Holographic Data Storage

by Coufal, Hans J.; Psaltis, Demetri; Sincerbox, Glenn

• ISBN13: 9783540666912
• ISBN10: 3540666915
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-10-01
• Publisher: Springer Nature

Summary

Holographic Data Storageis an outstanding reference book on an exciting topic reaching out to the 21st century's key technologies. The editors, Hans J. Coufal (IBM), Demetri Psaltis (CalTech), and Glenn Sincerbox (University of Arizona), together with leading experts in this area of research from both academic research and industry, bring together the latest knowledge on this technique. The book starts with an introduction on the history and fundamentals, multiplexing methods, and noise sources. The following chapters describe in detail recording media, components, channels, platforms for demonstration, and competing technologies such as classical hard disks or optical disks. More than 700 references make this book the ultimate source of information for the years to come. The book is intended for physicists, optical engineers, and executives alike.

Table of Contents

List of Contributors	xxi
Part I Introduction
History and Physical Principles	3	(18)
G.T. Sincerbox
Holographic Storage Principles	4	(6)
Redundant Storage	6	(1)
Multiplexing	7	(2)
High Data Rate	9	(1)
Rapid Access	9	(1)
Novel Functions	9	(1)
Historical Development	10	(8)
Bell Labs and the Digital Page	11	(1)
IBM HOSP	11	(1)
RCA Holographic Memory	12	(1)
3M Holographic Data Storage System	12	(1)
Thompson-CSF Read-Write Memory Using Angular Multiplexing	13	(1)
NEC Holographic Coding Plate or Holotablet	13	(1)
Harris-Intertype Wide-Band Recorder	13	(1)
Hitachi Holographic Video Disk	14	(1)
Optical Data Systems Holoscan	14	(1)
Holographic Storage in the Soviet Union	14	(1)
NEC Holographic Disk	15	(1)
MEI Kanji Character Generation System	15	(1)
Tamarack Multistore	16	(1)
The PRISM Test Stand	16	(1)
Stanford University	16	(1)
Holoplex Memory Device for Fingerprint Verification	17	(1)
Rockwell Read-Only Demonstrator	17	(1)
IBM DEMON	18	(1)
Summary	18	(3)
References	19	(2)
Volume Holographic Multiplexing Methods	21	(42)
G. Barbastathis
D. Psaltis
Holographic Storage and Retrieval	21	(9)
Overview of Holographic Multiplexing Methods	25	(3)
Holographic Storage Geometries and Imaging Systems	28	(2)
Scattering from Volume Gratings	30	(25)
Volume Diffraction in the Born Approximation	31	(2)
Volume Diffraction of Scalar Fields	33	(9)
Volume Diffraction Calculations Using the k-Sphere Formulation	42	(5)
Visualization of the Multiplexing Methods on the Grating Space	47	(5)
Grating Manifold Motion and Fractal Multiplexing	52	(3)
Architectures for Holographic Memories	55	(4)
The Holographic 3-D Disk Geometry	55	(2)
The Holographic Random-Access Memory (HRAM)	57	(1)
The Phase Conjugate Geometry	57	(2)
Summary	59	(4)
References	59	(4)
Fundamental Noise Sources in Volume Holographic Storage	63	(28)
C. Gu
P. Yeh
X. Yi
J. Hong
Cross-Talk Noise	63	(13)
Theoretical Formulation	64	(2)
Cross-Talk Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio	66	(6)
Storage Capacity	72	(4)
Intrinsic Scattering Noise	76	(3)
Noise Gratings	79	(8)
Conclusion	87	(4)
References	87	(4)
Part II Recording Media
Bit Error Rate for Holographic Data Storage	91	(10)
J.A. Hoffnagle
C.M. Jefferson
Definition of Bit Error Rate	92	(1)
BER in Terms of Pixel Distribution Functions	93	(1)
Experimental Distributions of CCD Pixel Values	94	(5)
Applications	99	(2)
References	100	(1)
Media Requirements for Digital Holographic Data Storage	101	(12)
R.M. Shelby
Ideal Media Parameters	101	(4)
Optical Quality	101	(2)
