Human Communication : Principles and Contexts

by Tubbs, Stewart L.; Moss, Sylvia

• ISBN13: 9780072988338
• ISBN10: 0072988339
• Edition: 10th
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2005-07-22
• Publisher: MCG

Table of Contents

PART ONE: PRINCIPLES	1	(268)
The Process of Human Communication	3	(32)
The Importance of Human Communication	7	(1)
What is Human Communication?	8	(1)
Box 1.1 Techno-Etiquette	9	(1)
A Model of Human Communication	10	(8)
Communicator 1: Sender/Receiver	11	(5)
Communicator 2: Receiver/Sender	16	(1)
Feedback	16	(1)
Time	17	(1)
Communication Contexts	18	(5)
Interpersonal Communication	18	(1)
Intercultural Communication	19	(1)
Interviewing	20	(1)
Small-Group Communication	20	(1)
Public Communication	20	(1)
Organizational Communication	21	(1)
Mass Communication	22	(1)
Communication Technologies	23	(1)
Communication Ethics	23	(1)
What Is Effective Communication?	24	(5)
Understanding	25	(1)
Pleasure	26	(1)
Attitude Influence	26	(1)
Improved Relationships	27	(1)
Action	28	(1)
Summary	29	(1)
Key Terms	30	(1)
Review Questions	31	(1)
Exercises	31	(1)
Suggested Readings	32	(3)
Person Perception	35	(36)
Perceiving People and Objects: A Comparison	37	(5)
Two Kinds of Filters	37	(2)
Culture and Perception	39	(1)
Selective Perception, Organization, and Interpretation	40	(1)
Perceiver/Object/Context	41	(1)
Forming Impressions	42	(20)
Looking at Yourself	42	(5)
Box 2.1 Self-Concept East and West	47	(3)
Looking at Others	50	(10)
Social Roles	60	(2)
Some Variables Involved in Accurate Perception	62	(1)
Improving Perception and Communication	63	(1)
Summary	64	(1)
Key Terms	65	(1)
Review Questions	65	(1)
Exercises	66	(1)
Suggested Readings	67	(4)
The Verbal Message	71	(38)
Words and Meanings	72	(9)
Symbols and Referents	73	(1)
Denotation and Connotation	74	(4)
Private and Shared Meanings	78	(3)
Message Encoding: A Child's Use of Language	81	(1)
Egocentric Speech	81	(1)
Box 3.1 A Word about Semantics	82	(4)
Sociocentric Speech	84	(2)
Language and Thought	86	(10)
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis	86	(2)
Language Problems	88	(7)
Culture as Our Frame of Reference	95	(1)
Words in Action	96	(7)
Sexist Language	97	(2)
Male and Female Language Usage	99	(2)
Powerful and Powerless Language	101	(1)
Metacommunication	102	(1)
Summary	103	(1)
Key Terms	104	(1)
Review Questions	104	(1)
Exercises	105	(1)
Suggested Readings	106	(3)
The Nonverbal Message	109	(40)
Interpreting Nonverbal Messages	110	(4)
The Verbal/Nonverbal Split in Meaning	111	(1)
Nonverbal Information	111	(2)
Verbal/Nonverbal Interaction	113	(1)
Spatial and Temporal Cues	114	(8)
Space	114	(5)
Time	119	(3)
Visual Cues	122	(13)
Facial Expression	124	(2)
Oculesics	126	(1)
Body Movements	127	(2)
Hand Gestures	129	(3)
Haptics	132	(1)
Physical Appearance and the Use of Objects	133	(2)
Vocal Cues	135	(4)
Volume	137	(1)
Rate and Fluency	137	(1)
Pitch	138	(1)
Box 4.1 Gender and Vocal Cues	139	(2)
Quality	139	(2)
Deception	141	(2)
Summary	143	(1)
Key Terms	144	(1)
Review Questions	144	(1)
Exercises	145	(1)
Suggested Readings	146	(3)
Listening	149	(26)
Why Listen?	150	(2)
Importance of Listening	152	(1)
Box 5.1 Listening: The Forgotten Skill	153	(1)
What Is Meant by Listening?	154	(4)
Hearing	154	(1)
Attention	155	(2)
Understanding	157	(1)
Remembering	158	(1)
Types of Listening	158	(6)
Pleasurable Listening	159	(1)
Discriminative Listening	159	(1)
Critical Listening	159	(3)
Empathic Listening	162	(2)
How to Improve Listening	164	(5)
Listen Effectively	164	(2)
Pay Attention	166	(1)
Listen for Main Points or Ideas	166	(1)
Use Your Spare Time	167	(1)
Aerobic Listening	168	(1)
Summary	169	(1)
Key Terms	169	(1)
Review Questions	170	(1)
Exercises	170	(1)
Suggested Readings	171	(4)
Conflict and Negotiation	175	(26)
Conflict	176	(1)
