Human Communication : The Basic Course

by Devito, Joseph A.

• ISBN13: 9780205428496
• ISBN10: 0205428495
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2009-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

Human Communication: The Basic Course provides an in-depth look at the concepts and principles that comprise all forms of human communication. With an emphasis on public speaking, interpersonal communication, and small group communication, the text also explores key issues and topics in organizational communication and the mass media. Designed to allow flexibility in teaching approaches, Human Communication: The Basic Course offers instructors a wide range of topics to discuss and apply to real-world experiences. New and Enduring Features bull; Designed to combine theory, research, and skills, ";Ask the Researcher"; features nationally and internationally known theorists and researchers who respond to a typical question that a student would ask about the practical applications of human communication. ";Public Speaking Sample Assistant"; presents sample speeches and outlines with suggestions for critical analysis. This feature offers both well-constructed and poorly constructed examples of informative and persuasive speeches and outlines to show students specific examples of what to do and what to avoid. A separate pamphlet, ";Interviewing and Human Communication"; (available packaged with the text for no additional charge), covers the principles and skills of informative and employment interviews. The photo captions, called ";ViewPoints,"; offer detailed information providing an opportunity for instructors and students to extend the discussion of communication principles. In keeping with the dual focus of the text, approximately half of the ";ViewPoints"; are concerned with research and theory and half with skill acquisition. Cultural and gender issues are covered in depth in two ways: an entire unit (Unit 3) explains the ways culture and gender influence communication, and integrated coverage throughout the text relate cultural and gender issues to all aspects of human communication. Four additional units -Emotional Communication, Criticism in the Public Speaking Classroom, Developing Special Occasion Speeches, and Mass Media-are available on an accompanying CD-ROM (available packaged with the text for no additional charge), enabling instructors to cover topics that are not always offered in other texts. Praise for Human Communication: The Basic Course ";DeVito incorporates classic, established theory and contemporary research with practical applications and social issues in communication study, making it an excellent text-both for students who are beginning in the discipline, and for students for whom this course will be their only academic exposure to the field."; Jill Tyler, University of South Dakota";It is the only text I have ever used where students have said how much they like the materials (without me asking). There is no specific special item they all love-each has something different that appeals to them."; Cynthia Graham, University of Wisconsin";Joe DeVito's books are always well conceived and written. His explanations of topics are clear, he uses applicable examples, and in general seems to consider the student readers. This book is no exception."; Alan Zaremba, Northeastern University

Table of Contents

Specialized Contents	ix
Welcome to Human Communication: The Basic Course	xii
PART 1 Foundations of Human Communication	1	(158)
Preliminaries to Human Communication	1	(20)
Elements of Human Communication	2	(10)
Communication Context	4	(1)
Sources-Receivers	5	(1)
Messages	6	(3)
Channels	9	(1)
Noise	9	(1)
Communication Effects	10	(1)
Ethics	10	(1)
The Elements in Transaction	11	(1)
Purposes of Human Communication	12	(2)
To Discover	12	(1)
To Relate	12	(1)
To Help	13	(1)
To Persuade	13	(1)
To Play	14	(1)
Types of Human Communication	14	(7)
Principles of Communication	21	(15)
Communication Is a Package of Signals	22	(1)
Communication Is a Process of Adjustment	23	(2)
Communication Accommodation	24	(1)
Communication Involves Content and Relationship Dimensions	25	(2)
Ignoring Relationship Dimensions	26	(1)