Sensitivity	103	(1)
Dynamic Range	104	(1)
Absorption	105	(1)
Volatility	105	(1)
Example Materials	105	(2)
Stability of Stored Data	107	(1)
Dark Decay	107	(1)
Decay During Readout: Fixing	107	(1)
Two-Color Recording	108	(1)
Hologram Fidelity and Bit Error Rate	108	(1)
Conclusions	109	(4)
References	109	(4)
Inorganic Photorefractive Materials	113	(14)
K. Buse
E. Kratzig
Charge Transport	114	(3)
Storage Properties: Dark Storage Time, Response Time, Capacity, Sensitivity	117	(1)
Theoretical Performance Limits	118	(1)
Various Crystals	119	(2)
Nondestructive Readout	121	(1)
Conclusions	122	(5)
References	123	(4)
Hologram Fixing and Nonvolatile Storage in Photorefractive Materials	127	(22)
S.S. Orlov
W. Phillips
Thermally Assisted Ionic Fixing	128	(8)
Hologram Fixing and Ionic Conduction in LiNbO3	130	(1)
Lifetime of Fixed Ionic Gratings	131	(3)
High-Low Fixing	134	(2)
Fixing by Spontaneous Polarization Modulation	136	(2)
Two-Photon Holographic Recording in Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate	138	(11)
Undoped Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate	139	(5)
Doped Stoichiometric Lithium Niobate	144	(2)
Summary on Two-Photon Recording in LiNbO3	146	(1)
References	146	(3)
Two-Color Holography in Lithium Niobate	149	(10)
R. Macfarlane
H. Guenther
Y. Furukawa
L. Kitamura
Materials	151	(1)
Experimental	152	(1)
Spectroscopy and Sensitization	152	(1)
Photorefractive Properties	153	(4)
Sensitivity	154	(1)
Gating Ratio	155	(1)
Dynamic Range	155	(1)
Dark Decay	156	(1)
The Role of Iron	156	(1)
Conclusion	157	(2)
References	158	(1)
Overview of Photorefractive Polymers for Holographic Data Storage	159	(12)
B. Kippelen
Brief History of Photorefractive Polymers	159	(2)
Physics and Chemistry of Photorefractive Polymers	161	(3)
Photogeneration	161	(1)
Transport	161	(2)
Index Change: Electro-Optic and Orientational Effects	163	(1)
Performance of Current Photorefractive Polymers	164	(3)
Spectral Sensitivity	164	(1)
Dynamic Range	164	(2)
Material Stability	166	(1)
Speed	166	(1)
Applications	167	(1)
Trends and Outlook	167	(4)
References	168	(3)
Photopolymer Systems	171	(28)
R.T. Ingwall
D. Waldman
Introduction	171	(1)
Chemistry of Photopolymer Systems	171	(4)
Monomers	171	(2)
Photoinitiation Systems	173	(1)
Binders	174	(1)
Recording Characteristics of Photopolymers	175	(2)
Recording Mechanism	177	(4)
Refractive Index Changes	177	(3)
Component Segregation	180	(1)
Recording Thick Photopolymer Holograms	181	(4)
Light Absorption	181	(3)
Low Viscosity	184	(1)
Image Quality in Photopolymer Holograms	185	(6)
Shrinkage	185	(6)
Data Storage in Photopolymer Holograms	191	(4)
Multiplexing	191	(3)
Data Page Recording	194	(1)
Summary	195	(4)
References	195	(4)
Photopolymers for Digital Holographic Data Storage	199	(10)
L. Dhar
M.G. Schnoes
H.E. Katz
A. Hale
M.L. Schilling
A.L. Harris
Hologram Formation in Photopolymer Systems	200	(1)
Photopolymer Materials	200	(1)
Formation of Thick, Optically Flat Media	201	(1)
Holographic Characterization of Photopolymer Media	202	(3)
Recording-Induced Bragg Detuning	202	(1)
Dynamic Range	203	(2)
Holographic Digital Data Storage in Photopolymer Media	205	(2)
Summary	207	(2)
References	207	(2)
Photoaddressable Polymers	209	(22)
T. Bieringer
Photoaddressable Polymers	209	(7)
Photochemistry of Azobenzene	210	(1)
Azobenzene Containing Polymers	211	(1)
Liquid Crystalline Side Chain Polymers	212	(4)
Materials Under Investigation	216	(3)
The Choice of the Main Chain	216	(1)
The Spacer	217	(1)
The Choice of the Azo Group	217	(1)
The Choice of the Mesogenic Group	218	(1)
The Azo Group Concentration	218	(1)
