Interactive Computer Graphics: A Top-Down Approach With Opengl

by Angel, Edward

• ISBN13: 9780201385977
• ISBN10: 020138597X
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Pearson College Div

Summary

This introductory text features a top-down, programming-oriented approach to computer graphics. Capitalizing upon this top-down and hands-on approach, the text quickly gets students writing interesting 3D graphics programs. Angel uses OpenGL, a graphics library supported by most workstations, and the C programming language (which, like OpenGL, is not object-oriented), allowing students to be aware of what is happening at the lowest levels of computer-graphics programming. Each chapter is built around an application, with key principles and techniques explained as needed and in increasing detail, teaching students by example and by practice. While emphasizing applications programming, the book covers all topics required for a fundamental course in computer graphics, such as light-material interactions, shading, modeling, curves and surfaces, antialiasing, texture mapping, and compositing, as well as hardware issues. The top-down approach taken in this book enables students of computer science and engineering to generate complex interactive applications by the end of their first course, and will give them a solid background for future work or study in computer graphics.

Author Biography

Edward Angel is Professor of Computer Science and Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of New Mexico (UNM).

Table of Contents

Preface	V
Chapter 1 Graphics Systems and Models	1	(34)
1.1 Applications of Computer Graphics	2	(3)
1.1.1 Display of Information	2	(1)
1.1.2 Design	3	(1)
1.1.3 Simulation	3	(1)
1.1.4 User Interfaces	4	(1)
1.2 A Graphics System	5	(4)
1.2.1 Pixels and the Frame Buffer	6	(1)
1.2.2 Output Devices	7	(1)
1.2.3 Input Devices	8	(1)
1.3 Images: Physical and Synthetic	9	(6)
1.3.1 Objects and Viewers	9	(2)
1.3.2 Light and Images	11	(2)
1.3.3 Ray Tracing	13	(2)
1.4 The Human Visual System	15	(2)
1.5 The Pinhole Camera	17	(2)
1.6 The Synthetic-Camera Model	19	(2)
1.7 The Programmer's Interface	21	(5)
1.7.1 Application Programmer's Interfaces	22	(2)
1.7.2 A Sequence of Images	24	(1)
1.7.3 The Modeling-Rendering Paradigm	25	(1)
1.8 Graphics Architectures	26	(5)
1.8.1 Display Processors	27	(1)
1.8.2 Pipeline Architectures	27	(2)
1.8.3 Transformations	29	(1)
1.8.4 Clipping	29	(1)
1.8.5 Projection	30	(1)
1.8.6 Rasterization	30	(1)
1.8.7 Performance Characteristics	30	(1)
1.9 Summary	31	(1)
1.10 Suggested Readings	32	(1)
Exercises	33	(2)
Chapter 2 Graphics Programming	35	(50)
2.1 The Sierpinski Gasket	36	(7)
2.1.1 The Pen-Plotter Model	37	(5)
2.1.2 Coordinate Systems	42	(1)
2.2 The OpenGL API	43	(3)
2.2.1 Graphics Functions	44	(1)
2.2.2 The OpenGL Interface	45	(1)
2.3 Primitives and Attributes	46	(7)
2.3.1 Polygon Basics	47	(2)
2.3.2 Polygon Types in OpenGL	49	(1)
2.3.3 Text	50	(1)
2.3.4 Curved Objects	51	(1)
2.3.5 Attributes	52	(1)
2.4 Color	53	(8)
2.4.1 RGB Color	57	(2)
2.4.2 Indexed Color	59	(1)
2.4.3 Setting of Color Attributes	60	(1)
