Hydraulic Control Systems

by Manring, Noah

• ISBN13: 9780471693116
• ISBN10: 0471693111
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2005-04-15
• Publisher: WILEY

Summary

A unique resource that demystifies the physical basics of hydraulic systems Hydraulic Control Systems offers students and professionals a reliable, complete volume of the most up-to-date hows and whys of today's hydraulic control system fundamentals. Complete with insightful industry examples, it features the latest coverage of modeling and control systems with a widely accepted approach to systems design. Hydraulic Control Systems is a powerful tool for developing a solid understanding of hydraulic control systems that will serve the practicing engineer in the field. Throughout the book, illustrative case studies highlight important topics and demonstrate how equations can be implemented and used in the real world. Featuring exercise problems at the end of every chapter, Hydraulic Control Systems presents: * A useful review of fluid mechanics and system dynamics * Thorough analysis of transient fluid flow forces within valves * Discussions of flow ripple for both gear pumps and axial piston pumps * Updated analysis of the pump control problems associated with swash plate type machines * A successful methodology for hydraulic system design-starting from the load point of the system and working backward to the ultimate power source * Reduced-order models and PID controllers showing control objectives of position, velocity, and effort

Author Biography

NOAH D. MANRING is James C. Dowell Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies in the Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department at University of Missouri–Columbia (UMC). Before joining the faculty at UMC, he worked for eight years in the off-highway mobile equipment industry. He holds ten U.S. patents for innovations in the field of fluid power. As a professor, he has received research funding from Caterpillar, Inc., Festo Corp., and the National Fluid Power Association, among others, as well as the U.S. Department of Education, the National Science Foundation, and various private donors. He currently serves as an associate editor of the International Journal of Fluid Power and the Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control. He has done consulting work for several industrial firms including Moog Inc., FMC Wyoming Corp., Dennison Hydraulics, and Parker Hannifin.

Table of Contents

Preface.

Introduction.

PART I. FUNDAMENTALS.

CHAPTER 1. FLUID PROPERTIES.

1.1 Introduction.

1.2 Fluid Mass Density.

1.2.1 Equation of State.

1.2.2 Density-Volume Relationship.

1.3 Fluid Bulk Modulus.

1.3.1 Definitions.

1.3.2 Effective Bulk Modulus.

1.3.3 Measuring the Fluid Bulk Modulus.

1.4 Thermal Fluid Properties.

1.4.1 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion.

1.4.2 Thermal Conductivity.

1.4.3 Specific Heat.

1.5 Fluid Viscosity.

1.5.1 Definitions.

1.5.2 Viscous Drag Coefficient.

1.5.3 Viscosity Charts and Models.

1.6 Vapor Pressure.

1.7 Chemical Properties.

1.8 Fluid Types and Selection.

1.8.1 Petroleum Based Fluids.

1.8.2 Synthetic Fluids.

1.8.3 Biodegradable Fluids.

1.8.4 Water.

1.8.5 Fluid Selection.

1.9 Conclusion.

1.10 References.

1.11 Homework Problems.

CHAPTER 2. FLUID MECHANICS.

2.1 Introduction.

2.2 Governing Equations.

2.2.1 Navier-Stokes Equations.

2.2.2 High Reynolds Number Flow.

2.2.3 Low Reynolds Number Flow.

2.2.4 Turbulent versus Laminar Flow.

2.2.5 Control Volume Analysis.

2.3 Fluid Flow.

2.3.1 The Reynolds Number.

2.3.2 Bernoulli Flow and the Orifice Equation.

2.3.3 Poiseuille Flow and the Annular Leakage Equation.

2.3.4 Pipe Flow.

2.4 Pressure Losses.

2.4.1 Major Losses.

2.4.2 Minor Losses.

2.5 Pressure Transients.

2.5.1 Hydraulic Conduits.

2.5.2 Water Hammer.

2.5.3 Pressure Rise Rates Within a Varying Control Volume.

2.6 Hydraulic Energy and Power.

2.6.1 Fluid Power.

2.6.2 Heat Generation in Hydraulic Systems.

2.7 Lubrication Theory.

2.8 Conclusion.

2.9 References.

2.10 Homework Problems.

CHAPTER 3. DYNAMIC SYSTEMS AND CONTROLS.

3.1 Introduction.

3.2 Modeling.

3.2.1 General.

3.2.2 Mechanical Systems.

3.2.3 Hydro-Mechanical Systems.

3.2.4 Electro-Mechanical Systems.

3.2.5 Summary.

3.3 Linearization.

3.3.1 General.

3.3.2 The Taylor Series Expansion.

3.3.3 Examples of Linearization.

3.4 Dynamic Behavior.

3.4.1 First Order Response.

3.4.2 Second Order Response.

3.4.3 Higher Order Response.

3.5 State Space Analysis.

3.5.1 General.

3.5.2 State Space Equations.

3.5.3 Characteristic Equation.

3.6 Block Diagrams and the Laplace Transform.

3.6.1 General.

3.6.2 Laplace Transform.

3.6.3 Partial Fraction Expansion.

3.6.4 Block Diagrams.

3.7 Stability.

3.7.1 General.

3.7.2 Stability Criterion.

3.7.3 Summary.

3.8 Compensation.

3.8.1 General.

3.8.2 Controller Design.

3.8.3 P Control.

3.8.4 PI Control.

3.8.5 PID Control.

3.8.6 Control Gain Selection.

3.8.7 Summary.

3.9 Conclusion.

3.10 References.

3.11 Homework Problems.

PART II. HYDRAULIC COMPONENTS.