State of the Art in the Literature	219	(2)
Photoaddressable Polymers from Bayer	221	(1)
Photoaddressable Polymers Used in Holographic Data Storage	222	(1)
Open Questions and Outlook	223	(8)
References	223	(8)
Part III Components
Laser Sources	231	(10)
B. Pezeshki
S.S. Orlov
Laser Requirements	231	(1)
Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers	232	(2)
Semiconductor Lasers	234	(7)
References	239	(2)
Beam Deflectors and Spatial Light Modulators for Holographic Storage Application	241	(18)
G. Zhou
F. Mok
D. Psaltis
Description of the Holographic Disk System	241	(3)
Recording Density	244	(2)
SLM Characteristics and System SNR	246	(4)
Recording Rate	250	(3)
Beam Deflector for Holographic Data Readout	253	(6)
References	256	(3)
Beam Conditioning Techniques for Holographic Recording Systems	259	(12)
R.K. Kostuk
M.P. Bernal Artajona
Q. Gao
Defocusing	260	(1)
Random Phase Masks	261	(2)
Pseudo-Random Phase Masks	263	(2)
Axicons	265	(3)
Discussion and Summary	268	(3)
References	268	(3)
Detector Arrays for Digital Holographic Storage Applications	271	(12)
S. Campbell
E.R. Fossum
General Considerations for Detector Arrays	272	(2)
Size, Power and Cost	272	(1)
Number of Pixels, Readout Rate, and Pixel Size Considerations	273	(1)
Noise, Dynamic Range, and Analog-to-Digital Converter Resolution	273	(1)
Detector Array Choices	274	(4)
Quantum Efficiency	276	(1)
Noise	276	(2)
Readout Rate	278	(1)
System Implementation	278	(1)
Conclusion	279	(4)
References	279	(4)
Part IV Channels
Modulation Codes for Holographic Recording	283	(10)
B. Marcus
Block Codes	283	(3)
Correlation Detection and Balanced Block Codes	284	(1)
Sparse Block Codes	285	(1)
Parity Thresholding	286	(1)
Strip Codes	286	(7)
Balanced and Pseudo-Balanced Strip Codes	287	(1)
Inter-Pixel Interference and Low-Pass Codes	288	(1)
Combined Constant-Weight Low-Pass Codes	289	(2)
References	291	(2)
Interleaving and Error Correction for Holographic Storage	293	(16)
M.A. Neifeld
W.-C. Chou
Capacity	294	(3)
Error Correction	297	(3)
Interleaving	300	(5)
Conclusions	305	(4)
References	305	(4)
Equalization for Volume Holographic Data Storage Systems	309	(10)
B.V.K. Vijaya Kumar
V. Vadde
M. Keskinoz
Channel Modeling	310	(1)
Equalization Methods	311	(4)
Zero Forcing Equalization	312	(1)
LMMSE Equalization	313	(1)
Partial Response (PR) Equalization	314	(1)
Equalization Results	315	(1)
Implementation Issues	316	(1)
Summary	316	(3)
References	317	(2)
Gray-Scale Data Pages for Digital Holographic Data Storage	319	(12)
G.W. Burr
M.A. Neifeld
Motivation for Gray-Scale	319	(2)
Predistortion	321	(2)
Encoding Digital Data into Gray-Scale Pixels	323	(1)
Capacity Estimation	324	(2)
Optimizing the Error-Correction Coding to Obtain User Capacity	326	(1)
Summary	327	(4)
References	328	(3)
Part V Demonstration Platforms
System Optimization for Holographic Data Storage Systems	331	(12)
G.W. Burr
M.P. Bernal Artajona
Noise	331	(3)
Camera Quantization	334	(1)
Choice of Fill-Factors and Apertures	335	(2)
Capacity-Estimation Procedure	337	(1)
Choice of ECC Design Point: Effect of Variations in Diffraction Efficiency	338	(2)
Summary	340	(3)
References	340	(3)
Tamarack Optical Head Holographic Storage	343	(16)
S. Redfield
Roots	343	(1)
Design Evolution	343	(3)
Final System Approach	346	(3)
Requirements	347	(1)
Optical Head	347	(1)
Media Disk	348	(1)
Data Format	349	(1)
Holographic Optical Head	349	(4)
Reference Path Optical Design	349	(3)
Object Path Optical Design	352	(1)
Mechanical Design	353	(3)
Page Motor Design	353	(1)
HOH-Media Positioning	353	(1)
Changer	354	(2)
Summary	356	(3)
High-Density, High-Performance Data Storage via Volume Holography: The Lucent Technologies Hardware Platform	359	(10)
