Constructions and Education for Girls	594	(3)
Africa and the World, Ca 1400--1800	597	(30)
Senegambia and Benin	597	(6)
Women, Marriage, and Work	600	(2)
Trade and Industry	602	(1)
The Sudan: Songhay, Kanem-Bornu, and Hausaland	603	(1)
Ethiopia	604	(2)
The Swahili City-States	606	(2)
The African Slave Trade	608	(7)
The Atlantic Slave Trade	612	(6)
Consequences Within Africa	618
Individuals in Society: Olaudah Equiano	615
Global Trade: Slaves	610	(14)
Summary	621	(1)
Key Terms	621	(1)
Notes	621	(1)
Suggested Reading	622	(2)
Listening to the Past: Duarte Barbosa on the Swahili City-States	624	(3)
West and South Asia: The Islamic World Powers, Ca 1450--1800	627	(34)
The Ottoman Turkish Empire	628	(7)
Evolution of the Ottoman State	628	(2)
Expansion and Foreign Policy	630	(3)
Ottoman Society	633	(4)
Cultural Flowering	637	(3)
The Decline of Ottoman Power	640
Individuals in Society: Hurrem	635	(6)
The Persian Theocratic State	641	(5)
India, from Mughal Domination to British Dominion (ca 1498--1805)	646	(12)
The Rule of the Mughals	646	(5)
Trade and Commerce	651	(2)
European Rivalry for the Indian Trade	653	(1)
Factory-Fort Societies	653	(1)
The Rise of the British East India Company	654	(1)
Summary	655	(1)
Key Terms	656	(1)
Notes	656	(1)
Suggested Reading	657	(1)
Listening to the Past: The Weighing of Shah Jahan on His Forty-second Lunar Birthday	658	(3)
Continuity and Change in East Asia, Ca 1400--1800	661	(38)
China, from the Ming to the Mid-Qing (ca 1368--1795)	662	(17)
Ming Government	662	(5)
Economic, Social, and Cultural Change	667	(2)
Foreign Relations	669	(1)
Ming Decline	670	(2)
Qing Rule	672	(2)
External Pressures	674	(2)
The Life of the People	676	(3)
Korea (ca 1400--1800)	679	(3)
Political and Cultural Foundations	679	(2)
Economic and Social Change	681	(1)
Japan (ca 1400--1800)	682	(7)
Feudalism in Japan	682	(1)
Nobunaga and National Unification	682	(1)
The Tokugawa Regime	683	(1)
Urbanization and Commercialization	684	(3)
The Life of the People	687	(2)
Individuals in Society: Katsushika Hokusai	689	(5)
Summary	693	(1)
Key Terms	693	(1)
Notes	693	(3)
Suggested Reading	696
Listening to the Past: The Qianlong Emperor Responds to King George III	694	(5)
The Revolution in Western Politics, 1775--1815	699	(32)
Liberty and Equality	700	(1)
The American Revolutionary Era (1775--1789)	701	(4)
The Origins of the Revolution	702	(1)
Independence	703	(1)
Framing the Constitution	704	(1)
The French Revolution (1789--1791)	705	(5)
The Breakdown of the Old Order	705	(1)
Legal Orders and Social Realities	705	(1)
The Formation of the National Assembly	706	(2)
The Revolt of the Poor and the Oppressed	708	(1)
A Limited Monarchy	709	(1)
World War and Republican France (1791--1799)	710	(9)
Foreign Reactions and the Beginning of War	711	(1)
The Second Revolution	712	(3)
Total War and the Terror	715	(1)
The Thermidorian Reaction and the Directory (1794--1799)	716	(3)
The Napoleonic Era (1799--1815)	719	(4)
Napoleon's Rule of France	719	(1)
Napoleon's Wars and Foreign Policy	720	(3)
Individuals in Society: Jakob Walter, German Draftee with Napoleon	723	(3)
Summary	724	(1)
Key Terms	725	(1)
Notes	725	(1)
Suggested Reading	725	(1)
Listening to the Past: Revolution and Women's Rights	726	(5)
The Industrial Revolution in Europe	731	(30)
The Initial Breakthrough in England	732	(5)
Eighteenth-Century Origins	732	(1)
The Agricultural Revolution	733	(1)
