Infants, Children, and Adolescents

by Berk, Laura E.

• ISBN13: 9780205419289
• ISBN10: 0205419283
• Edition: 5th
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2008-01-01
• Publisher: Allyn & Bacon

Summary

With a heightened emphasis on the interplay between biology and environment, and stronger focus on education (both at home and at school) and social policy as critical pieces of the dynamic system in which the child develops, Berk pays meticulous attention to the most recent scholarship in the field.

Table of Contents

A Personal Note to Students	xiv
Preface for Instructors	xv
PART I Theory and Research in Child Development
History, Theory, and Research Strategies	2	(50)
The Field of Child Development	4	(2)
Periods of Development	5	(1)
Domains of Development	5	(1)
Basic Issues	6	(4)
Continuous or Discontinuous Development?	7	(1)
One Course of Development or Many?	8	(1)
Nature or Nurture as More Important?	9	(1)
Biology and Environment: Resilient Children	10	(2)
A Balanced Point of View	10	(2)
Historical Foundations	12	(3)
Medieval Times	12	(1)
The Reformation	12	(1)
Philosophies of the Enlightenment	13	(1)
Scientific Beginnings	13	(2)
Mid-Twentieth-Century Theories	15	(8)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective	15	(3)
Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory	18	(1)
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory	19	(4)
Recent Theoretical Perspectives	23	(8)
Information Processing	23	(1)
Ethology and Evolutionary Developmental Psychology	24	(2)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	26	(1)
Ecological Systems Theory	27	(2)
New Directions: Development as a Dynamic System	29	(2)
Comparing Child Development Theories	31	(1)
Studying the Child	31	(18)
Common Methods of Gathering Information	33	(5)
Cultural Influences: Immigrant Youths: Amazing Adaptation	38	(1)
General Research Designs	39	(2)
Designs for Studying Development	41	(3)
Social Issues: Health: Impact of Historical Times on Development: The Great Depression and World War II	44	(2)
Ethics in Research on Children	46	(3)
Summary	49	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	51	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	51	(1)
PART II Foundations of Development
Biological and Environmental Foundations	52	(40)
Genetic Foundations	54	(10)
The Genetic Code	54	(1)
The Sex Cells	55	(2)
Boy or Girl?	57	(1)
Multiple Births	57	(1)
Patterns of Genetic Inheritance	58	(4)
Chromosomal Abnormalities	62	(2)
Reproductive Choices	64	(7)
Genetic Counseling	64	(1)
Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Medicine	65	(1)
Social Issues: Health: The Pros and Cons of Reproductive Technologies	66	(3)
The Alternative of Adoption	69	(2)
Environmental Contexts for Development	71	(12)
The Family	71	(3)
Socioeconomic Status and Family Functioning	74	(1)
The Impact of Poverty	74	(2)
Beyond the Family: Neighborhoods and Schools	76	(1)
The Cultural Context	77	(2)
Cultural Influences: The African-American Extended Family	79	(2)
Social Issues: Health: Welfare Reform, Poverty, and Child Development	81	(2)
Understanding the Relationship Between Heredity and Environment	83	(7)
The Question, ``How Much?''	83	(2)
The Question, ``How?''	85	(3)
Biology and Environment: Uncoupling Genetic-Environmental Correlations for Mental Illness and Antisocial Behavior	88	(2)
Summary	90	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	91	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	91	(1)
Prenatal Development	92	(36)
Motivations for Parenthood	94	(5)
Why Have Children?	94	(1)
How Large a Family?	95	(1)
Is There a Best Time During Adulthood to Have a Child?	96	(1)
Social Issues: Education: A Global Perspective on Family Planning	97	(2)
Prenatal Development	99	(7)
Conception	99	(2)
The Period of the Zygote	101	(1)
The Period of the Embryo	102	(1)
The Period of the Fetus	103	(3)
Prenatal Environmental Influences	106	(16)
Teratogens	106	(2)
Biology and Environment: The Prenatal Environment and Health in Later Life	108	(2)
