Human Behavior And the Social Environment: Theory and Practice

by Lesser, Joan Granucci; Pope, Donna Saia

• ISBN13: 9780205420193
• ISBN10: 0205420192
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2011-01-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

This comprehensive text integrates multiple dimensions of the human experience in a reader-friendly style and provides the interface between developmental theory and practice. Human Behavior and the Social Environment, 1/e,introduces and incorporates current research on the biological, psychological, socio-cultural, and spiritual dimensions of human behavior throughout the life-cycle. The authors provide an appropriate focus on contemporary perspectives that are central to the practice of social work, such as trauma, neurobiological underpinnings of behavior, chronic illness and disability. They pay particular attention to models of racial, ethnic, class, gender and gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender identity development; to the influences of gender, sexual orientation, social class, race and culture on family structure and function, and to issues pertinent to a variety of "post-modern" family forms. The text explores macro influences of groups, communities and organizations in individual chapters. It also contains a chapter on social welfare policy that examines the impact of specific policies at each stage of the life-cycle and paves the way for new directions in research and future directions in policy and practice. Any market interested ina comprehensive text that integrates the multiple dimensions of the human experience in a reader-friendly style and provides the interface between developmental theory and practice.

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
About the Authors	xxiii
PART I Conceptual Issues
An Integrating Framework for Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice	1	(23)
Introduction	2	(1)
Human Behavior Theory and Social Work Practice: A Historical Approach	2	(6)
The Roots of Modern Social Work Practice: A Person-in-Environment Focus	2	(3)
The Emergence of the Medical Model	5	(1)
Empowerment Perspectives: Integrating Group Work and Emphasizing Racial Justice and Social Change	5	(1)
The Diagnostic School and the Family Therapy Movement	6	(1)
Historical Division by Professional Fields and Methods of Practice	7	(1)
Reform Approaches	7	(1)
An Integrating Framework for Human Behavior Theory: The Foundation for Multi-Level Practice	8	(8)
The Social Systems Model	8	(1)
The Ecological Perspective	9	(1)
An Ecosystems Approach	10	(6)
Practice Example 1.1: A Hospital in Crisis	16	(5)
Analysis of Practice Example 1.1 from an Ecosystems Perspective	19	(2)
The Integrating Framework: Contemporary Perspectives	21	(2)
Developmental Contexualism: Assessing Risk and Protective Factors in the Context of Human Development	21	(1)
Community-Based Practice	22	(1)
Summary	23	(1)
Neurobiological Underpinnings of Human Development	24	(21)
Introduction	25	(1)
The Neuroanatomy of the Brain	25	(4)
Functions of the Limbic System	26	(1)
Functions of the Parts of the Brain	27	(1)
How Neurons Communicate with Each Other	27	(2)
Experiences and Gene Expression	29	(1)
Neurobehavioral Disorders	29	(3)
Autism	31	(1)
Practice Example 2.1: Jenny	32	(3)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	32	(3)
Practice Example 2.2: Joseph	35	(1)
Asperger's Disorder	35	(1)
Practice Example 2.3: Susan	36	(2)
Dyslexia	36	(1)
Mental Retardation:	37	(1)
Practice Example 2.4: Jaimie	38	(1)
The Mood Disorders	38	(5)
Depression	38	(3)
Bipolar Disorder	41	(1)
Generalized Anxiety Disorder	42	(1)
Summary	43	(2)
PART II The Individual