The Cost of Enclosure	734	(1)
The Growth of Foreign Trade	735	(1)
The First Factories	735	(2)
Energy and Transportation	737	(6)
The Problem of Energy	737	(1)
The Steam Engine Breakthrough	738	(2)
The Coming of the Railroads	740	(1)
Industry and Population	741	(2)
Industrialization in Continental Europe	743	(4)
National Variations	743	(1)
The Challenge of Industrialization	744	(2)
Agents of Industrialization	746	(1)
Capital and Labor	747	(4)
The New Class of Factory Owners	748	(1)
The New Factory Workers	749	(1)
Conditions of Work	750	(3)
The Sexual Division of Labor	753	(1)
The Early Labor Movement	754
Individuals in Society: The Strutt Family	751	(7)
Summary	755	(1)
Key Terms	756	(1)
Notes	756	(1)
Suggested Reading	756	(2)
Listening to the Past: The Testimony of Young Mine Workers	758	(3)
Ideologies and Upheavals, 1815--1871	761	(32)
The Peace Settlement	763	(4)
The European Balance of Power	763	(1)
Intervention and Repression	764	(1)
Metternich and Conservatism	765	(2)
Radical Ideas and Early Socialism	767	(4)
Liberalism	767	(1)
Nationalism	767	(2)
French Utopian Socialism	769	(1)
The Birth of Marxian Socialism	770	(1)
Romanticism	771	(2)
Individuals in Society: Germaine de Stael	773	(1)
Reforms and Revolutions (1815--1850)	774	(6)
National Liberation in Greece	774	(1)
Liberal Reform in Great Britain	775	(1)
Revolutions in France	776	(2)
The Austrian Empire in 1848	778	(1)
Prussia and the Frankfurt Assembly	779	(1)
Nation Building in France, Italy, and Germany	780	(10)
Louis Napoleon in France	781	(1)
Cavour, Garibaldi, and the Unification of Italy	782	(3)
Bismarck and German Unification	785	(3)
Summary	788	(1)
Key Terms	788	(1)
Notes	788	(1)
Suggested Reading	788	(2)
Listening to the Past: Faith in Democratic Nationalism	790	(3)
European Life in the Age of Nationalism	793	(32)
Cities and Social Classes	793	(10)
Industry and the Growth of Cities	794	(2)
Public Health and the Bacterial Revolution	796	(1)
Urban Planning and Public Transportation	797	(2)
Urbanization and Social Structure	799	(1)
The Middle Classes	800	(1)
The Working Classes	801	(2)
The Changing Family	803	(3)
Premarital Sex and Marriage	803	(1)
Gender Roles and Family Life	803	(1)
Child Rearing	804	(2)
Science and Culture	806	(3)
The Triumph of Science	806	(1)
Realism in Literature	807	(2)
The Responsive National State (1871--1914)	809	(8)
The German Empire	809	(1)
Republican France	810	(2)
Great Britain and Ireland	812	(1)
The Austro-Hungarian Empire	813	(1)
The Modernization of Russia	813	(2)
Jewish Emancipation and Modern Anti-Semitism	815	(2)
Individuals in Society: Theodor Herzl	817
Marxism and the Socialist Movement	816	(6)
The Socialist International	816	(2)
Unions and Revisionism	818	(1)
Summary	819	(1)
Key Terms	820	(1)
Notes	820	(1)
Suggested Reading	820	(2)
Listening to the Past: Middle-Class Youth and Sexuality	822	(3)
Africa, West Asia, and Western Imperialism, 1800--1914	825	(36)
Industrialization and the World Economy	826	(6)
The Rise of Global Inequality	826	(2)
The World Market	828	(1)
The Great Migration	829	(3)
Western Imperialism, 1880--1914	832	(5)
Causes of the New Imperialism	834	(2)
Western Critics of Imperialism	836	(1)
African and Asian Resistance	836	(1)
The Islamic Heartland Under Pressure	837	(6)
Decline and Reform in the Ottoman Empire	838	(2)
Egypt: From Reform to British Occupation	840	(3)