Box 6.1 Conflict and Negotiation	177	(10)
Levels of Conflict	178	(2)
Stages of Conflict	180	(1)
Escalation and Resolution	181	(1)
Conflict Resolution	181	(6)
Negotiation	187	(6)
Six-Step Model	188	(2)
Negotiation Strategy and Tactics	190	(3)
Box 6.2 Negotiation Tips	193	(4)
Summary	197	(1)
Key Terms	198	(1)
Review Questions	198	(1)
Exercises	198	(1)
Suggested Readings	198	(3)
Ethics and Communication	201	(30)
Principles	203	(3)
The Golden Mean	203	(1)
The Categorical Imperative	204	(1)
Utilitarianism	204	(1)
Justice and the Veil of Ignorance	205	(1)
Issues	206	(9)
Lying and Misrepresentation	206	(7)
Secrets, Disclosures, and Privacy	213	(2)
Box 7.1 Does Academic Freedom Have Limits?	215	(4)
Whistleblowing	218	(1)
Box 7.2 Revealing Group Secrets	219	(6)
Leaks	222	(3)
Summary	225	(1)
Key Terms	226	(1)
Review Questions	226	(1)
Exercises	227	(1)
Suggested Readings	227	(4)
Relationships in Process	231	(38)
Bases of Human Attraction	232	(5)
Proximity	232	(1)
Similarity	233	(2)
Situations	235	(2)
Defining Characteristics of Relationships	237	(8)
Context	237	(5)
Time	242	(1)
Information Sharing	243	(1)
Trust	244	(1)
Box 8.1 Platonic Friendships	245	(3)
Affection and Control	247	(1)
Theories of Relationship Development	248	(6)
A Theory on the Life Cycle of Relationships	248	(3)
A Theory of Relationship Dissolution	251	(3)
Maintaining Relationships	254	(4)
Family Communication	258	(1)
Box 8.2 The Qualities of Close Friends	259	(6)
Gender Development and the Family	260	(1)
The Family as a System	260	(1)
Communication Rules	261	(1)
Cohesion and Adaptation	261	(2)
Stages in Family Development	263	(2)
Summary	265	(1)
Key Terms	265	(1)
Review Questions	265	(1)
Exercises	266	(1)
Suggested Readings	267	(2)
PART TWO: CONTEXTS	269
Interpersonal Communication	271	(38)
The Social Setting	273	(3)
Norms	273	(1)
Roles	274	(2)
The Dialectics of Relationships	276	(3)
Autonomy/Connection	277	(1)
Certainty/Uncertainty	277	(1)
Openness/Closedness	278	(1)
Assessing the Quality of an Interpersonal Relationship	279	(8)
Self-Disclosure	280	(5)
Intimacy	285	(2)
Box 9.1 Love's Prototypes and Scripts	287	(16)
Affiliation and Commitment	290	(6)
Dominance, Status, and Power	296	(7)
Summary	303	(1)
Key Terms	303	(1)
Review Questions	304	(1)
Exercises	304	(2)
Suggested Readings	306	(3)
Intercultural Communication	309	(42)
A Definition of Culture	310	(4)
Culture as Learned	311	(1)
Distinctions among Cultures	312	(1)
Three Approaches to Studying Culture	312	(1)
Mass Migration and Diaspora	313	(1)
Some Dimensions of Cultural Difference	314	(7)
Individualism-Collectivism	316	(1)
High-and Low-Context Cultures	317	(2)
Power Distance	319	(1)
Masculinity-Femininity	320	(1)
Uncertainty Avoidance	320	(1)
Intercultural Communication: Principles and Problems	321	(9)
Verbal Messages	322	(1)
Nonverbal Messages	323	(2)
Relationships: Norms and Roles	325	(4)
Beliefs and Values	329	(1)
Box 10.1 The Value of Beauty across Cultures	330	(2)
Barriers to Intercultural Understanding	332	(4)
Ethnocentrism	332	(2)
Stereotyping	334	(2)
Box 10.2 Some Guidelines for Critical Viewers of Film and Television	336	(4)
Group Polarization	339	(1)
Effects of Intercultural Communication	340	(3)
Effects on the Individual	340	(1)
Social and Political Effects	341	(1)
Cultural Effects	342	(1)
Summary	343	(1)
Key Terms	344	(1)
Review Questions	344	(1)
Exercises	345	(1)
Suggested Readings	346	(5)
Interviewing	351	(26)
Standardized and Unstandardized Interviews	356	(1)
Types of Interview Questions	357	(1)
Box 11.1 Interviewing: Conversation with a Purpose	357	(4)
Open versus Closed Questions	358	(1)
Primary versus Probing Questions	359	(1)
Leading versus Neutral Questions	360	(1)
The Loaded Questions	361	(1)
Suspect Questions and How to Handle Them	361	(2)
Types of Inadequate Responses	363	(2)
