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Preface | p. XI |
Scope of the Book | p. XIII |
List of Contributors | p. XXI |
Characterization of Crystal Size Distribution | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Particle Size Distribution | p. 1 |
Particle Size Distribution Moments | p. 4 |
Particle Size Distribution Characterization on the Basis of Mass Distribution | p. 5 |
References | p. 6 |
Forward Light Scattering | p. 7 |
Introduction | p. 7 |
Principles of Laser Diffraction | p. 8 |
Scatter Theory | p. 10 |
Generalized Lorenz-Mie Theory | p. 12 |
Anomalous Diffraction | p. 12 |
Fraunhofer Diffraction | p. 13 |
Deconvolution | p. 13 |
Direct Inversion Using the Nonnegativity Constraint | p. 14 |
Philips Twomey Inversion Method | p. 14 |
Iterative Methods | p. 15 |
The Effects of Shape | p. 15 |
Multiple Scattering | p. 16 |
Application of Laser Diffraction for Monitoring and Control of Industrial Crystallization Processes | p. 17 |
Conclusions | p. 19 |
References | p. 20 |
Further Reading | p. 20 |
Focused Beam Reflectance Measurement | p. 21 |
Measurement Principle | p. 21 |
Application Examples | p. 21 |
Solubility and Metastable Zone Width (MSZW) | p. 21 |
Seed Effectiveness | p. 22 |
Polymorph Transformations | p. 22 |
Effect of Different Impurity Levels | p. 23 |
Nucleation Kinetics | p. 24 |
Improved Downstream Processing | p. 24 |
Process Control | p. 25 |
Advantages and Limitations | p. 26 |
References | p. 27 |
Turbidimetry for the Estimation of Crystal Average Size | p. 29 |
Introduction | p. 29 |
Determination of Average Particle Size from Specific Turbidity | p. 29 |
Procedure to Evaluate Average Crystal Size by Turbidimetry for a High Solid Slurry Concentration | p. 31 |
Conclusion | p. 34 |
References | p. 34 |
Further Reading | p. 34 |
Imaging | p. 35 |
Introduction | p. 35 |
Literature Overview | p. 36 |
The Sensor Design | p. 39 |
Optics and Illumination | p. 40 |
The Camera System and the Resolution | p. 42 |
Image Analysis | p. 43 |
Statistics | p. 46 |
Application of In Situ Imaging for Monitoring Crystallization Processes | p. 46 |
Example 1 | p. 46 |
Example 2 | p. 47 |
Conclusions | p. 48 |
p. 49 | |
p. 50 | |
Turbidimetry and Nephelometry | p. 51 |
Introduction | p. 51 |
Measurement of Nucleation and Solubility Points | p. 51 |
The Developed Turbidrmetric and Nephelometric Instruments | p. 52 |
The Examined Systems | p. 53 |
Obtained Results | p. 54 |
References | p. 57 |
Speed of Sound | p. 59 |
Introduction | p. 59 |
In-Process Ultrasound Measurement | p. 59 |
Determining Solubility and Metastable Zone Width | p. 60 |
Measuring Crystal Growth Rates | p. 65 |
Detecting Phase Transitions with Ultrasound | p. 66 |
References | p. 68 |
In-Line Process Refractometer for Concentration Measurement in Sugar Crystallizers | p. 71 |
Introduction | p. 71 |
Measurement Principle | p. 72 |
In-Line Instrument Features and Benefits | p. 74 |
Accuracy | p. 74 |
Concentration Determination | p. 74 |
Process Temperature Compensation Factor | p. 75 |
Process Sensor | p. 75 |
Features and Benefits | p. 76 |
Example of Application in the Crystallization | p. 76 |
Seeding Point and Supersaturation Control in Sugar Vacuum Pan | p. 77 |
Conclusion | p. 79 |
Atr-Ftir Spectroscopy | p. 81 |
Introduction | p. 81 |
Calibration | p. 82 |
Speciation Monitoring | p. 84 |
Co-Crystal Formation | p. 84 |
Solubility Measurement | p. 86 |
Crystal Growth Rates | p. 86 |
Polymorph Transformation | p. 87 |
Crystallization Monitoring and Control | p. 89 |
Impurity Monitoring | p. 89 |
Conclusions | p. 90 |
References | p. 90 |
Raman Spectroscopy | p. 93 |
Introduction | p. 93 |
Factors Influencing the Raman Spectrum | p. 94 |
Calibration | p. 95 |
Univariate Approaches | p. 95 |
Multivariate Approaches | p. 98 |
Applications | p. 99 |
Solid-Phase Composition Monitoring | p. 99 |
Liquid Phase Composition Monitoring | p. 99 |