Sub-Saharan Africa: From the Slave Trade to European Rule	843
African Trade and Social Change, 1800--1880	843	(3)
Islamic Revival and Expansion	846	(3)
The Seizure of Africa, 1880--1902	849	(2)
Southern Africa in the Nineteenth Century	851	(2)
The Imperial System, 1900--1930	853
Individuals in Society: Muhammad Ali: Egyptian Hero or Ottoman Adventurer?	841	(17)
Summary	855	(1)
Key Terms	855	(1)
Notes	856	(1)
Suggested Reading	856	(2)
Listening to the Past: A French Leader Defends Imperialism	858	(3)
Asia in the Era of Western Imperialism, 1800--1914	861	(28)
Europeans See Opportunities	862	(1)
South and Southeast Asia: The Consolidation of European Colonial Control	863	(7)
India and the British Empire in Asia	864	(3)
The Dutch East Indies	867	(2)
Mainland Southeast Asia	869	(1)
The Philippines	870	(1)
East Asia: Pressure to Conform to a Western-Dominated International Order	870	(9)
China	870	(4)
Japan	874	(4)
Korea	878	(1)
The Movement of Peoples	879	(4)
Westerners to Asia	879	(1)
Asian Emigration	880	(3)
Individuals in Society: Chin Gee-hee	883	(3)
Summary	884	(1)
Key Terms	885	(1)
Notes	885	(1)
Suggested Reading	885	(1)
Listening to the Past: A Japanese Plan for a Modern Army	886	(3)
Nation Building in the Western Hemisphere and Australia	889	(46)
Latin America (1800--1929)	890	(15)
The Origins of the Revolutions	890	(4)
Race in the Colonial Period	894	(1)
Resistance and Rebellion	895	(2)
Independence	897	(2)
The Consequences of Independence	899	(1)
Neocolonialism	900	(2)
The Impact of Immigration	902	(3)
The United States (1789--1929)	905	(6)
Manifest Destiny	905	(4)
Black Slavery in the South	909	(4)
Westward Expansion and Civil War	913	(2)
Who Is Black? The Racial Debate	915	(2)
Industrialization and Immigration	917
Individuals in Society: Crazy Horse	911	(9)
Canada, from French Colony to Nation	920	(4)
British Colony (1763--1839)	920	(1)
The Age of Confederation (1840--1905)	921	(2)
Growth, Development, and National Maturity	923	(1)
Australia, from Penal Colony to Nation	924	(8)
Penal Colony	925	(1)
Economic Development	926	(1)
From Colony to Nation	927	(2)
Summary	929	(1)
Key Terms	929	(1)
Notes	929	(1)
Suggested Reading	930	(2)
Listening to the Past: Simon Bolivar's Speculation on Latin America	932	(3)
The Great Break: War and Revolution	935	(32)
The First World War	935	(12)
The Bismarckian System of Alliances	936	(1)
The Rival Blocs	936	(2)
The Outbreak of War	938	(5)
Stalemate and Slaughter	943	(1)
The Widening War	943	(4)
The Home Front	947	(3)
Mobilizing for Total War	947	(1)
The Social Impact	948	(1)
Growing Political Tensions	949	(1)
The Russian Revolution	950	(6)
The Fall of Imperial Russia	950	(1)
The Provisional Government	951	(1)
Lenin and the Bolshevik Revolution	952	(3)
Dictatorship and Civil War	955	(1)
The Peace Settlement	956	(3)
The End of the War	956	(1)
The Treaty of Versailles	957	(4)
American Rejection of the Versailles Treaty	961
Individuals in Society: Rosa Luxemburg	959	(5)
Summary	961	(1)
Key Terms	962	(1)
Notes	962	(1)
Suggested Reading	962	(2)
Listening to the Past: The Experience of War	964	(3)
Nationalism in Asia, 1914--1939	967	(32)
The First World War and Western Imperialism	968	(3)
The Middle East	971	(8)
The First World War and the Arab Revolt	971	(3)
The Turkish Revolution	974	(3)
Iran and Afghanistan	977	(1)
The Arab States and Palestine	977	(2)
Toward Self-Rule in India	979	(5)