2.5 Viewing	61	(3)
2.5.1 Two-Dimensional Viewing	61	(1)
2 5.2 The Orthographic View	62	(2)
2.5.3 Matrix Modes	64	(1)
2.6 Control Functions	64	(6)
2.6.1 Interaction with the Window System	65	(2)
2.6.2 Aspect Ratio and Viewports	67	(1)
2.6.3 The main, display, and myinit Functions	68	(2)
2 6.4 Program Structure	70	(1)
2.7 The Gasket Program	70	(1)
2.8 Polygons and Recursion	71	(3)
2.9 The Three-Dimensional Gasket	74	(5)
2.9.1 Use of Three-Dimensional Points	74	(2)
2.9.2 Use of Polygons in Three Dimensions	76	(1)
2.9.3 Hidden-Surface Removal	77	(2)
2.10 Summary	79	(1)
2.11 Suggested Readings	80	(1)
Exercises	81	(4)
Chapter 3 Input and Interaction	85	(44)
3.1 Interaction	85	(2)
3.2 Input Devices	87	(7)
3.2.1 Physical Input Devices	87	(3)
3.2.2 Logical Devices	90	(1)
3.2.3 Measure and Trigger	91	(1)
3.2.4 Input Modes	92	(2)
3.3 Clients and Servers	94	(1)
3.4 Display Lists	95	(8)
3.4.1 Definition and Execution of Display Lists	97	(2)
3.4.2 Text and Display Lists	99	(3)
3.4.3 Fonts in GLUT	102	(1)
3.5 Programming Event-Driven Input	103	(6)
3.5.1 Using the Pointing Device	103	(3)
3.5.2 Window Events	106	(2)
3.5.3 Keyboard Events	108	(1)
3.5.4 The Display and Idle Callbacks	108	(1)
3.5.5 Window Management	109	(1)
3.6 Menus	109	(2)
3.7 Picking	111	(1)
3.8 A Simple Paint Program	112	(6)
3.9 Animating Interactive Programs	118	(4)
3.9.1 The Rotating Square	118	(2)
3.9.2 Double Buffering	120	(1)
3.9.3 Other Buffering Problems	121	(1)
3.10 Design of Interactive Programs	122	(2)
3.10.1 Toolkits, Widgets, and the Frame Buffer	123	(1)
3.11 Summary	124	(1)
3.12 Suggested Readings	125	(1)
Exercises	126	(3)
Chapter 4 Geometric Objects and Transformations	129	(64)
4.1 Scalars, Points, and Vectors	130	(8)
4.1.1 The Geometric View	130	(1)
4.1.2 The Mathematical View: Vector and Affine Spaces	131	(1)
4.1.3 The Computer-Science View	132	(1)
4.1.4 Geometric ADTs	133	(1)
4.1.5 Lines	134	(1)
4.1.6 Affine Sums	135	(1)
4.1.7 Convexity	135	(1)
4.1.8 Dot and Cross Products	136	(1)
4.1.9 Planes	137	(1)
4.2 Three-Dimensional Primitives	138	(1)
4.3 Coordinate Systems and Frames	139	(13)
4.3.1 Changes of Coordinate Systems	141	(3)
4.3.2 Example of Change of Representation	144	(1)
4 3.3 Homogeneous Coordinates	145	(3)
4.3.4 Example of Change in Frames	148	(1)
4.3.5 Frames and ADTs	149	(2)
4.3.6 Frames in OpenGL	151	(1)
4.4 Modeling a Colored Cube	152	(8)
4.4.1 Modeling of a Cube	153	(1)
4.4.2 Inward- and Outward-Pointing Faces	154	(1)
4.4.3 Data Structures for Object Representation	155	(1)
4.4.4 The Color Cube	156	(1)
4.4.5 Bilinear Interpolation	157	(1)
4.4.6 Vertex Arrays	158	(2)
4.5 Affine Transformations	160	(3)
4.6 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling	163	(3)
4.6.1 Translation	163	(1)
4.6.2 Rotation	164	(2)
4.6.3 Scaling	166	(1)
4.7 Transformations in Homogeneous Coordinates	166	(5)
4.7.1 Translation	167	(1)
4.7.2 Scaling	168	(1)
4.7.3 Rotation	168	(2)
4.7.4 Shear	170	(1)
4.8 Concatenation of Transformations	171	(7)
4.8.1 Rotation About a Fixed Point	172	(1)
4.8.2 General Rotation	173	(1)
4.8.3 The Instance Transformation	174	(1)