K. Curtis
W.L. Wilson
M.C. Tackitt
A.J. Hill
S. Campbell
Materials	360	(1)
Multiplexing Methods	361	(2)
Components	363	(2)
Holographic Demonstration System	365	(2)
System Evolution	367	(1)
Summary	367	(2)
References	368	(1)
IBM Holographic Digital Data Storage Test Platforms	369	(14)
C.M. Jefferson
G.W. Burr
J.A. Hoffnagle
PRISM Photorefractive Materials Tester	369	(5)
DEMON I Holographic Data Storage Engine	374	(2)
DEMON II Advanced Holographic Digital Data Storage Engine	376	(2)
Innovative Optics	378	(5)
Axicons	378	(1)
Aspherical Apodizer	379	(2)
References	381	(2)
Digital Holographic Demonstration Systems by Stanford University and Siros Technologies	383	(16)
L. Hesselink
Optical Architectures	384	(1)
Capacity Versus Transfer Rate Tradeoff	384	(2)
Demonstration Platforms	386	(1)
The Stanford University all Digital System Demonstration (Science, 1994)	386	(5)
The Siros First Fully Automated Video Demonstration (1995)	391	(1)
The Siros Fully Automated System with Electronic Readout at Video Rates (PRISM, 1996)	392	(1)
The Stanford University and Siros Fully Electronic Data Readout System Achieving 1 Gbit/s (HDSS, 2000)	393	(2)
The Stanford University and Siros 100-Gbytes Capacity and 1 Gbit/s Readout System Demonstrator	395	(4)
References	396	(3)
Holographic Read-Only Memory	399	(10)
F. Mok
G. Zhou
D. Psaltis
Specifications	400	(1)
Recorder	400	(2)
Reader	402	(2)
Replication	404	(5)
Digital Holographic Data Storage with Fast Access	409	(10)
J. Ma
T. Chang
S. Choi
J. Hong
Introduction	409	(1)
System Architecture	410	(2)
System Operation	412	(7)
References	417	(2)
A Demonstration Platform for Phase-Coded Multiplexing	419	(10)
C. Denz
K.-O. Muller
F. Visinka
T. Tschudi
Phase-Coded Multiplexing	419	(2)
Phase Code Generation	420	(1)
Arithmetic Image Operations	421	(1)
Design and Implementation of the Demonstrator	421	(2)
Experimental Results	423	(4)
Arithmetic Image Operations	425	(1)
Data Encryption	426	(1)
Summary	427	(2)
References	428	(1)
Volume Holographic Optical Correlators	429	(18)
P.A. Mitkas
G.W. Burr
Optical Correlation	429	(2)
Volume Holographic Correlators	431	(1)
Volume Holographic Database System Architecture	432	(3)
Associative Recall with Binary Data	433	(1)
Associative Recall with Image Data	434	(1)
Fuzzy Volume Holographic Search Engine	435	(2)
All-Optical Search-and-Retrieve Demonstration	436	(1)
Evaluation of Associative Recall	437	(6)
Conclusion	443	(4)
References	443	(4)
Part VI Competing Technologies
The Continuing Evolution of Magnetic Hard Disk Drives	447	(16)
E. Grochowski
Areal Density	448	(2)
Magnetic Recording Head Physics GMR	450	(2)
Magnetic Disk Design and Physical Spacing	452	(1)
The Mechanical HDD Design and Form Factor Evolution	453	(2)
Price	455	(2)
Performance and Coding	457	(2)
Super Paramagnetism and ``Limits'' for Magnetic Recording	459	(3)
Conclusion	462	(1)
References	462	(1)
Optical Disk Storage Roadmap	463	(12)
B.H. Schechtman
Product Categories	464	(3)
Technology Status and Outlook	467	(5)
Summary	472	(3)
References	472	(3)
Alternative Storage Techniques	475	(6)
G.R. Ashton
W.C. Mitchell
Three-Dimensional Optical Recording	475	(2)
Electron Trapping Optical Memory	475	(1)
Liquid Crystal Optical Disk	475	(1)
Surface-Enhanced Raman Optical Data Storage	476	(1)
Optical Tape Technology	476	(1)
New Storage Forms	477	(2)
Persistent Spectral Hole Burning	477	(1)
Two-Photon Three-Dimensional Recording	477	(1)
Charged Particle Beam Technology	477	(1)
Optical Storage Card	478	(1)
Scanning Probe Storage	478	(1)
Conclusions	479	(2)
References	479	(2)
Index	481