Recognizing Relationship Dimensions	26	(1)
Communication Is Ambiguous	27	(1)
Communication Sequences Are Punctuated	28	(1)
Communication Involves Symmetrical and Complementary Transactions	29	(1)
Communication Is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable	30	(6)
Inevitability	30	(2)
Irreversibility	32	(1)
Unrepeatability	33	(3)
Culture and Communication	36	(21)
What Is Culture?	37	(5)
The Relationship between Culture and Communication	39	(1)
The Aim of a Cultural Perspective	40	(2)
How Cultures Differ	42	(5)
Individual and Collective Orientation	43	(1)
High- and Low-Context Cultures	44	(1)
Power Distances	45	(1)
Masculine and Feminine Cultures	46	(1)
Improving Intercultural Communication	47	(10)
Recognize and Reduce Ethnocentrism	47	(2)
Confront Your Stereotypes	49	(1)
Be Mindful	50	(1)
Face Fears	50	(1)
Recognize Differences	50	(1)
Avoid Overattribution	51	(1)
Recognize Differences in Meaning	51	(1)
Avoid Violating Cultural Rules and Customs	52	(1)
Avoid Evaluating Differences Negatively	52	(1)
Recognize That Culture Shock Is Normal	52	(5)
Perception	57	(20)
The Process of Perception	58	(3)
Stage 1: Stimulation	58	(1)
Stage 2: Organization	58	(2)
Stage 3: Interpretation--Evaluation	60	(1)
Stage 4: Memory	60	(1)
Stage 5: Recall	60	(1)
Reflections on the Model of Perception	61	(1)
Influences on Perception	61	(10)
Implicit Personality Theory	62	(1)
The Self-Fulfilling Prophecy	63	(1)
Perceptual Accentuation	63	(2)
Primacy--Recency	65	(1)
Consistency	66	(1)
Attribution	67	(4)
Accuracy in Perception	71	(6)
Analyze Your Perceptions	71	(1)
Check Your Perceptions	72	(1)
Reduce Your Uncertainty	73	(1)
Increase Your Cultural Awareness	74	(3)
Listening	77	(18)
The Importance and Benefits of Listening	78	(1)
The Process of Listening	78	(5)
Receiving	79	(1)
Understanding	80	(1)
Remembering	80	(2)
Evaluating	82	(1)
Responding	83	(1)
Listening, Culture, and Gender	83	(4)
Listening and Culture	84	(2)
Listening and Gender	86	(1)
Styles of Effective Listening	87	(8)
Empathic and Objective Listening	88	(1)
Nonjudgmental and Critical Listening	89	(1)
Surface and Depth Listening	89	(1)
Active and Inactive Listening	90	(5)
The Self in Human Communication	95	(17)
Self-Concept	96	(1)
Others' Images of You	96	(1)
Comparisons with Others	96	(1)
Cultural Teachings	96	(1)
Your Own Interpretations and Evaluations	97	(1)
Self-Awareness	97	(3)
The Four Selves	98	(1)
Growing in Self-Awareness	98	(2)
Self-Esteem	100	(2)
Attack Self-Destructive Beliefs	101	(1)
Seek Out Nurturing People	101	(1)
Secure Affirmation	101	(1)
Work on Projects That Will Result in Success	102	(1)
Self-Disclosure	102	(10)
Factors Influencing Self-Disclosure	104	(2)
Deciding about Self-Disclosure	106	(6)
Verbal Messages	112	(21)
Principles of Verbal Messages	113	(5)
Meanings Are in People	113	(1)
Meanings Depend on Context	114	(1)
Messages Are Culturally Influenced	115	(2)
Language Is Both Denotative and Connotative	117	(1)
Language Varies in Directness	117	(1)
Disconfirmation and Confirmation	118	(8)
Sexism	120	(1)
Heterosexism	121	(1)
Racism	121	(1)
Ageism	122	(1)
Sexist, Heterosexist, Racist, and Ageist Listening	123	(1)
Cultural Identifiers	124	(2)
Using Verbal Messages Effectively	126	(7)
Language Symbolizes Reality (Partially)	126	(1)
Language Expresses Both Facts and Inferences	127	(2)
Language Is Relatively Static	129	(1)
Language Can Obscure Distinctions	129	(4)
Nonverbal Messages	133	(26)
The Functions of Nonverbal Communication	134	(2)
Integrating Nonverbal and Verbal Messages	134	(1)
Researching Nonverbal Communication Functions	135	(1)
The Channels of Nonverbal Communication	136	(16)
The Body	136	(1)
Facial Communication	137	(2)
Eye Communication	139	(2)
Space Communication	141	(1)
Territoriality	142	(2)
Artifactual Communication	144	(2)
Touch Communication	146	(2)
Paralanguage: The Vocal Channel	148	(1)
Silence	149	(1)
Time Communication	150	(1)
Smell Communication	151	(1)
Culture and Nonverbal Communication	152	(7)
Culture and Facial Expression	153	(1)
Culture and Colors	153	(1)
Culture and Touch	154	(1)
Culture and Silence	154	(1)
Culture and Time	154	(5)
PART 2 Interpersonal and Small Group Communication	159	(107)
Interpersonal Communication: Conversation	159	(23)
