Indoor Environmental Quality

by Godish; Thad

• ISBN13: 9781566704021
• ISBN10: 1566704022
• Edition: 1st
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-02
• Publisher: CRC Press

Summary

When we think of indoor pollution, we usually think of conditions originating from faulty ventilation systems, second hand smoke, and other air borne pollutants. Taking an in-depth, hard science look at the problems of indoor environmental pollution, Indoor Environmental Quality covers all the major indoor contaminants - inorganic, organic, and biological. Renowned author Thad Godish expands the scope of "indoor air quality" issues to include the entire indoor environment, both in the workplace and the home. He covers: hand-to-mouth transfer of lead, pesticides and asbestos dermal exposures from pesticide-contaminated dust contact with office materials such as carbon paper and other printed papers Naturally occurring and man-made contaminants such as radon and asbestos Godish discusses specific techniques including ventilation and air cleaning that can aid you in the clean-up of indoor air problems. He presents the major issues and concepts, and provides supporting facts in a highly readable style. An excellent, comprehensive, clear introduction to the issues associated with the quality of the indoor environment, Indoor Environmental Quality gives you the how-tos for controlling contaminants at the source. Its readability makes it ideal for anyone who needs information about specific indoor air problems, and how to diagnose and mitigate them.

Table of Contents

Indoor environments	1	(26)
Indoor contamination problems	3	(1)
Characteristics of residential buildings	4	(12)
Population served	4	(1)
Ownership status	4	(1)
Building types	5	(2)
Construction characteristics	7	(7)
Age and condition	14	(1)
Site characteristics	14	(1)
Occupants and occupant behavior	15	(1)
Exposure concerns	15	(1)
Characteristics of nonresidential buildings	16	(6)
Building functions and populations served	16	(1)
Access and ownership status	17	(1)
Building types and construction characteristics	18	(3)
Building operation and maintenance	21	(1)
Occupant densities and activities	21	(1)
Exposure concerns	21	(1)
Other indoor environments	22	(5)
Motor vehicles	22	(1)
Commercial airplanes	22	(1)
Trains	23	(1)
Ships	23	(1)
Submarines and space capsules	23	(4)
Inorganic contaminants: asbestos/radon/lead	27	(40)
Asbestos	27	(13)
Mineral characteristics	28	(1)
Asbestos-containing building materials	29	(4)
Asbestos exposures	33	(4)
Health effects	37	(3)
Radon	40	(13)
Soil sources/transport	41	(4)
Groundwater	45	(1)
Building materials	46	(1)
Radon concentrations	46	(2)
Health effects	48	(2)
Risk assessment	50	(3)
Lead	53	(14)
Lead in the indoor environment	54	(3)
Blood lead levels	57	(2)
Health effects	59	(8)
Combustion-generated contaminants	67	(28)
Vented combustion appliances	68	(3)
Flue-gas spillage	69	(1)
Wood-burning appliances	69	(2)
Unvented combustion systems	71	(6)
Cooking stoves in developing countries	71	(3)
Gas and kerosene heating appliances	74	(2)
Gas stoves and ovens	76	(1)
Gas fireplaces	77	(1)
Miscellaneous sources	77	(7)
Tobacco smoking	77	(2)
Candles and incense	79	(2)
Propane-fueled burnishers	81	(1)
Propane-fueled forklifts	81	(1)
Ice resurfacing machines	81	(1)
Arena events	82	(1)
Entrainment	83	(1)
Re-entry of flue gases	83	(1)
Health concerns and health effects	84	(11)
Carbon monoxide	84	(2)
Irritants	86	(1)
Nitrogen oxides	87	(1)
Carcinogens and cancer	88	(1)
Environmental tobacco smoke	88	(3)
Biomass cooking	91	(4)
Organic contaminants	95	(48)
Aldehydes	95	(13)
Sensory irritation	97	(1)
Formaldehyde	98	(9)
Acetaldehyde	107	(1)
Acrolein	107	(1)
Glutaraldehyde	108	(1)
VOCs/SVOCs	108	(16)
VOCs in residential buildings	109	(1)
VOCs in nonresidential buildings	109	(2)
Sources/emissions	111	(1)
Polyvalent alcohols and their derivatives	112	(2)
SVOCs	114	(4)
Health effects	118	(5)
Indoor air chemistry	123	(1)
Pesticides	124	(19)
Biocides	124	(2)
Fungicides	126	(1)
Insecticides	126	(2)
Indoor exposures and levels	128	(15)
Biological contaminants --- illness syndromes; bacteria; viruses; and exposures to insect, mite, and animal allergens	143	(24)
Illness syndromes	144	(3)
Chronic allergic rhinitis	144	(1)
Asthma	145	(1)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis	146	(1)
Bacteria and viruses	147	(8)
Bacteria	147	(7)
Viruses	154	(1)