4.8.4 Rotation About an Arbitrary Axis	175	(3)
4.9 OpenGL Transformation Matrices	178	(6)
4.9.1 The Current Transformation Matrix	179	(1)
4.9.2 Rotation, Translation, and Scaling	180	(1)
4 9.3 Rotation About a Fixed Point in OpenGL	180	(1)
4.9.4 Order of Transformations	181	(1)
4.9.5 Spinning of the Cube	182	(1)
4.9.6 Loading, Pushing, and Popping Matrices	183	(1)
4.10 Interfaces to Three-Dimensional Applications	184	(4)
4.10.1 Using Areas of the Screen	184	(1)
4.10.2 A Virtual Trackball	185	(2)
4.10.3 Smooth Rotations	187	(1)
4.11 Summary	188	(1)
4.12 Suggested Readings	189	(1)
Exercises	189	(4)
Chapter 5 Viewing	193	(46)
5.1 Classical and Computer Viewing	194	(7)
5.1.1 Classical Viewing	195	(1)
5.1.2 Orthographic Projections	196	(1)
5.1.3 Axonometric Projections	197	(1)
5.1.4 Oblique Projections	198	(1)
5.1.5 Perspective Viewing	199	(2)
5.2 Positioning of the Camera	201	(9)
5.2.1 Positioning of the Camera Frame	201	(5)
5.2.2 Two Viewing APIs	206	(3)
5.2.3 The Look-At Function	209	(1)
5.2.4 Other Viewing APIs	209	(1)
5.3 Simple Projections	210	(4)
5.3.1 Perspective Projections	211	(3)
5.3.2 Orthogonal Projections	214	(1)
5.4 Projections in OpenGL	214	(4)
5.4.1 Perspective in OpenGL	215	(2)
5.4.2 Parallel Viewing in OpenGL	217	(1)
5.5 Hidden-Surface Removal	218	(1)
5.6 Walking Through a Scene	219	(2)
5.7 Parallel-Projection Matrices	221	(7)
5.7.1 Projection Normalization	221	(1)
5.7.2 Orthogonal-Projection Matrices	222	(3)
5 7.3 Oblique Projections	225	(3)
5.8 Perspective-Projection Matrices	228	(5)
5.8.1 Perspective Normalization	228	(3)
5.8.2 OpenGL Perspective Transformations	231	(2)
5.9 Projections and Shadows	233	(3)
5.10 Summary	236	(1)
5.11 Suggested Readings	237	(1)
Exercises	237	(2)
Chapter 6 Shading	239	(42)
6.1 Light and Matter	240	(3)
6.2 Light Sources	243	(4)
6.2.1 Color Sources	244	(1)
6.2.2 Ambient Light	244	(1)
6.2.3 Point Sources	245	(1)
6.2.4 Spotlights	246	(1)
6.2.5 Distant Light Sources	246	(1)
6.3 The Phong Reflection Model	247	(5)
6.3.1 Ambient Reflection	249	(1)
6.3.2 Diffuse Reflection	249	(1)
6.3.3 Specular Reflection	250	(2)
6.4 Computation of Vectors	252	(6)
6.4.1 Normal Vectors	253	(2)
6.4.2 Angle of Reflection	255	(1)
6.4.3 Use of the Halfway Vector	256	(1)
6.4.4 Transmitted Light	257	(1)
6.5 Polygonal Shading	258	(5)
6.5.1 Flat Shading	258	(2)
6.5.2 Interpolative and Gouraud Shading	260	(2)
6.5.3 Phong Shading	262	(1)
6.6 Approximation of a Sphere by Recursive Subdivision	263	(3)
6.7 Light Sources in OpenGL	266	(2)
6.8 Specification of Materials in OpenGL	268	(1)
6.9 Shading of the Sphere Model	269	(2)
6.10 Global Rendering	271	(5)
6.10.1 Ray Tracing	271	(4)
6.10.2 Radiosity	275	(1)
6.11 Summary	276	(1)
6.12 Suggested Readings	277	(1)
Exercises	278	(3)
Chapter 7 Implementation of a Renderer	281	(52)
7.1 Four Major Tasks	282	(3)
7.1.1 Modeling	282	(1)
7.1.2 Geometric Processing	282	(1)
7.1.3 Rasterization	283	(1)
7.1.4 Display	283	(1)
7.1.5 Basic Implementation Strategies	284	(1)
7.2 Implementation of Transformations	285	(2)
7.3 Line-Segment Clipping	287	(5)
7.3.1 Cohen-Sutherland Clipping	288	(2)