Amorphous Content Quantification | p. 200 |
Conclusions | p. 101 |
References | p. 102 |
Basic Recipe Control | p. 105 |
Introduction | p. 105 |
Incentives for Basic Recipe Control | p. 105 |
Main Mechanisms, Sensors, and Actuators | p. 106 |
Crystallization Mechanisms | p. 106 |
Sensors | p. 106 |
Measurement of the Solute Concentration | p. 107 |
Measurement of the Crystal Number, Size, Distribution, and Morphology | p. 107 |
Actuators | p. 108 |
Basic Recipe Control Strategy | p. 109 |
How to Obtain a Recipe? | p. 110 |
Scaling Up the Recipe | p. 111 |
Seeding as a Process Actuator | p. 111 |
Initial Supersaruration | p. 112 |
Seed Mass | p. 112 |
Seed Size and Size Distribution | p. 113 |
Seed Quality and Preparation Procedure | p. 113 |
Methods of Addition of Seeds | p. 114 |
Rate of Supersaturation Generation | p. 114 |
Mixing and Suspension of Solids | p. 116 |
Fines Removal and Dissolution | p. 118 |
Implementation of Basic Recipe Control | p. 119 |
Conclusions | p. 122 |
References | p. 122 |
Seeding Technique in Batch Crystallization | p. 127 |
Introduction | p. 127 |
Seeding Operation: Main Principles and Phenomena | p. 127 |
Use of Seeding for Batch Crystallization: Main Process Parameters | p. 128 |
Control of Batch Crystallization by Seeding: Empirical Rules for Design | p. 131 |
References | p. 137 |
Advanced Recipe Control | p. 139 |
Introduction | p. 139 |
Incentives and Strategy of the Advanced Recipe Control | p. 139 |
Modeling for Optimization, Prediction, and Control | p. 141 |
Model Validation | p. 143 |
Rate of Supersaturation Generation | p. 144 |
Mixing Conditions | p. 145 |
Implementation | p. 150 |
Example of Modeling, Optimization, and Open-Loop Control of a 75-1 Draft-Tube Crystallizer | p. 150 |
Objectives and Advanced Recipe Control | p. 150 |
Process Description and Modeling | p. 151 |
Dynamic Optimization | p. 153 |
Experimental Validation Results | p. 155 |
Conclusions | p. 157 |
References | p. 158 |
Advanced Model-Based Recipe Control | p. 161 |
Introduction | p. 161 |
Online Dynamic Optimization | p. 163 |
MPC for Batch Crystallization | p. 168 |
Conclusions and Perspectives | p. 172 |
References | p. 173 |
Fines Removal | p. 175 |
Introduction | p. 175 |
Fines Removal by Heat Dissolution | p. 175 |
Modeling of an MSMPR Continuous Crystallizer with Fines Removal | p. 177 |
Fines Destruction in the Industrial Practice | p. 178 |
CSD Control by Fines Removal for Pilot Scale Crystallizers | p. 180 |
The Cycling Phenomenon as Undesired Effect of Fines Destruction in Industrial Crystallizers | p. 182 |
References | p. 184 |
Model Predictive Control | p. 185 |
Introduction | p. 185 |
Receding Horizon Principle | p. 185 |
Advantages and Disadvantages of MPC | p. 187 |
Approach for Designing and Implementing an MPC Control System | p. 189 |
Process Modeling | p. 190 |
The Performance Index | p. 192 |
Constraints | p. 193 |
The MPC Optimization | p. 193 |
Tuning | p. 193 |
State Estimation | p. 194 |
Implementation | p. 196 |
MPC of Crystallization Processes | p. 197 |
Delta-Mode MPC | p. 198 |
Conclusions and Perspectives | p. 199 |
References | p. 200 |
Industrial Crystallizers Design and Control | p. 203 |
Introduction | p. 203 |
Forced Circulation Crystallizer | p. 204 |
Draft-Tube-Baffle Crystallizer | p. 209 |
"Oslo" Growth-Type Crystallizer | p. 213 |
Process Variables in Crystallizer Operation | p. 218 |
Continuous Operation | p. 218 |
Batch Operations | p. 219 |
Sensors | p. 219 |
Level | p. 220 |
Density | p. 220 |
Crystal Size | p. 221 |
Control Devices | p. 222 |
References | p. 224 |
Index | p. 225 |
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The Used, Rental and eBook copies of this book are not guaranteed to include any supplemental materials. Typically, only the book itself is included. This is true even if the title states it includes any access cards, study guides, lab manuals, CDs, etc.