Theories of Development	45	(31)
Introduction	46	(1)
Multicultural Theory	46	(1)
Psychodynamic Theory	47	(13)
Drive Theory	48	(3)
Brief Intensive Psychotherapy (BIP)	51	(1)
Ego Psychology	52	(6)
Object Relations Theory	58	(1)
Self Psychology	59	(1)
Cognitive Theory	60	(5)
Cognitive Specificity Hypothesis	61	(1)
Schemata	61	(1)
Cognitive Distortions	62	(1)
Treatment Agenda	62	(3)
Rating Scales	65	(1)
Behavioral Theory	65	(1)
Reinforcement	65	(1)
Social Skills Training	66	(1)
Assertiveness Training	66	(1)
Imagery-Based Techniques	66	(1)
Constructivism	66	(1)
Cognitive Behavioral Constructivist Theory	67	(1)
Narrative Therapy	68	(1)
Feminist Theory	69	(1)
Cultural Relational Theory	70	(1)
Mutual Empathy	70	(1)
Relationship Authenticity	70	(1)
Relationship Differentiation	71	(1)
Self-Empathy	71	(1)
Theories of Play Therapy	71	(4)
Relational Play Therapy	72	(1)
Cognitive Behavioral Play Therapy	72	(1)
Developmental Play Therapy	73	(2)
Summary	75	(1)
Identity Development	76	(27)
Introduction	77	(1)
Racial Identity Development	78	(2)
Practice Example 4.1: Cross-Racial Counseling Session	80	(4)
Black Identity Development	80	(1)
Biracial Identity Development	81	(3)
Ethnic Identity Development	84	(1)
White Identity Development	85	(2)
Gender Identity Development	87	(2)
Cognitive Development Theorists	88	(1)
Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Identity Development	89	(7)
Homosexual Identity Development	91	(1)
Lesbian and Gay Identity Development	92	(3)
Bisexual and Transgender Identity Development	95	(1)
Social Class Identity	96	(5)
Summary	101	(2)
PART III The Sociocultural Context of Human Development
The Family in Society	103	(30)
Introduction: The Family as a Societal Subsystem	104	(11)
The Contemporary Family	104	(1)
The Family Defined	104	(2)
The Inner Life of the Family System	106	(1)
The Family as a Social System	106	(1)
Family Structure	107	(3)
Interactional Processes in Families	110	(4)
Patterns of Communication in Families	114	(1)
Practice Example 5.1: Mrs. A	115	(17)
The Family System over Time: Family Development, Stress, and Adaptation	116	(3)
Families in Context: Effects of Socioeconomic and Sociocultural Variables	119	(6)
Contextual Variations in Family Form	125	(7)
Summary	132	(1)
Group-Work Practice	133	(29)
Introduction	134	(1)
Definition of a Group	135	(5)
Group Norms and Group Roles	136	(1)
Leadership	137	(1)
Power and Authority	138	(1)
Role of the Group Leader	138	(1)
Co-Leadership	139	(1)
Pregroup Planning: Group Structure and Stages of Group Development	140	(4)
Group Structure	140	(1)
Social Context	140	(1)
Agency Context and Sponsorship	141	(1)
Need	142	(1)
Purpose	142	(1)
Composition	143	(1)
Practice Example 6.1: Treatment Group Contract	144	(2)
Structure	144	(1)
Content	145	(1)
Stages of Group Development and the Role of the Group Leader	146	(3)
Types of Groups	149	(5)
Task Groups	150	(4)
Practice Example 6.2: Interview Guide for Focus Groups	154	(6)
Treatment Groups	155	(3)
Self-Help Groups	158	(1)
Woman's Groups	159	(1)
Persons with Disabilities in Groups	159	(1)
Technology-Mediated Groups	160	(1)
Summary	160	(2)
Communities and Organizations	162	(26)
Introduction	163	(1)
Key Socio-Structural Concepts	163	(2)
Social Structure	163	(1)
Power, Oppression, and Patterns of Social Interaction	164	(1)
The Community Defined	165	(1)
Community Functions	166	(1)
Production-Distribution-Consumption	166	(1)
Socialization	166	(1)
Social Control	167	(1)
Social Participation	167	(1)
Mutual Support	167	(1)
Community Competence	167	(1)
Community Structure	168	(3)
Community Subsystems: Formal and Informal Structures	168	(1)
Formal Organizations: Bureaucracy and Scientific Management	168	(1)
Organizational Auspices	169	(1)