7.3.2 Liang-Barsky Clipping	290	(2)
7.4 Polygon Clipping	292	(3)
7.5 Clipping of Other Primitives	295	(2)
7.5.1 Bounding Boxes	295	(1)
7.5.2 Curves, Surfaces, and Text	296	(1)
7.5.3 Clipping in the Frame Buffer	297	(3)
7.6 Clipping in Three Dimensions	297	(3)
7.7 Hidden-Surface Removal	300	(9)
7.7.1 Object-Space and Image-Space Approaches	301	(1)
7 7.2 Back-Face Removal	302	(1)
7.7.3 The z-Buffer Algorithm	303	(3)
7.7.4 Depth Sort and the Painter's Algorithm	306	(2)
7.7.5 The Scan-Line Algorithm	308	(1)
7.8 Scan Conversion	309	(2)
7.9 Bresenham's Algorithm	311	(2)
7.10 Scan Conversion of Polygons	313	(7)
7.10.1 Inside-Outside Testing	314	(1)
7.10.2 OpenGL and Concave Polygons	315	(1)
7.10.3 Scan Conversion with the z-Buffer	316	(1)
7.10.4 Fill and Sort	317	(1)
7.10.5 Flood Fill	318	(1)
7.10.6 Scan-Line Algorithms	318	(2)
7.10.7 Singularities	320	(1)
7.11 Antialiasing	320	(2)
7.12 Display Considerations	322	(5)
7.12.1 Color Systems	323	(3)
7.12.2 Gamma Correction	326	(1)
7.12.3 Dithering and Halftoning	327	(1)
7.13 Summary	327	(1)
7.14 References	328	(1)
Exercises	329	(4)
Chapter 8 Hierarchical and Object-Oriented Graphics	333	(38)
8.1 Symbols and Instances	334	(1)
8.2 Hierarchical Models	335	(2)
8.3 A Robot Arm	337	(3)
8.4 Trees and Traversal	340	(4)
8.4.1 A Stack-Based Traversal	341	(3)
8.5 Use of Tree Data Structures	344	(3)
8.6 Animation	347	(2)
8.7 Graphical Objects	349	(6)
8.7.1 Methods, Attributes, and Messages	350	(1)
8.7.2 A Cube Object	351	(2)
8.7.3 Objects and Hierarchy	353	(1)
8.7.4 Geometric Objects	354	(1)
8.8 Scene Graphs	355	(2)
8.9 Other Tree Structures	357	(6)
8.9.1 CSG Trees	357	(2)
8.9.2 BSP Trees	359	(3)
8.9.3 Quadtrees and Octrees	362	(1)
8.10 Graphics and the Web	363	(4)
8.10.1 Networks and Protocols	363	(1)
8.10.2 Hypermedia and HTML	364	(1)
8.10.3 Databases and VRML	365	(1)
8.10.4 JAVA and Applets	366	(1)
8.11 Summary	367	(1)
8.12 Suggested Readings	368	(1)
Exercises	368	(3)
Chapter 9 Discrete Techniques	371	(46)
9.1 Buffers and Mappings	372	(1)
9.2 Texture Mapping	373	(12)
9.2.1 Two-Dimensional Texture Mapping	374	(5)
9.2.2 Texture Mapping in OpenGL	379	(5)
9.2.3 Texture Generation	384	(1)
9.3 Environmental Maps	385	(1)
9.4 Bump Maps	386	(2)
9.5 Writes into Buffers	388	(3)
9.5.1 Writing Modes	389	(1)
9.5.2 Writes with XOR	390	(1)
9.6 Bit and Pixel Operations in OpenGL	391	(6)
9.6.1 OpenGL Buffers	392	(1)
9 6.2 Use of Bitmaps for Fonts	393	(2)
9.6.3 Pixels and Images	395	(1)
9.6.4 Lookup Tables	395	(1)
9.6.5 Buffers for Picking	396	(1)
9.7 Compositing Techniques	397	(7)
9.7.1 Opacity and Blending	397	(2)
9.7.2 Image Compositing	399	(1)
9.7.3 Blending and Compositing in OpenGL	399	(1)
9.7.4 Antialiasing	400	(2)
9.7.5 Back-to-Front and Front-to-Back Rendering	402	(1)
9.7.6 Depth Cueing and Fog	403	(1)
9.8 Use of the Accumulotion Buffer	404	(3)
9.9 Sampling and Aliasing	407	(7)
9.9.1 Sampling Theory	407	(5)
9.9.2 Reconstruction	412	(2)
9.9.3 Quantization	414	(1)
9.10 Summary	414	(1)
9.11 Suggested Readings	415	(1)
Exercises	416	(1)
Chapter 10 Curves and Surfaces	417	(48)
10.1 Representation of Curves and Surfaces	417	(5)