Promises and Repression (1914--1919)	979	(1)
The Roots of Militant Nonviolence	980	(1)
Gandhi Leads the Way	981	(3)
Turmoil in East Asia	984	(5)
The Rise of Nationalist China	984	(2)
China's Intellectual Revolution	986	(2)
From Liberalism to Ultranationalism in Japan	988	(2)
Japan Against China	990	(3)
Southeast Asia	993
Individuals in Society: Ning Lao: A Chinese Working Woman	989	(7)
Summary	994	(1)
Key Terms	994	(1)
Notes	994	(1)
Suggested Reading	994	(2)
Listening to the Past: Arab Political Aspirations in 1919	996	(3)
The Age of Anxiety in the West	999	(26)
Uncertainty in Modern Thought	999	(7)
Modern Philosophy	1001	(1)
The Revival of Christianity	1002	(1)
The New Physics	1003	(1)
Freudian Psychology	1004	(1)
Twentieth-Century Literature	1005	(1)
Modern Art and Music	1006	(3)
Architecture and Design	1006	(1)
Modern Painting and Music	1007	(2)
Movies and Radio	1009	(1)
The Search for Peace and Political Stability	1010	(3)
Germany and the Western Powers	1011	(1)
Hope in Foreign Affairs (1924--1929)	1012	(1)
Individuals in Society: Gustav Stresemann	1013	(2)
The Great Depression (1929--1939)	1015	(7)
The Economic Crisis	1015	(1)
Mass Unemployment	1015	(2)
The New Deal in the United States	1017	(1)
The Scandinavian Response to the Depression	1018	(1)
Recovery and Reform in Britain and France	1019	(1)
Summary	1019	(1)
Key Terms	1020	(1)
Notes	1020	(1)
Suggested Reading	1020	(2)
Listening to the Past: Life on the Dole in Great Britain	1022	(3)
Dictatorships and the Second World War	1025	(34)
Authoritarian States	1026	(3)
Conservative Authoritarianism	1026	(1)
Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships	1026	(3)
Stalin's Soviet Union	1029	(5)
From Lenin to Stalin	1029	(1)
The Five-Year Plans	1030	(2)
Life and Culture in Soviet Society	1032	(1)
Stalinist Terror and the Great Purges	1033	(1)
Mussolini and Fascism in Italy	1034	(2)
The Seizure of Power	1034	(1)
The Regime in Action	1035	(1)
Hitler and Nazism in Germany	1036	(4)
The Roots of Nazism	1036	(1)
Hitler's Road to Power	1037	(1)
The Nazi State and Society	1038	(1)
Hitler's Popularity	1039	(1)
Nazi Expansion and the Second World War	1040	(9)
Aggression and Appeasement (1933--1939)	1040	(3)
Hitler's Empire (1939--1942)	1043	(4)
The War in the Pacific, 1940--1942	1047	(1)
The Grand Alliance	1048	(2)
The Tide of Battle	1050
Individuals in Society: Le Chambon, a Refuge for the Persecuted	1049	(7)
Summary	1053	(1)
Key Terms	1054	(1)
Notes	1054	(1)
Suggested Reading	1054	(2)
Listening to the Past: Witness to the Holocaust	1056	(3)
Recovery and Crisis in Europe and the Americas	1059	(42)
The Division of Europe	1060	(3)
The Origins of the Cold War	1060	(2)
West Versus East	1062	(1)
Renaissance and Crisis in Western Europe	1063	(5)
The Postwar Challenge	1063	(2)
``Building Europe'' and Decolonization	1065	(1)
The Changing Class Structure	1066	(1)
Economic and Social Dislocation, 1970--1990	1067	(1)
Global Trade: Oil	1068	(3)
Soviet Eastern Europe, 1945--1991	1071	(6)
Stalin's Last Years	1071	(1)
Limited De-Stalinization and Stagnation	1071	(3)
The Gorbachev Era	1074	(1)
The Revolutions of 1989	1074	(2)
Cold War Finale and Soviet Disintegration	1076	(1)
Individuals in Society: Vaclav Havel	1077	(2)
The Western Hemisphere	1079	(8)
America's Civil Rights Revolution	1080	(1)
Youth and the Counterculture	1081	(1)
The United States in World Affairs, 1964--1991	1081	(2)