Social Issues: Health: Can a Thalidomide-Like Tragedy Occur Again? The Teratogenic Effects of Accutane	110	(6)
Other Maternal Factors	116	(4)
The Importance of Prenatal Health Care	120	(2)
Preparing for Parenthood	122	(3)
Seeking Information	122	(1)
The Baby Becomes a Reality	123	(1)
Models of Effective Parenthood	123	(1)
Practical Concerns	124	(1)
The Parental Relationship	125	(1)
Summary	125	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	127	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	127	(1)
Birth and the Newborn Baby	128	(36)
The Stages of Childbirth	130	(5)
Stage 1: Dilation and Effacement of the Cervix	130	(1)
Stage 2: Delivery of the Baby	131	(1)
Biology and Environment: What Controls the Timing of Birth?	132	(1)
Stage 3: Birth of the Placenta	132	(1)
The Baby's Adaptation to Labor and Delivery	132	(1)
The Newborn Baby's Appearance	133	(1)
Assessing the Newborn's Physical Condition: The Apgar Scale	134	(1)
Approaches to Childbirth	135	(2)
Natural, or Prepared, Childbirth	135	(1)
Home Delivery	136	(1)
Medical Interventions	137	(3)
Fetal Monitoring	137	(1)
Labor and Delivery Medication	138	(1)
Instrument Delivery	138	(1)
Induced Labor	139	(1)
Cesarean Delivery	139	(1)
Birth Complications	140	(7)
Oxygen Deprivation	140	(1)
Preterm and Low-Birth-Weight Infants	141	(3)
Social Issues: Health: A Cross-National Perspective on Health Care and Other Policies for Parents and Newborn Babies	144	(2)
Birth Complications, Parenting, and Resilience	146	(1)
Precious Moments After Birth	147	(1)
The Newborn Baby's Capacities	147	(10)
Reflexes	148	(2)
States	150	(2)
Social Issues: Health: The Mysterious Tragedy of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome	152	(2)
Sensory Capacities	154	(2)
Neonatal Behavioral Assessment	156	(1)
The Transition to Parenthood	157	(4)
Changes in the Family System	158	(1)
Biology and Environment: Postpartum Depression and the Parent---Child Relationship	159	(1)
Parent Interventions	160	(1)
Summary	161	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	163	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	163	(1)
PART III Infancy and Toddlerhood: The First Two Years
Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood	164	(42)
Body Growth	166	(3)
Changes in Body Size and Muscle-Fat Makeup	166	(1)
Changes in Body Proportions	167	(1)
Skeletal Growth	168	(1)
Brain Development	169	(9)
Development of Neurons	169	(2)
Development of the Cerebral Cortex	171	(1)
Biology and Environment: Brain Plasticity: Insights from Research on Brain-Damaged Children and Adults	172	(2)
Sensitive Periods in Brain Development	174	(2)
Changing States of Arousal	176	(1)
Cultural Influences: Cultural Variation in Infant Sleeping Arrangements	177	(1)
Influences on Early Physical Growth	178	(4)
Heredity	178	(1)
Nutrition	178	(2)
Malnutrition	180	(1)
Emotional Well-Being	181	(1)
Learning Capacities	182	(4)
Classical Conditioning	182	(1)
Operant Conditioning	183	(1)
Habituation	184	(1)
Imitation	185	(1)
Motor Development	186	(7)
The Sequence of Motor Development	187	(1)
Motor Skills as Dynamic Systems	188	(1)
Dynamic Motor Systems in Action	188	(1)
Cultural Variations in Motor Development	189	(1)
Fine Motor Development: Reaching and Grasping	189	(2)
Bowel and Bladder Control	191	(2)
Perceptual Development	193	(10)
Hearing	193	(1)
Vision	194	(2)
Biology and Environment: Development of Infants with Severe Visual Impairments	196	(4)
Object Perception	200	(1)
Intermodal Perception	201	(1)
Understanding Perceptual Development	202	(1)
Summary	203	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	205	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	205	(1)
Cognitive Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood	206	(42)
Piaget's Cognitive-Developmental Theory	208	(12)
Piaget's Ideas About Cognitive Change	208	(1)
The Sensorimotor Stage	209	(3)
Follow-Up Research on Infant Cognitive Development	212	(4)
Evaluation of the Sensorimotor Stage	216	(2)