Rational and Nonrational Processes in Organizations	169	(1)
Informal Structures in Formal Organizations	170	(1)
Structural Linkages in Organizational Communities	170	(1)
The Changing Societal Context for Community Life	171	(4)
Structural Changes in the Economy	171	(1)
Demographic Changes	172	(1)
Technological Changes	172	(1)
Poverty	173	(1)
Changes in the Social Welfare System	173	(1)
Formal Organizations: Changing Paradigms	174	(1)
The Changing Character of Community Life: The Postmodern Community	175	(3)
Production-Distribution-Consumption	176	(1)
Socialization	176	(1)
Social Control	176	(1)
Social Participation	177	(1)
Mutuality	177	(1)
Contemporary Issues in Community Practice	178	(2)
Community-Based Practice: Building a Bridge Between Micro- and Macropractice	178	(2)
Practice Example 7.1: Community-Based Practice for Women with Chronic Mental Illness	180	(3)
Community Macropractice: Skills and Strategies	180	(1)
Community Building: An Integrated Approach	181	(2)
Social Justice and Contemporary Communities	183	(1)
Practice Example 7.2: Community Building for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transsexual, and Transgender Youth	183	(3)
Practice Example 7.3: The Black Family and the Black Church	186	(1)
Summary	187	(1)
Spiritual Development, by Carolyn Jacobs	188	(16)
Introduction	189	(1)
Definitions of Spirituality	190	(2)
Cultural Diversity and Spirituality	192	(2)
Feminist Spirituality	194	(1)
Family and Community	195	(1)
Spirituality and Life-Cycle Stages	196	(2)
Spiritual Assessment	198	(5)
Questions for a Religious Community	199	(1)
Personal Meanings Attached to Symbols, Rituals, Beliefs, and Divine Figures	199	(1)
Relationship to Religious Resources	200	(2)
FICA: A Spiritual Assessment	202	(1)
Summary	203	(1)
PART IV The Human Life Cycle
Infancy	204	(20)
Introduction	205	(1)
The Inherent Nature of the Infant	205	(5)
Sensory-Perceptual Capacities	205	(2)
Innate Motivational and Behavioral Systems	207	(1)
Temperament	208	(2)
Developmental Maturation in Infancy	210	(11)
Neurological Maturation	210	(2)
Attachment	212	(9)
Alternate Pathways for Attachment in Contemporary Life	221	(1)
Substitute Child Care	221	(1)
Adoption and Assisted Reproduction	221	(1)
Summary	222	(2)
Early Childhood: The Toddler and Early School Years	224	(23)
Introduction	225	(1)
Biological-Psychological Development	225	(9)
Neurological Development	225	(1)
Motor Development	226	(1)
Cognitive Development	226	(1)
Language Development	227	(1)
The Emerging Sense of Self	228	(6)
Sociocultural Development: A Transactional View	234	(1)
Peer Relationships and Play	235	(11)
Temperament	236	(2)
Disabilities	238	(2)
The Child-Rearing Environment	240	(4)
School Readiness and Later School Achievement	244	(2)
Summary	246	(1)
Middle Childhood	247	(47)
Introduction	248	(1)
Biological and Physical Development	249	(45)
Early Adulthood	294	(18)
Introduction	295	(1)
Biological and Psychological Development	296	(2)
Health and Safety	297	(1)
Fertility	297	(1)
Cognitive Functioning: Post-Formal Thought	297	(1)
Intelligence	298	(1)
Socio-Cultural Functioning: Development in Context	298	(8)
Changing Relationship with the Family of Origin	299	(1)
Forming Intimate Relationships: Marriage, Cohabitation, and Serial Monogamy	299	(3)
The Parenting Role	302	(1)
Entering the World of Work	303	(3)
Contextual Variations	306	(5)
Chemical Substance Abuse	306	(2)
Gay and Lesbian Young Adults: Coming Out	308	(1)
The Impact of Disability in Young Adulthood: Sexual and Reproductive Issues	309	(1)
Domestic Violence	310	(1)
Summary	311	(1)
Middle Adulthood	312	(20)
Introduction	313	(1)
Physiological Changes	313	(2)
Women	313	(1)
Men	314	(1)
Cognitive Functioning	315	(1)
Psychological Development	316	(2)