Settled organic dust	155	(1)
Mites	155	(4)
Insects	159	(2)
Animal allergens	161	(2)
Cat allergens	162	(1)
Dog allergens	163	(1)
Rodent allergens	163	(1)
Passive allergen transport	163	(4)
Biological contaminants --- mold	167	(28)
Biology of mold	167	(7)
Reproduction	168	(1)
Dispersal	168	(3)
Nutrition	171	(1)
Environmental requirements	172	(1)
Classification	173	(1)
Biologically significant fungal compounds	174	(3)
MVOCs	174	(1)
Fungal toxins	175	(2)
Exposure assessments	177	(2)
Outdoor prevalence	177	(1)
Indoor prevalence	178	(1)
Health concerns	179	(6)
Infections	180	(1)
Allergenic and immunological illness	181	(2)
Nonallergenic illness	183	(2)
Mold infestation --- risk factors	185	(10)
High relative humidity	185	(2)
Cold floors	187	(1)
Condensation	187	(3)
Water intrusion	190	(1)
Plumbing leaks and flooding	191	(2)
Other sources of indoor mold contamination	193	(2)
Problem buildings	195	(32)
Building illness concepts	195	(3)
Building-related illness	195	(1)
Work-related illness and symptoms	196	(1)
Sick building syndrome	196	(2)
Sick/tight/problem buildings	198	(1)
Field investigations	198	(2)
NIOSH investigations	198	(2)
Systematic building investigations - symptom prevalence	200	(3)
Work performance and productivity	203	(1)
SBS-type symptom risk factors	204	(23)
Personal characteristics	204	(2)
Psychosocial phenomena and factors	206	(2)
Tobacco smoking	208	(1)
Environmental factors	208	(3)
Office materials and equipment	211	(6)
Building furnishings	217	(4)
Exposure to specific vapor- and particulate-phase contaminants	221	(6)
Investigating indoor environment problems	227	(36)
Awareness and responsibility	227	(2)
Residential buildings	227	(2)
Nonresidential buildings	229	(1)
Conducting indoor environment investigations	229	(34)
Residential investigations	230	(6)
Nonresidential investigations	236	(27)
Measurement of indoor contaminants	263	(38)
Measurement considerations	263	(30)
Sampling	264	(1)
Sampling objectives	264	(2)
Sampling airborne contaminants	266	(10)
Sampling bulk materials/surface contaminants	276	(2)
Measuring common contaminants in indoor environments	278	(6)
Sampling biological aerosols	284	(9)
Source emissions characterization	293	(8)
Laboratory methods	293	(2)
Emission rates and rate modeling	295	(2)
Full-scale studies	297	(1)
IAQ modeling	298	(3)
Source control	301	(32)
Prevention	302	(8)
Manufacturing safe products and product improvement	302	(1)
Consumer avoidance	303	(2)
Designing and constructing ``healthy buildings''	305	(3)
Building operation and maintenance	308	(2)
Mitigation measures	310	(4)
Source removal and replacement	311	(1)
Source treatment and modification	311	(3)
Climate control	314	(1)
Contaminant-specific source control measures	314	(19)
Asbestos	315	(3)
Lead	318	(3)
Biological contaminants	321	(12)
Ventilation	333	(36)
Natural ventilation	334	(6)
Stack effect	335	(2)
Wind	337	(1)
Infiltration and exfiltration air exchange rates	338	(1)
Leakage characteristics	339	(1)
Measuring building air exchange rates	340	(2)
Mechanical ventilation	342	(27)
General dilution ventilation	342	(20)
Local exhaust ventilation	362	(7)
Air cleaning	369	(36)
Airborne particles and dusts	369	(23)
Filtration	370	(8)
Electrostatic air cleaners	378	(3)
Performance measurement	381	(3)
Use considerations	384	(8)
Gas/vapor-phase contaminants	392	(10)
Adsorption	393	(1)
Activated carbons	393	(6)
Chemisorption	399	(1)
Performance studies	400	(1)
Absorption	401	(1)
Room temperature catalysts	401	(1)
Botanical air cleaning	401	(1)
Ozonation	401	(1)
Air cleaners as contaminant sources	402	(3)
Regulatory and nonregulatory initiatives	405	(36)
Introduction	405	(1)
Regulatory concepts	406	(8)
Air quality standards	406	(2)
Emission standards	408	(2)
Application standards	410	(1)
Prohibitive bans and use restrictions	410	(2)
Warnings	412	(1)
Compulsory HVAC system performance evaluations	412	(2)
Regulatory actions and initiatives	414	(12)
Asbestos	414	(4)
Lead	418	(4)
Formaldehyde	422	(1)
Smoking in public places	423	(1)
OSHA actions and proposals	424	(1)
Other actions and authorities	425	(1)
Nonregulatory approaches	426	(15)
Health guidelines	426	(2)
Ventilation guidelines	428	(1)
Public health advisories	429	(1)
Performance guidelines and requirements	429	(3)
Governmental voluntary initiatives	432	(1)
Citizen initiatives	433	(1)
Public information and education programs	434	(1)
Civil litigation	435	(6)
Index	441