Biology and Environment: Do Infants Have Built-In Numerical Knowledge?	218	(2)
Information Processing	220	(6)
Structure of the Information-Processing System	220	(1)
Attention	221	(1)
Memory	222	(1)
Categorization	223	(1)
Biology and Environment: Infantile Amnesia	224	(2)
Evaluation of Information-Processing Findings	226	(1)
The Social Context of Early Cognitive Development	226	(3)
Cultural Influences: Social Origins of Make-Believe Play	228	(1)
Individual Differences in Early Mental Development	229	(6)
Infant Intelligence Tests	229	(2)
Early Environment and Mental Development	231	(2)
Early Intervention for At-Risk Infants and Toddlers	233	(2)
Language Development	235	(10)
Three Theories of Language Development	235	(3)
Getting Ready to Talk	238	(2)
First Words	240	(1)
The Two-Word Utterance Phase	240	(1)
Comprehension versus Production	241	(1)
Individual and Cultural Differences	241	(1)
Supporting Early Language Development	242	(3)
Summary	245	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	247	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	247	(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood	248	(38)
Erikson's Theory of Infant and Toddler Personality	250	(2)
Basic Trust versus Mistrust	250	(1)
Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt	251	(1)
Emotional Development	252	(6)
Development of Basic Emotions	252	(3)
Understanding and Responding to the Emotions of Others	255	(1)
Emergence of Self-Conscious Emotions	256	(1)
Beginnings of Emotional Self-Regulation	256	(2)
Development of Temperament	258	(6)
The Structure of Temperament	258	(1)
Measuring Temperament	259	(1)
Biology and Environment: Biological Basis of Shyness and Sociability	260	(1)
Stability of Temperament	261	(1)
Genetic Influences	262	(1)
Environmental Influences	262	(1)
Temperament and Child Rearing: The Goodness-of-Fit Model	263	(1)
Development of Attachment	264	(14)
Bowlby's Ethological Theory	265	(1)
Measuring the Security of Attachment	266	(2)
Stability of Attachment	268	(1)
Cultural Variations	268	(1)
Factors That Affect Attachment Security	269	(3)
Social Issues: Health: Does Child Care in Infancy Threaten Attachment Security and Later Adjustment?	272	(2)
Multiple Attachments	274	(1)
Cultural Influences: The Powerful Role of Paternal Warmth in Development	275	(1)
From Attachment to Peer Sociability	276	(1)
Attachment and Later Development	277	(1)
Self-Understanding	278	(3)
Self-Awareness	278	(1)
Categorizing the Self	279	(1)
Emergence of Self-Control	280	(1)
Summary	281	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	283	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	283	(3)
Milestones of Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood	284	(2)
PART IV Early Childhood: Two to Six Years
Physical Development in Early Childhood	286	(28)
Body Growth	288	(2)
Skeletal Growth	288	(2)
Asynchronies in Physical Growth	290	(1)
Brain Development	290	(3)
Handedness	292	(1)
Other Advances in Brain Development	293	(1)
Factors Affecting Physical Growth and Health	293	(11)
Heredity and Hormones	294	(1)
Emotional Well-Being	294	(1)
Sleep Habits and Problems	294	(2)
Nutrition	296	(2)
Infectious Disease	298	(1)
Cultural Influences: Child Health Care in the United States and Other Western Nations	299	(1)
Childhood Injuries	300	(1)
Social Issues: Health: Otitis Media and Development	301	(3)
Motor Development	304	(7)
Gross Motor Development	304	(2)
Fine Motor Development	306	(3)
Individual Differences in Motor Skills	309	(1)
Enhancing Early Childhood Motor Development	310	(1)
Summary	311	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	313	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	313	(1)
Cognitive Development in Early Childhood	314	(42)
Piaget's Theory: The Preoperational Stage	316	(12)
Advances in Mental Representation	316	(1)
Make-Believe Play	316	(2)
Symbol--Real World Relations	318	(1)
Limitations of Preoperational Thought	319	(2)
Follow-Up Research on Preoperational Thought	321	(3)
