Hydrodynamics and Water Quality : Modeling Rivers, Lakes, and Estuaries

by Ji, Zhen-Gang

• ISBN13: 9780470135433
• ISBN10: 0470135433
• Edition: CD
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-28
• Publisher: Wiley-Interscience

Summary

This reference gets you up to speed on mathematical modeling for environmental and water resources management. With a practical, application-oriented approach, it discusses hydrodynamics, sediment processes, toxic fate and transport, and water quality and eutrophication in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. A companion CD-ROM includes a modeling package and electronic files of numerical models, case studies, and model results. This is a core reference for water quality professionals and an excellent text for graduate students.

Author Biography

Zhen-Gang (Jeff) Ji, PHD, DES, PE, has more than twenty years of professional experience in surface water modeling and model development. His expertise includes hydrodynamics, wave simulation, eutrophication, toxic process, and sediment transport. He has developed and applied state-of-the-art hydrodynamic models and water quality models to the simulation of rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal waters. Currently, Dr. Ji is an oceanographer and numerical modeler with the Minerals Management Service.

Table of Contents

Foreword	p. xiii
Preface	p. xv
Acknowledgments	p. xvii
Introduction	p. 1
Overview	p. 1
Understanding Surface Waters	p. 4
Modeling of Surface Waters	p. 7
About This Book	p. 11
Hydrodynamics	p. 13
Hydrodynamic Processes	p. 14
Water Density	p. 14
Conservation Laws	p. 16
Advection and Dispersion	p. 20
Mass Balance Equation	p. 25
Atmospheric Forcings	p. 27
Coriolis Force and Geostrophic Flow	p. 32
Governing Equations	p. 35
Basic Approximations	p. 35
Equations in Cartesian Coordinates	p. 38
Vertical Mixing and Turbulence Models	p. 48
Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates	p. 52
Initial Conditions and Boundary Conditions	p. 58
Temperature	p. 62
Heatflux Components	p. 65
Temperature Formulations	p. 73
Hydrodynamic Modeling	p. 77
Hydrodynamic Parameters and Data Requirements	p. 78
Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee	p. 82
Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon	p. 98
Sediment Transport	p. 113
Overview	p. 113
Properties of Sediment	p. 114
Problems Associated with Sediment	p. 117
Sediment Processes	p. 119
Particle Settling	p. 120
Horizontal Transport of Sediment	p. 122
Resuspension and Deposition	p. 126
Equations for Sediment Transport	p. 128
Turbidity and Secchi Depth	p. 130
Cohesive Sediment	p. 134
Vertical Profiles of Cohesive Sediment Concentrations	p. 136
Flocculation	p. 138
Settling of Cohesive Sediment	p. 139
Deposition of Cohesive Sediment	p. 143
Resuspension of Cohesive Sediment	p. 145
Noncohesive Sediment	p. 149
Shields Diagram	p. 149
Settling and Equilibrium Concentration	p. 152
Bed Load Transport	p. 155
Sediment Bed	p. 156
Characteristics of Sediment Bed	p. 157
A Model for Sediment Bed	p. 159
Wind Waves	p. 162
Wave Processes	p. 163
Wind Wave Characteristics	p. 168
Wind Wave Models	p. 170
Combined Flows of Wind Waves and Currents	p. 172
Case Study: Wind Wave Modeling in Lake Okeechobee	p. 174
Sediment Transport Modeling	p. 179
Sediment Parameters and Data Requirements	p. 180
Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee	p. 182
Case Study II: Blackstone River	p. 191
Pathogens and Toxics	p. 201
Overview	p. 201
Pathogens	p. 203
Bacteria, Viruses, and Protozoa	p. 204
Pathogen Indicators	p. 206
Processes Affecting Pathogens	p. 208
Toxic Substances	p. 210
Toxic Organic Chemicals	p. 213
Metals	p. 214
Sorption and Desorption	p. 216
Fate and Transport Processes	p. 220
Mathematical Formulations	p. 220
Processes Affecting Fate and Decay	p. 223
Contaminant Modeling	p. 229
Case Study I: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon	p. 230
Case Study II: Rockford Lake	p. 239
Water Quality and Eutrophication	p. 247
Overview	p. 248
Eutrophication	p. 248
Algae	p. 250
Nutrients	p. 253
Dissolved Oxygen	p. 261
Governing Equations for Water Quality Processes	p. 262
Algae	p. 274
Algal Biomass and Chlorophyll	p. 275
Equations for Algal Processes	p. 277
Algal Growth	p. 279
Algal Reduction	p. 285
Silica and Diatom	p. 289
Periphyton	p. 292
Organic Carbon	p. 294
Decomposition of Organic Carbon	p. 296
Equations for Organic Carbon	p. 296