No Answer	363	(1)
Partial Answer	364	(1)
Irrelevant Answer	364	(1)
Inaccurate Answer	364	(1)
Oververbalized Answer	364	(1)
Interview Structure	365	(3)
Opening of the Interview	365	(1)
Body of the Interview	365	(2)
Conclusion	367	(1)
Nondirective Interview Technique	368	(4)
Interviewer Empathy	369	(1)
Helpful Hints	369	(1)
The Interviewee	369	(1)
The Interviewer	370	(2)
Summary	372	(1)
Key Terms	372	(1)
Review Questions	372	(1)
Exercises	373	(1)
Suggested Readings	374	(3)
Small-Group Communication	377	(40)
Types of Small Groups	379	(2)
Group Dynamics	381	(15)
Conformity Pressure	381	(1)
Social Influence	382	(1)
The Quality of Group Problem Solving	383	(5)
The Role of a Group Member	388	(4)
Cohesiveness	392	(1)
Phases of Group Development	393	(3)
Group Structure	396	(8)
Group Size	396	(1)
Communication Networks	397	(3)
Virtual Groups	400	(1)
Leadership	401	(3)
Correlates of Effective Groups	404	(3)
Idea Development and Problem Solving	405	(2)
Box 12.1 The Value of Work Teams	407	(4)
Constructive Conflict	408	(1)
Patterns of Decision Making	409	(2)
Testing the Group's Effectiveness	411	(1)
Summary	411	(1)
Key Terms	412	(1)
Review Questions	412	(1)
Exercises	413	(1)
Suggested Readings	413	(4)
Public Communication	417	(50)
A Definition	419	(2)
The Speaker	421	(12)
Source Credibility	421	(1)
Dimensions of Credibility	422	(6)
Delivery	428	(5)
The Audience	433	(5)
Audience Analysis	433	(4)
Listener Persuasibility	437	(1)
The Message	438	(21)
Organization	440	(2)
Materials of Support	442	(5)
Visual Aids	447	(2)
Language	449	(3)
Economy of Language	452	(1)
Humor and Satire	453	(1)
Appeals to Fear	453	(1)
How Much Change to Attempt	454	(2)
One Side or Two Sides?	456	(1)
Climax Order or Anticlimax Order?	457	(1)
Stated or Implied Conclusions?	458	(1)
Speak First or Have the Last Say?	458	(1)
Summary	459	(1)
Key Terms	460	(1)
Review Questions	460	(1)
Exercises	461	(3)
Suggested Readings	464	(3)
Organizational Communication	467	(38)
Organizations: A Definition	469	(2)
Organizational Culture	471	(2)
Importance of Communication	473	(12)
Supervisory Communication	476	(3)
Downward Communication	479	(6)
Box 14.1 Managing Your E-Mail	485	(13)
Upward Communication	487	(4)
Horizontal Communication	491	(3)
Communication and Organizational Change	494	(2)
Informal Communication	496	(2)
Summary	498	(1)
Key Terms	499	(1)
Review Questions	499	(1)
Exercises	500	(2)
Suggested Readings	502	(3)
Mass Communication and the New Technologies	505
A First Definition	506	(4)
Mediated Encounters	506	(1)
The Audience	507	(1)
The Communication Experience	508	(1)
The Source of Communication	508	(1)
Delayed Feedback	509	(1)
Box 15.1 Media Consolidation and the News	510	(1)
The Process of Mass Communication	511	(11)
The Gatekeeper	511	(3)
Gatekeepers and War Reporting	514	(2)
Gatekeeping and Ethics	516	(5)
Message Flow	521	(1)
Box 15.2 Some Guidelines for Critical Viewers of Media Interviews	522	(5)
The Active Audience	523	(4)
Some Effects and Outcomes	527	(9)
The Diffusion of Information	527	(2)
Attitude Influence	529	(4)
Social Learning Through Role Models	533	(2)
Social Learning and Media Violence	535	(1)
Box 15.3 Advertising and Public Relations	536	(4)
Implication of the New Communication Technologies	540	(12)
The Convergence of Computing, Telecommunications, and Media	541	(1)
Computer-Mediated Communication	542	(4)
The New Alternative Media	546	(1)
Effects on Interpersonal Communication	547	(2)
Technological Literacy and the Digital Divide	549	(1)
Prospects for a Global Human Community	549	(3)
Summary	552	(1)
Key Terms	552	(1)
Review Questions	553	(1)
Exercises	554	(1)
Suggested Readings	555
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Credits	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(8)
Subject Index	9