Social Issues: Education: Young Children's Understanding of Death	324	(2)
Evaluation of the Preoperational Stage	326	(1)
Piaget and Early Childhood Education	327	(1)
Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	328	(5)
Children's Private Speech	329	(1)
Social Origins of Early Childhood Cognition	329	(2)
Vygotsky and Early Childhood Education	331	(1)
Evaluation of Vygotsky's Theory	331	(1)
Cultural Influences: Children in Village and Tribal Cultures Observe and Participate in Adult Work	332	(1)
Information Processing	333	(10)
Attention	333	(1)
Memory	334	(1)
Problem Solving	335	(1)
The Young Child's Theory of Mind	336	(2)
Early Literacy and Mathematical Development	338	(1)
Biology and Environment: ``Mindblindness'' and Autism	339	(4)
Individual Differences in Mental Development	343	(5)
Early Childhood Intelligence Tests	343	(1)
Home Environment and Mental Development	343	(1)
Preschool, Kindergarten, and Child Care	344	(3)
Educational Media	347	(1)
Language Development	348	(5)
Vocabulary	348	(2)
Grammar	350	(1)
Conversation	351	(1)
Supporting Language Learning in Early Childhood	352	(1)
Summary	353	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	355	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	355	(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood	356	(44)
Erikson's Theory: Initiative versus Guilt	358	(1)
Self-Understanding	359	(2)
Foundations of Self-Concept	359	(1)
Cultural Influences: Cultural Variations in Storytelling: Implications for Early Self-Concept	360	(1)
Emergence of Self-Esteem	360	(1)
Emotional Development	361	(5)
Understanding Emotion	361	(2)
Emotional Self-Regulation	363	(1)
Self-Conscious Emotions	363	(1)
Empathy and Sympathy	364	(2)
Peer Relations	366	(5)
Advances in Peer Sociability	366	(2)
First Friendships	368	(1)
Social Problem Solving	368	(2)
Parental Influences on Early Peer Relations	370	(1)
Foundations of Morality	371	(10)
The Psychoanalytic Perspective	371	(2)
Social Learning Theory	373	(2)
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective	375	(2)
The Other Side of Morality: Development of Aggression	377	(4)
Gender Typing	381	(7)
Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs and Behaviors	381	(1)
Biological Influences on Gender Typing	382	(1)
Environmental Influences on Gender Typing	382	(1)
Biology and Environment: David: A Boy Who Was Reared as a Girl	383	(2)
Gender Identity	385	(2)
Reducing Gender Stereotyping in Young Children	387	(1)
Child Rearing and Emotional and Social Development	388	(7)
Styles of Child Rearing	388	(1)
What Makes Authoritative Child Rearing Effective?	389	(1)
Cultural Variations	390	(1)
Child Maltreatment	390	(4)
Social Issues: Health: Healthy Start: Preventing Child Maltreatment Through Home Visitation	394	(1)
Summary	395	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	397	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	397	(3)
Milestones of Development in Early Childhood	398	(2)
PART V Middle Childhood: Six to Eleven Years
Physical Development in Middle Childhood	400	(26)
Body Growth	402	(2)
Worldwide Variations in Body Size	402	(1)
Secular Trends in Physical Growth	403	(1)
Skeletal Growth	403	(1)
Brain Development	404	(1)
Common Health Problems	404	(9)
Vision and Hearing	405	(1)
Malnutrition	406	(1)
Obesity	406	(4)
Social Issues: Health: The Obesity Epidemic: How Americans Became the Heaviest People in the World	410	(2)
Bedwetting	412	(1)
Illnesses	412	(1)
Unintentional Injuries	413	(1)
Health Education	413	(4)
Social Issues: Education: Children's Understanding of Health and Illness	415	(2)
Motor Development and Play	417	(7)
Gross Motor Development	417	(1)
Fine Motor Development	418	(1)
Individual Differences in Motor Skills	418	(2)
Child-Organized Games	420	(1)
Adult-Organized Youth Sports	420	(1)
Shadows of Our Evolutionary Past	421	(1)
Physical Education	422	(2)
Summary	424	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	425	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	425	(1)
Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood	426	(42)
Piaget's Theory: The Concrete Operational Stage	428	(4)
Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage	428	(1)
Limitations of Concrete Operational Thought	429	(1)
Follow-Up Research on Concrete Operational Thought	429	(2)
Evaluation of the Concrete Operational Stage	431	(1)
Information Processing	432	(10)
Attention	432	(1)
Memory Strategies	433	(1)
Biology and Environment: Children with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder	434	(2)
The Knowledge Base and Memory Performance	436	(1)
Culture, Schooling, and Memory Strategies	436	(1)
The School-Age Child's Theory of Mind	437	(1)
Cognitive Self-Regulation	438	(1)
Applications of Information Processing to Academic Learning	438	(4)
Individual Differences in Mental Development	442	(9)
Defining and Measuring Intelligence	442	(1)
Recent Efforts to Define Intelligence	443	(2)
Explaining Individual and Group Differences in IQ	445	(2)
Cultural Influences: The Flynn Effect: Massive Generational Gains in IQ	447	(2)
Reducing Cultural Bias in Intelligence Testing	449	(2)
Language Development	451	(3)
Vocabulary	451	(1)
Grammar	452	(1)
Pragmatics	452	(1)
Learning Two Languages at a Time	453	(1)
Children's Learning in School	454	(11)
Class Size	454	(1)
Educational Philosophies	455	(2)
Social Issues: Education: School Readiness and Grade Retention	457	(1)
Teacher-Student Interaction	458	(1)
Grouping Practices	459	(1)
Computers and Academic Learning	459	(1)
Teaching Children with Special Needs	460	(3)
How Well Educated Are North American Children?	463	(2)
Summary	465	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	467	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	467	(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood	468	(46)
Erikson's Theory: Industry versus Inferiority	470	(1)
Self-Understanding	471	(6)
Self-Concept	471	(1)
Cognitive, Social, and Cultural Influences on Self-Concept	471	(1)
Self-Esteem	472	(1)
Influences on Self-Esteem	473	(4)
Emotional Development	477	(3)
Self-Conscious Emotions	478	(1)
Emotional Understanding	478	(1)
Emotional Self-Regulation	479	(1)
Understanding Others: Perspective Taking	480	(1)
Moral Development	481	(4)
Learning About Justice Through Sharing	481	(1)
Understanding Moral, Social-Conventional, and Personal Matters	482	(1)
Cultural Influences: Children's Understanding of God	483	(1)
Moral Education	484	(1)
Peer Relations	485	(5)
Peer Groups	485	(1)
Friendships	486	(1)
Peer Acceptance	487	(2)
Biology and Environment: Bullies and Their Victims	489	(1)
Gender Typing	490	(2)
Gender-Stereotyped Beliefs	490	(1)
Gender Identity and Behavior	490	(1)
Cultural Influences on Gender Typing	491	(1)
Family Influences	492	(10)
Parent--Child Relationships	493	(1)
Siblings	493	(1)
One-Child Families	493	(1)
Gay and Lesbian Families	494	(1)
Never-Married Single-Parent Families	494	(1)
Divorce	495	(4)
Blended Families	499	(1)
Maternal Employment and Dual-Earner Families	500	(2)
Some Common Problems of Development	502	(7)
Fears and Anxieties	502	(1)
Cultural Influences: The Impact of Ethnic and Political Violence on Children	503	(1)
Child Sexual Abuse	504	(1)
Fostering Resilience in Middle Childhood	505	(2)
Social Issues: Health: Children's Eyewitness Testimony	507	(2)
Summary	509	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	511	(1)
FYI Further Information and Help	511	(3)
Milestones of Development in Middle Childhood	512	(2)
PART VI Adolescence: The Transition to Adulthood
Physical Development in Adolescence	514	(36)
Conceptions of Adolescence	516	(1)
The Biological Perspective	516	(1)
The Social Perspective	516	(1)
A Balanced Point of View	517	(1)
Puberty: The Physical Transition to Adulthood	517	(8)
Hormonal Changes	517	(1)
Body Growth	518	(2)
Motor Development and Physical Activity	520	(1)
Sexual Maturation	521	(1)
Individual Differences in Pubertal Growth	522	(1)
The Secular Trend	523	(1)
Brain Development	524	(1)