CHAPTER 4. HYDRAULIC CONTROL VALVES.

4.1 Introduction.

4.2 Valve Flow Coefficients.

4.2.1 Overview.

4.2.2 Linearized Flow Equation.

4.2.3 Valve Porting Geometry.

4.2.4 Summary.

4.3 2-Way Spool Valves.

4.3.1 Overview.

4.3.2 Efficiency.

4.3.3 Flow Forces.

4.3.4 Pressure Relief Valves.

4.3.5 Summary.

4.4 3-Way Spool Valves.

4.4.1 Overview.

4.4.2 Efficiency.

4.4.3 Flow Forces.

4.4.4 Hydro-Mechanical Valves.

4.4.5 Summary.

4.5 4-Way Spool Valves.

4.5.1 Overview.

4.5.2 Efficiency.

4.5.3 Flow Forces.

4.5.4 2-Stage Electro-Hydraulic Valves.

4.5.5 Summary.

4.6 Poppet Valves.

4.6.1 Overview.

4.6.2 Efficiency.

4.6.3 Flow Forces.

4.6.4 Pressure Relief Valves.

4.6.5 Summary.

4.7 Flapper Nozzle Valves.

4.7.1 Overview.

4.7.2 Efficiency.

4.7.3 Flow Forces.

4.7.4 2-Stage Electro-Hydraulic Valves.

4.7.5 Summary.

4.8 Conclusion.

4.9 References.

4.10 Homework Problems.

CHAPTER 5. HYDRAULIC PUMPS.

5.1 Introduction.

5.1.1 Overview.

5.1.2 Hydrostatic Pump Types.

5.1.3 Summary.

5.2 Pump Efficiency.

5.2.1 Overview.

5.2.2 Efficiency Definitions.

5.2.3 Modeling Pump Efficiency.

5.2.4 Measuring Pump Efficiency.

5.2.5 Summary.

5.3 Gear Pumps.

5.3.1 Overview.

5.3.2 Pump Flow Characteristics.

5.3.3 Pump Control.

5.3.4 Summary.

5.4 Axial Piston Swash Plate Pumps.

5.4.1 Overview.

5.4.2 Pump Flow Characteristics.

5.4.3 Pressure Controlled Pumps.

5.4.4 Displacement Controlled Pumps.

5.4.5 Summary.

5.5 Conclusion.

5.6 References.

5.7 Homework Problems.

CHAPTER 6. HYDRAULIC ACTUATORS.

6.1 Introduction.

6.2 Actuator Types.

6.2.1 Linear Actuators.

6.2.2 Rotary Actuators.

6.3 Linear Actuators.

6.3.1 Overview.

6.3.2 Efficiency.

6.3.3 Actuator Function.

6.3.4 Summary.

6.4 Rotary Actuators.

6.4.1 Overview.

6.4.2 Efficiency.

6.4.3 Actuator Function.

6.4.4 Summary.

6.5 Conclusion.

6.6 References.

6.7 Homework Problems.

PART III. HYDRAULIC CONTROL SYSTEMS.

CHAPTER 7. VALVE CONTROLLED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.

7.1 Introduction.

7.2 4-Way Valve Control of a Linear Actuator.

7.2.1 Description.

7.2.2 Analysis.

7.2.3 Design.

7.2.4 Control.

7.2.5 Summary.

7.3 3-Way Valve Control of a Linear Actuator.

7.3.1 Description.

7.3.2 Analysis.

7.3.3 Design.

7.3.4 Control.

7.3.5 Summary.

7.4 4-Way Valve Control of a Rotary Actuator.

7.4.1 Description.

7.4.2 Analysis.

7.4.3 Design.

7.4.4 Control.

7.4.5 Summary.

7.5 Conclusion.

7.6 References.

7.7 Homework Problems.

CHAPTER 8. PUMP CONTROLLED HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS.

8.1 Introduction.

8.2 Fixed Displacement Pump Control of a Linear Actuator.

8.2.1 Description.

8.2.2 Analysis.

8.2.3 Design.

8.2.4 Control.

8.2.5 Summary.

8.3 Variable Displacement Pump Control of a Rotary Actuator.

8.3.1 Description.

8.3.2 Analysis.

8.3.3 Design.

8.3.4 Control.

8.3.5 Summary.

8.4 Conclusion.

8.5 References.

8.6 Homework Problems.