The Conversation Process	160	(6)
The Conversation Process in Five Stages	163	(3)
Maintaining Conversations	166	(6)
Conversational Turns	167	(1)
Reflections on the Model of Conversation	168	(1)
Preventing Conversational Problems: The Disclaimer	169	(2)
Repairing Conversational Problems: The Excuse	171	(1)
Conversational Skills	172	(10)
Metaskills	172	(4)
Specific Skills	176	(6)
Interpersonal Relationships	182	(26)
Relationship Processes	185	(7)
Relationship Development	185	(1)
Relationship Maintenance	186	(2)
Relationship Deterioration	188	(2)
Relationship Repair	190	(2)
Relationship Types	192	(6)
Types of Friendships	192	(1)
Types of Lovers	193	(2)
Types of Primary Relationships	195	(3)
Relationship Theories	198	(4)
Attraction Theory	198	(1)
Relationship Rules Approach	199	(1)
Social Penetration Theory	199	(1)
Social Exchange Theory	200	(1)
Equity Theory	201	(1)
Relationships, Culture, and Technology	202	(6)
Relationships and Culture	202	(1)
Relationships and Technology	203	(5)
Small Group Communication	208	(20)
Small Groups	209	(8)
Basic Types of Groups	209	(1)
Small Group Stages	210	(2)
Small Group Formats	212	(1)
Small Groups Online	212	(2)
Small Group Culture	214	(1)
Power in the Small Group	215	(2)
Idea-Generation Groups	217	(1)
Personal Growth Groups	218	(1)
Popular Personal Growth Groups	218	(1)
Some Rules and Procedures	218	(1)
Information-Sharing Groups	219	(1)
Educational or Learning Groups	219	(1)
Focus Groups	219	(1)
Problem-Solving Groups	220	(8)
The Problem-Solving Sequence	220	(4)
Problem-Solving Groups at Work	224	(4)
Members and Leaders	228	(17)
Members in Small Group Communication	229	(3)
Member Roles	229	(1)
Interaction Process Analysis	230	(1)
Member Participation	230	(2)
Leaders In Small Group Communication	232	(8)
Approaches to Leadership	232	(5)
Functions of Leadership	237	(3)
Membership, Leadership, and Culture	240	(5)
Interpersonal and Small Group Conflict	245	(21)
Interpersonal and Small Group Conflict	246	(4)
Myths about Conflict	246	(1)
The Context of Conflict	246	(2)
The Negatives and Positives of Conflict	248	(2)
Types of Conflict	250	(2)
Content and Relationship Conflicts	250	(1)
Online and Workplace Conflicts	250	(1)
Conflict Styles	251	(1)
Conflict Management Skills	252	(14)
Win--Lose and Win--Win Strategies	253	(2)
Avoidance and Active Fighting	255	(1)
Force and Talk	256	(1)
Blame and Empathy	257	(1)
Gunnysacking and Present Focus	257	(1)
Manipulation and Spontaneity	258	(1)
Personal Rejection and Acceptance	258	(1)
Fighting below and above the Belt	258	(1)
Face-Detracting and Face-Enhancing Strategies	258	(1)
Nonassertive and Assertive Strategies	259	(1)
Aggressiveness and Argumentativeness	260	(2)
Before and after the Conflict	262	(4)
PART 3 Public Speaking	266
Public Speaking Topics, Audiences, and Research	266	(31)
Introducing Public Speaking	267	(1)
The Benefits of Public Speaking	267	(1)
Beliefs about Public Speaking	267	(1)
A Definition of Public Speaking	267	(1)
Apprehension in Public Speaking	268	(4)
Reducing Your Apprehension	270	(2)
Step 1: Select Your Topic and Purpose	272	(7)
Your Topic	272	(6)
Your Purpose	278	(1)
Step 2: Analyze Your Audience	279	(5)
Attitudes, Beliefs, and Values	279	(1)
Analyzing the Sociology of the Audience	280	(1)
Analyzing the Psychology of the Audience	281	(2)
Analyzing and Adapting during the Speech	283	(1)
Step 3: Research Your Topic	284	(13)
General Research Principles	284	(1)
Research Notes	285	(1)
Sources of Information	285	(7)
Evaluating Research	292	(1)
Integrating Research into Your Speech	293	(1)
Citing Research Sources	293	(1)
Plagiarism	294	(3)
Supporting and Organizing Your Speech	297	(28)
Step 4: Formulate Your Thesis and Main Points	298	(3)
Your Thesis	298	(2)
Main Points	300	(1)
Step 5: Support Your Main Points	301	(12)
Examples	301	(1)
Narratives	302	(1)
Testimony	302	(1)
Statistics	302	(2)
Presentation Aids	304	(9)
Step 6: Organize Your Speech	313	(5)
Temporal Pattern	313	(1)
Spatial Pattern	314	(1)
Topical Pattern	314	(1)
Problem--Solution Pattern	314	(1)
Cause--Effect/Effect--Cause Pattern	314	(1)
The Motivated Sequence	315	(1)
Additional Organizational Patterns	316	(2)
Step 7: Construct Your Introduction, Conclusion, and Transitions	318	(7)
