How Fighting Ends A History of Surrender

by Afflerbach, Holger; Strachan, Hew

• ISBN13: 9780199693627
• ISBN10: 0199693625
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2012-09-29
• Publisher: Oxford University Press

Summary

There are many histories of how wars have begun, but very few which discuss how they have ended. This book fills that gap. Beginning with the Stone Age and ending with globalized terrorism, it addresses the specific issue of surrender, rather than the subsequent establishment of peace. At its heart is the individual warrior or soldier, and his or her decision to lay down arms. In the ancient world surrender led in most cases to slavery, but a slave still lived rather than died. Inthe modern world international law gives the soldiers rights as prisoners of war, and those rights include the prospect of their eventual return home. But individuals can surrender at any point in a war, and without having such an effect that they end the war. The termination of hostilities dependson a collective act for its consequences to be decisive. It also requires the enemy to accept the offer to surrender in the midst of combat. In other words, like so much else in war, surrender depends on reciprocity - on the readiness of one side to stop fighting and of the other to accept that readiness. This volume argues that surrender is the single biggest contributor to the containment of violence in warfare, offering the vanquished the opportunity to survive and the victor the chance toshow moderation and magnanimity. Since the rules of surrender have developed over time, they form a key element in understanding the cultural history of warfare.

Author Biography

Holger Afflerbach, from 2002-2006, was DAAD Professor of History at Emory University. Afflerbach specializes in late nineteenth and twentieth Century German history; international relations; military history, particularly World War I and World War II; and Austrian and Italian history. Among his publications are the biography of the Prussian War Minister and Chief of General Staff Erich von Falkenhayn (Munich 1994, second edition 1996); his study of the Triple Alliance, entitled Der Dreibund. Europaische Grossmacht und Allianzpolitik vor dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Vienna 2002); and a popular book on the history of the Atlantic: Das entfesselte Meer (Munich, 2002). He also edited an edition of sources from the German Headquarters in World War I under the title Kaiser Wilhelm II: als Oberster Kriegsherr wahrend des Ersten Weltkrieges - Quellen aus der militarischen Umgebung des Kaisers (Munich, 2005). He is is Professor of Central European History at the University of Leeds.

Hew Strachan's research interests are military history from the eighteenth century to date, including contemporary strategic studies, but with particular interest in the First World War and in the history of the British Army. Among his numerous publications are: European Armies and the Conduct of War (London, 1983); Wellington's Legacy: The Reform of the British Army 1830-54 (Manchester, 1984); From Waterloo to Balaclava: Tactics, Technology and the British Army (Cambridge, 1985) ; The Politics of the British Army (Oxford, 1997); (ed.) The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War (Oxford, 1998); The First World War: A New Illustrated History (London, 2003). He is Chichele Professor of the History of War at All Souls College, Oxford.

Table of Contents

Introduction:
Part I: No Quarter? The Beginnings of Surrender
1. No Surrender in Prehistoric Warfare Chapter, Laurence Keeley
2. Surrender in Ancient Greece, Paul Cartledge
3. Surrender in Ancient Rome, Loretana de Libero
Part II: Learning to Surrender? The Middle Ages
Introduction: Surrender in Medieval Times, Hans Henning Kortum
4. Surrender in Medieval Europe - An Indirect Approach, John Gillingham
5. Surrender and Capitulation in the Middle East in the Age of the Crusades, John France
6. Basil II the Bulgar-slayer and the blinding of 15,000 Bulgarians in 1014: mutilation and prisoners-of -war in the Middle Ages, Catherine Holmes
Part III: The Developments of Rules and Regulations: Surrender in Early Modern Times
Introduction: Honourable Surrender in Early Modern European History, John A. Lynn
III.a. Surrender in Intercultural Wars
7. How Fighting ended in the Aztec Empire and its Surrender to the Europeans, Ross Hassig
8. Different Concepts of Surrender: William Campbell
Surrender in the Northeastern Borderlands of Native America
III.b.: Surrender in Early Modern Europe
9. Surrender in the Thirty-Years War, Lothar Hobelt
10. Surrender and the Laws of War in Western Europe, c. 1650-1783, John Childs
11. Rituals of Surrender in the American, Daniel Krebs
War of Independence
Part IV: A Question of Honour: Surrender in Sea Warfare
12. Surrender in Sea Warfare from Elizabethan to our own Times, Holger Afflerbach
Part V: The Times of International Law: Surrender in Modern Wars
Introduction: Hew Strachan: Surrender in Modern Warfare since the
French Revolution
V.a. The 19th Century
13. "Civilized, rational behaviour"? The Concept of Surrender in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, 1792-1815, Michael Broers
14. Robert E. Lee, the Army of Northern Virginia and Confederate Surrender, Joseph Glatthaar
15. Surrender in 19th Century Colonial Wars, Edward Spiers
V.b. Surrender in World War I.
16. Methods of Individual Surrender in the Great War, Alan Kramer
17. By the book? Commanders surrendering in World War I, Dennis Showalter
18. The breaking point: Surrender 1918, Jay Winter
Part VI: Unconditional Surrender? World War II
Introduction: Gerhard Weinberg: Surrender in World War II
VI a. 'Conventional' surrenders
19. French Surrender in 1940: Soldiers, Commanders, Civilians, Martin Alexander
20. The Issue of Surrender in the Malayan Campaign, 1941-1942, Mark Connelly
21. Neither Defeat nor Surrender: Italy's Change of Alliances in 1943, John Gooch
VI b. Germany and Japan in World War II
22. German Soldiers and Surrender, 1945, John Zimmermann
23. Kamikaze Warfare in Imperial Japan's Existential Crisis, 1944-1945, Mordecai George Sheftall
24. The German surrender 1945, Richard Bessel
Part VII: Our times: Asymmetric Wars - Endless Wars and No Surrender?
25. Kosovo, the Serbian Surrender and the Western Dilemma: achieving victories with low casualties, Michael Codner
26. How Fighting Ends - Asymmetric Wars, Terrorism, and Suicide Bombing, Audrey Kurth Cronin
Conclusion
Index