Heterotrophic Respiration and Dissolution	p. 298
Phosphorus	p. 299
Equations for Phosphorus State Variables	p. 302
Phosphorus Processes	p. 305
Nitrogen	p. 308
Forms of Nitrogen	p. 309
Equations for Nitrogen State Variables	p. 311
Nitrogen Processes	p. 317
Dissolved Oxygen	p. 322
Biochemical Oxygen Demand	p. 325
Processes and Equations of Dissolved Oxygen	p. 328
Effects of Photosynthesis and Respiration	p. 331
Reaeration	p. 332
Chemical Oxygen Demand	p. 336
Sediment Fluxes	p. 336
Sediment Diagenesis Model	p. 338
Depositional Fluxes	p. 344
Diagenesis Fluxes	p. 347
Sediment Fluxes	p. 348
Silica	p. 365
Coupling with Sediment Resuspension	p. 366
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation	p. 368
Introduction	p. 369
Equations for a SAV Model	p. 371
Coupling with the Water Quality Model	p. 378
Water Quality Modeling	p. 385
Model Parameters and Data Requirements	p. 387
Case Study I: Lake Okeechobee	p. 390
Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon	p. 406
External Sources and TMDL	p. 417
Point Sources and Nonpoint Sources	p. 417
Atmospheric Deposition	p. 420
Wetlands and Groundwater	p. 424
Wetlands	p. 424
Groundwater	p. 427
Watershed Processes and TMDL Development	p. 430
Watershed Processes	p. 430
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)	p. 433
Mathematical Modeling and Statistical Analyses	p. 437
Mathematical Models	p. 437
Numerical Models	p. 440
Model Selection	p. 444
Spatial Resolution and Temporal Resolution	p. 447
Statistical Analyses	p. 449
Statistics for Model Performance Evaluation	p. 450
Correlation and Regression	p. 452
Spectral Analysis	p. 454
Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF)	p. 457
EOF Case Study	p. 460
Model Calibration and Verification	p. 466
Model Calibration	p. 467
Model Verification and Validation	p. 470
Sensitivity Analysis	p. 471
Rivers	p. 473
Characteristics of Rivers	p. 473
Hydrodynamic Processes in Rivers	p. 477
River Flow and the Manning Equation	p. 477
Advection and Dispersion in Rivers	p. 481
Flow over Dams	p. 482
Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Rivers	p. 485
Sediment and Contaminants in Rivers	p. 485
Impacts of River Flow on Water Quality	p. 486
Eutrophication and Periphyton in Rivers	p. 488
Dissolved Oxygen in Rivers	p. 489
River Modeling	p. 492
Case Study I: Blackstone River	p. 493
Case Study II: Susquehanna River	p. 503
Lakes and Reservoirs	p. 509
Characteristics of Lakes and Reservoirs	p. 509
Key Factors Controlling a Lake	p. 510
Vertical Stratification	p. 511
Biological Zones in Lakes	p. 514
Characteristics of Reservoirs	p. 515
Lake Pollution and Eutrophication	p. 519
Hydrodynamic Processes	p. 521
Inflow, Outflow, and Water Budget	p. 522
Wind Forcing and Vertical Circulations	p. 525
Seasonal Variations of Stratification	p. 527
Gyres	p. 530
Seiches	p. 532
Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Lakes	p. 538
Sediment Deposition in Reservoirs and Lakes	p. 538
Algae and Nutrient Stratifications	p. 540
Dissolved Oxygen Stratifications	p. 543
Internal Cycling and Limiting Functions in Shallow Lakes	p. 546
Lake Modeling	p. 550
Case Study I: Lake Tenkiller	p. 551
Case Study II: Lake Okeechobee	p. 560
Estuaries and Coastal Waters	p. 567
Introduction	p. 567
Tidal Processes	p. 572
Tides	p. 572
Tidal Currents	p. 576
Harmonic Analysis	p. 580
Hydrodynamic Processes in Estuaries	p. 584
Salinity	p. 585
Estuarine Circulation	p. 586
Stratifications of Estuaries	p. 588
Flushing Time	p. 593
Sediment and Water Quality Processes in Estuaries	p. 600
Sediment Transport under Tidal Forcing	p. 600
Flocculation of Cohesive Sediment and Sediment Trapping	p. 601
Eutrophication in Estuaries	p. 604
Estuarine and Coastal Modeling	p. 607
Open Boundary Conditions	p. 609
Case Study I: Morro Bay	p. 613
Case Study II: St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon	p. 626
Environmental Fluid Dynamics Code	p. 635
Overview	p. 635
Hydrodynamics	p. 636
Sediment Transport	p. 637
Toxic Chemical Transport and Fate	p. 637
Water Quality and Eutrophication	p. 637
Numerical Schemes	p. 638
Documentation and Application Aids	p. 639
Conversion Factors	p. 641
Contents of Electronic Files	p. 645
Channel Model	p. 646
St. Lucie Estuary and Indian River Lagoon Model	p. 646
Lake Okeechobee Environmental Model	p. 646
Documentation and Utility Programs	p. 647
Bibliography	p. 649
Index	p. 671
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