Economic Nationalism in Latin America	1083	(2)
Authoritarianism and Democracy in Latin America	1085	(2)
The Post-Cold War Era, 1991 to the Present	1087	(11)
Common Patterns and Problems	1089	(2)
Recasting Eastern Europe	1091	(4)
Unity and Identity in Western Europe	1095	(1)
Summary	1096	(1)
Key Terms	1096	(1)
Notes	1096	(1)
Suggested Reading	1096	(2)
Listening to the Past: A Solidarity Leader Speaks from Prison	1098	(3)
Asia and Africa in the Contemporary World	1101	(36)
The Resurgence of East Asia	1101	(7)
The Communist Victory in China	1102	(1)
Mao's China	1102	(2)
The Limits of Reform	1104	(2)
Japan's American Revolution	1106	(1)
``Japan, Inc.''	1106	(2)
New Nations in South Asia	1108	(8)
The End of British India	1108	(2)
Pakistan and Bangladesh	1110	(1)
India Since Independence	1110	(3)
Malaya, Singapore, and the Philippine Islands	1113	(1)
Nation Building in Indonesia	1114	(1)
The Reunification of Vietnam	1115	(1)
The Islamic Heartland	1116	(6)
The Arab-Israeli Conflict	1117	(1)
The Development of Egypt	1117	(1)
Israel and the Palestinians	1117	(3)
Nationalism, Fundamentalism, and Competition	1120	(1)
Algeria and the Civil War	1121	(1)
Imperialism and Nationalism in Black Africa	1122	(5)
The Growth of African Nationalism	1122	(1)
Achieving Independence with New Leaders	1123	(1)
Ghana Shows the Way	1124	(1)
French-Speaking Regions	1125	(2)
Individuals in Society: Leopold Sedar Senghor, Poet and Statesman	1127
Sub-Saharan Africa Since 1960	1125	(9)
Striving for National Unity	1126	(2)
Nigeria, Africa's Giant	1128	(1)
The Struggle in Southern Africa	1129	(2)
Political Reform Since 1990	1131	(1)
Summary	1132	(1)
Key Terms	1132	(1)
Notes	1132	(1)
Suggested Reading	1133	(1)
Listening to the Past: The Struggle for Freedom in South Africa	1134	(3)
Changing Lives in the Developing Countries	1137	(26)
The Emergence of the Third World	1138	(1)
Economic and Social Challenges	1138	(7)
Poverty	1138	(1)
The Medical Revolution and the Population Explosion	1139	(2)
The Race to Industrialize (1950--1970)	1141	(2)
Agriculture and the Green Revolution (1960--1980)	1143	(2)
The Growth of Cities, 1945 to the Present	1145	(6)
Rapid Urbanization	1145	(3)
Overcrowding and Shantytowns	1148	(1)
Rich and Poor	1149	(2)
Migration and the Family	1151	(1)
Growing Diversity Since 1980	1151	(2)
Mass Culture and Contemporary Thought	1153	(4)
Education and Mass Communications	1153	(1)
Interpreting the Experiences of the Emerging World	1154	(3)
Individuals in Society: Rigoberta Menchu: Speaking for Her People	1157	(3)
Summary	1158	(1)
Key Terms	1158	(1)
Notes	1158	(1)
Suggested Reading	1158	(2)
Listening to the Past: Voices from the Village	1160	(3)
One Small Planet	1163
World Politics	1163	(6)
Nation-States and the United Nations	1164	(4)
Complexity and Violence	1168	(3)
The Terrorist Threat	1171	(1)
Weapons of Mass Destruction	1172
Individuals in Society: Kofi Annan	1169	(5)
Global Interdependence	1174	(7)
Pressure on Vital Resources	1174	(2)
Relations Between Rich and Poor Countries	1176	(3)
The Multinational Corporations	1179	(2)
Patterns of Thought	1181	(5)
Secular Ideologies	1181	(2)
Religious Belief: Christianity and Islam	1183	(2)
Searching for Mystical Experience	1185	(1)
Summary	1185	(3)
Key Terms	1188	(1)
Notes	1188	(1)
Suggested Reading	1188
Listening to the Past: One World and a Plan for Survival	1186
Index	1	(61)
Timeline: A History of World Societies	62