Introduction	318	(1)
Conclusion	319	(1)
Transitions	320	(1)
Mistakes in Introductions, Conclusions, and Transitions	321	(4)
Style and Delivery in Public Speaking	325	(31)
Step 8: Outline Your Speech	326	(8)
Constructing the Outline	326	(2)
Sample Outlines	328	(6)
Step 9: Word Your Speech	334	(9)
Oral Style	334	(2)
Choosing Words	336	(6)
Phrasing Sentences	342	(1)
Step 10: Rehearse and Deliver Your Speech	343	(13)
Rehearsal	343	(2)
Delivery	345	(11)
The Informative Speech	356	(21)
Guidelines for Informative Speaking	357	(5)
Limit the Amount of Information	358	(1)
Adjust the Level of Complexity	358	(1)
Stress Relevance and Usefulness	359	(1)
Relate New Information to Old	360	(1)
Vary the Levels of Abstraction	360	(2)
The Speech of Description	362	(3)
Strategies for Describing	362	(1)
Developing the Speech of Description	362	(3)
The Speech of Definition	365	(4)
Strategies for Defining	366	(2)
Developing the Speech of Definition	368	(1)
The Speech of Demonstration	369	(8)
Strategies for Demonstrating	369	(5)
Developing the Speech of Demonstration	374	(3)
The Persuasive Speech	377	(28)
Guidelines for Persuasive Speaking	378	(16)
Anticipate Selective Exposure	378	(1)
Ask for Reasonable Amounts of Change	379	(1)
Identify with Your Audience	380	(1)
Use Logical Appeals	380	(3)
Use Emotional Appeals	383	(3)
Use Credibility Appeals	386	(6)
Motivate Your Listeners	392	(2)
The Speech on Questions of Fact	394	(2)
Thesis	395	(1)
Main Points	395	(1)
Support	395	(1)
Developing Speeches on Questions of Fact	395	(1)
The Speech on Questions of Value	396	(5)
Thesis	395	(1)
Main Points	396	(1)
Support	396	(1)
Developing Speeches on Questions of Value	396	(5)
The Speech on Questions of Policy	401	(4)
Thesis	401	(1)
Main Points	402	(1)
Support	402	(1)
Developing Speeches on Questions of Policy	402	(1)
Organizational Examples	402	(3)
The Mass Media	405	(11)
The Functional and Dysfunctional Media	406	(6)
To Help	407	(1)
To Play	408	(1)
To Relate, to Create Ties of Union	408	(1)
To Inform	408	(2)
To Influence	410	(2)
Becoming a Critical Consumer of Media	412	(4)
Learn How the Media Work	412	(1)
Make Use of a Wide Variety of Media	412	(1)
Question the Credibility of the Media	412	(1)
Exercise Critical Thinking	412	(1)
Talk Back to the Media	413	(3)
Emotional Communication	416	(15)
Emotions and Emotional Messages	417	(8)
The Body, Mind, and Culture in Emotions	417	(1)
Emotions, Arousal, and Expression	418	(4)
Emotions, Culture, and Gender	422	(2)
Principles of Emotional Communication	424	(1)
Obstacles in Communicating Emotions	425	(2)
Societal Rules and Customs	425	(1)
Fear	426	(1)
Inadequate Interpersonal Skills	427	(1)
Guidelines for Communicating Emotions	427	(4)
Describe Your Feelings	428	(1)
Identify the Reasons for Your Feelings	428	(1)
Anchor Your Feelings to the Present	428	(1)
Own Your Own Feelings	428	(3)
Criticism in the Public Speaking Classroom	431	(15)
The Nature and Values of Criticism	432	(1)
Cultural Differences in Approaches to Criticism	433	(2)
Standards and Principles of Criticism	435	(11)
Standards of Criticism	435	(2)
Principles of Expressing Criticism	437	(9)
Developing Special Occasion Speeches	446
The Speech of Introduction	447	(3)
Guidelines for Speeches of Introduction	447	(1)
Sample Speeches of Introduction	448	(2)
The Speech of Presentation or Acceptance	450	(3)
Guidelines for Speeches of Presentation	450	(1)
A Sample Speech of Presentation	451	(1)
Guidelines for Speeches of Acceptance	451	(1)
Sample Speeches of Acceptance	451	(2)
The Speech to Secure Goodwill	453	(3)
Guidelines for Speeches Aimed at Securing Goodwill	453	(1)
Sample Speeches to Secure Goodwill	454	(2)
The Speech of Tribute	456	(1)
Guidelines for Speeches of Tribute	456	(1)
A Sample Speech of Tribute	456	(1)
Additional Special Occasion Speeches	457	(5)
Dedication Speeches	457	(1)
Commencement Speeches	458	(1)
Eulogies	458	(2)
Farewell Speeches	460	(2)
Toasts	462	(1)
The Special Occasion Speech in Cultural Perspective	462	(1)
A Sample Special Occasion Speech	463
Glossary of Human Communication Concepts	1	(12)
Glossary of Human Communication Skills	13
Bibliography	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Index	1