Changing States of Arousal	524	(1)
The Psychological Impact of Pubertal Events	525	(6)
Reactions to Pubertal Changes	525	(1)
Cultural Influences: Adolescent Initiation Ceremonies	526	(1)
Pubertal Change, Emotion, and Social Behavior	527	(2)
Early versus Late Pubertal Timing	529	(2)
Health Issues	531	(17)
Nutritional Needs	531	(1)
Serious Eating Disturbances	532	(1)
Injuries	533	(1)
Sexual Activity	534	(2)
Social Issues: Health: Parents and Teenagers (Don't) Talk About Sex	536	(3)
Biology and Environment: Homosexuality: Coming Out to Oneself and Others	539	(1)
Sexually Transmitted Disease	540	(2)
Adolescent Pregnancy and Parenthood	542	(3)
Substance Use and Abuse	545	(3)
Summary	548	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	549	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	549	(1)
Cognitive Development in Adolescence	550	(34)
Piaget's Theory: The Formal Operational Stage	552	(3)
Hypothetico-Deductive Reasoning	552	(1)
Propositional Thought	553	(1)
Follow-Up Research on Formal Operational Thought	553	(2)
An Information-Processing View of Adolescent Cognitive Development	555	(3)
Scientific Reasoning: Coordinating Theory with Evidence	556	(2)
Consequences of Abstract Thought	558	(3)
Argumentativeness	558	(1)
Self-Consciousness and Self-Focusing	559	(1)
Idealism and Criticism	560	(1)
Planning and Decision Making	560	(1)
Sex Differences in Mental Abilities	561	(3)
Biology and Environment: Sex Differences in Spatial Abilities	563	(1)
Language Development	564	(1)
Vocabulary and Grammar	564	(1)
Pragmatics	564	(1)
Learning in School	565	(11)
School Transitions	565	(2)
Academic Achievement	567	(4)
Social Issues: Education: High-Stakes Testing	571	(1)
Dropping Out	572	(3)
Social Issues: Education: Extracurricular Activities: Contexts for Positive Youth Development	575	(1)
Vocational Development	576	(5)
Selecting a Vocation	576	(1)
Factors Influencing Vocational Choice	577	(2)
Making the Transition from School to Work	579	(2)
Summary	581	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	583	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	583	(1)
Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence	584	(44)
Erikson's Theory: Identity versus Identity Confusion	586	(1)
Self-Understanding	587	(7)
Changes in Self-Concept	587	(1)
Changes in Self-Esteem	588	(1)
Influences on Self-Esteem	588	(1)
Paths to Identity	589	(1)
Identity Status and Psychological Well-Being	590	(1)
Influences on Identity Development	591	(2)
Cultural Influences: Identity Development Among Ethnic Minority Adolescents	593	(1)
Moral Development	594	(9)
Piaget's Theory of Moral Development	594	(1)
Kohlberg's Extension of Piaget's Theory	595	(3)
Are There Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning?	598	(1)
Influences on Moral Reasoning	599	(2)
Moral Reasoning and Behavior	601	(1)
Religious Involvement and Moral Development	601	(1)
Social Issues: Education: Development of Civic Responsibility	602	(1)
Gender Typing	603	(1)
The Family	604	(3)
Parent--Child Relationships	604	(2)
Family Circumstances	606	(1)
Siblings	607	(1)
Peer Relations	607	(6)
Friendships	608	(2)
Cliques and Crowds	610	(1)
Dating	611	(1)
Peer Pressure and Conformity	612	(1)
Problems of Development	613	(8)
Depression	614	(1)
Suicide	615	(3)
Delinquency	618	(1)
Biology and Environment: Two Routes to Adolescent Delinquency	619	(2)
At the Threshold	621	(2)
Summary	623	(2)
Important Terms and Concepts	625	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	625	(3)
Milestones of Development in Adolescence	626	(2)
Emerging Adulthood	628	(2)
A Period of Unprecedented Exploration	630	(1)
Cultural Change and Emerging Adulthood	631	(1)
Development in Emerging Adulthood	632	(5)
Cognitive Changes	632	(1)
Emotional and Social Changes	633	(4)
Risk and Resilience in Emerging Adulthood	637	(2)
Summary	639	(1)
Important Terms and Concepts	639	(1)
FYI For Further Information and Help	639
Glossary	1	(1)
References	1	(1)
Name Index	1	(1)
Subject Index	1