Midlife Crisis	317	(1)
Sociohistorical Context	318	(1)
Race and Culture	319	(1)
Intimate Relationships in Midlife	320	(1)
Divorce	320	(1)
Widowhood	320	(1)
Parenting in Midlife	321	(1)
Grandparenting in Midlife	322	(2)
Surrogate Grandparenting	323	(1)
Middle Life Adults and Aging Parents	324	(1)
Gender Differences in Midlife	325	(2)
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Midlife Development	327	(3)
Philosophical Issues	330	(1)
Work in the Middle Years	330	(1)
Summary	331	(1)
Older Adulthood	332	(23)
Ann Roy
Introduction: Trends and Concepts	333	(5)
The Biology of Aging	335	(1)
Poverty and Ethnicity	336	(1)
Health Care and Ethnicity	337	(1)
Rural Elders	338	(1)
Social-Psychological Perspectives on Late Adulthood Development	338	(3)
Stage Theory	338	(1)
Disengagement Theory	339	(1)
Activity Theory and Its Close Relative Continuity Theory	340	(1)
Social Construction Theory	340	(1)
Physical and Mental Health in Older Adults	341	(3)
Physical Health	341	(1)
Mental Health	342	(2)
The Frail Elderly	344	(1)
Contemporary Contexts	344	(9)
End of Life Issues	345	(3)
Long-Term Care	348	(1)
Elder Abuse	349	(2)
Retirement	351	(2)
Practice Example 15.1: Saving for Retirement: Advice from the Experts	353	(1)
Summary	354	(1)
Trauma and Development	355	(25)
Introduction	356	(1)
Types of Trauma	356	(1)
Acute Stress Disorder	356	(1)
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder	357	(1)
Assessment of Trauma	357	(1)
Neurobiology of Trauma	357	(4)
Traumatic Memories	359	(1)
Trauma and Dissociation	360	(1)
Treatment of Trauma	361	(1)
Safety	362	(1)
Practice Example 16.1: Chris	362	(1)
Remembrance and Mourning	362	(1)
Practice Example 16.2: Chris	363	(1)
Reconnection	363	(1)
Practice Example 16.3: Chris	363	(1)
Trauma and Children	364	(8)
Trauma-Related Disturbances in Children	365	(1)
Child Maltreatment	365	(1)
Play Therapy in the Treatment of Traumatized Children	366	(6)
Practice Example 16.4: David	372	(1)
Trauma and Aging	372	(1)
Practice Example 16.5: Mrs. P	373	(1)
Trauma and Culture	374	(1)
Practice Example 16.6: Mrs. G	375	(2)
Cultural Countertransference	376	(1)
Racial Trauma	377	(1)
Practice Example 16.7: Mrs. L	377	(1)
The Helpers	378	(1)
Summary	378	(2)
Chronic Illness and Disability	380	(26)
Introduction	381	(1)
Definition of Disability	381	(1)
Types of Disabilities	382	(9)
Progressive, Permanent Conditions	383	(3)
Constant or Permanent Conditions	386	(2)
Relapsing or Episodic Conditions	388	(1)
Psychiatric Disabilities	389	(2)
Disability Across the Life Cycle	391	(4)
Disability Culture	395	(1)
Disability and Diversity	396	(1)
Family Adjustment to Disability	397	(2)
The Family Systems Illness Model	397	(2)
Disabilities and Abuse of Woman	399	(1)
Sociological Aspects of Chronic Illness and Disability	400	(2)
Practice Example 17.1: Illustrative Reading---Chronic Illness and Disability, by Steven Bogatz	402	(3)
Summary	405	(1)
PART V Policy
Social Policy Through the Life Cycle, by Joyce E. Everett	406	(25)
Introduction	407	(1)
The Functions of Social Welfare: A System's Perspective	407	(2)
The Enduring Debate About Social Welfare	409	(7)
Scope of Social Welfare: Problem versus Population Focus	410	(6)
Social Welfare Programs Across the Life Cycle	416	(13)
Infancy, Early, and Middle Childhood	416	(5)
Adolescence	421	(2)
Early and Middle Adulthood	423	(4)
Older Adulthood	427	(2)
Summary	429	(2)
Appendix A. Genogram	431	(1)
Appendix B. Eco-Map	432	(1)
Appendix C. Social Network Map	433	(1)
Appendix D. Culturagram	434	(1)
Appendix E. Outline for a Group Proposal	435	(1)
Appendix F. Standards for Social Work Practice with Groups	436	(11)
Glossary	447	(20)
References	467	(50)
Author Index	517	(11)
Subject Index	528