10.1.1 Explicit Representation	418	(1)
10.1.2 Implicit Representations	419	(1)
10.1.3 Parametric Form	420	(1)
10.1.4 Parametric Polynomial Curves	421	(1)
10.1.5 Parametric Polynomial Surfaces	422	(1)
10.2 Design Criteria	422	(2)
10.3 Parametric Cubic Polynomial Curves	424	(1)
10.4 Interpolation	425	(5)
10.4.1 Blending Functions	426	(2)
10.4.2 The Cubic Interpolating Patch	428	(2)
10.5 Hermite Curves and Surfaces	430	(3)
10.5.1 The Hermite Form	430	(2)
10.5.2 Geometric and Parametric Continuity	432	(1)
10.6 Bezier Curves and Surfaces	433	(4)
10.6.1 Bezier Curves	434	(2)
10.6.2 Bezier Surface Patches	436	(1)
10.7 Cubic B-Splines	437	(5)
10.7.1 The Cubic B-Spline Curve	437	(3)
10.7.2 B-Splines and Basis	440	(1)
10.7.3 Spline Surfaces	441	(1)
10.8 General B-Splines	442	(4)
10.8.1 Recursively Defined B-splines	443	(1)
10.8.2 Uniform Splines	444	(1)
10.8.3 Nonuniform B-Splines	444	(1)
10.8.4 NURBS	445	(1)
10.9 Rendering of Curves and Surfaces	446	(7)
10.9.1 Polynomial Evaluation Methods	446	(2)
10.9.2 Recursive Subdivision of Bezier Polynomials	448	(2)
10.9.3 Rendering of Other Polynomial Curves by Subdivision	450	(1)
10.9.4 Subdivision of Bezier Surfaces	451	(2)
10.10 The Utah Teapot	453	(2)
10.11 Algebraic Surfaces	455	(1)
10.11.1 Quadrics	455	(1)
10.11.2 Rendering of Surfaces by Ray Casting	456	(1)
10.12 Curves and Surfaces in OpenGL	456	(6)
10.12.1 Bezier Curves	457	(1)
10.12.2 Bezier Surfaces	458	(1)
10.12.3 Displaying the Teapot	459	(2)
10.12.4 NURBS Functions	461	(1)
10.12.5 Quadrics	462	(1)
10.13 Summary	462	(1)
10.14 References	463	(1)
Exercises	463	(2)
Chapter 11 Procedural Methods	465	(30)
11.1 Reasons for Using Procedural Models	465	(2)
11.2 Physically Based Models and Particle Systems	467	(1)
11.3 Newtonian Particles	468	(5)
11.3.1 Independent Particles	470	(1)
11.3.2 Spring Forces	471	(1)
11.3.3 Attractive and Repulsive Forces	472	(1)
11.4 Solving Particle Systems	473	(3)
11.5 Constraints	476	(6)
11.5.1 Collisions	477	(2)
11.5.2 Particles Inside a Sphere	479	(2)
11.5.3 Soft Constraints	481	(1)
11.6 Language-Based Models	482	(2)
11.7 Recursive Methods and Fractals	484	(6)
11.7.1 Rulers and Length	485	(1)
11.7.2 Fractal Dimension	486	(1)
11.7.3 Midpoint Division and Brownian Motion	487	(1)
11.7.4 Fractal Mountains	488	(2)
11.8 The Mandelbrot Set	490	(3)
11.9 Summary	493	(1)
11.10 Suggested Readings	493	(1)
Exercises	493	(2)
Chapter 12 Visualization	495	(34)
12.1 Data + Geometry	495	(1)
12.2 Height Fields and Contours	496	(12)
12.2.1 Meshes	497	(3)
12.2.2 Contour Plots	500	(1)
12.2.3 Marching Squares	500	(8)
12.3 Visualizing Surfaces and Scalar Fields	508	(4)
12.3.1 Volumetric Data Sets	509	(1)
12.3.2 Visualization of Implicit Functions	510	(2)
12.4 Isosurfaces and Marching Cubes	512	(2)
12.5 Direct Volume Rendering	514	(6)
12.5.1 Assignment of Color and Opacity	515	(1)
12.5.2 Splatting	516	(2)
12.5.3 Volume Ray Tracing	518	(1)
12.5.4 Texture Mapping of Volumes	519	(1)
12.6 Vector-Field Visualization	520	(5)
12.6.1 Hedgehogs	520	(1)
12.6.2 Glyphs	521	(1)
12.6.3 Color	522	(1)
12.6.4 Particle Traces and Streamlines	523	(2)
12.7 Tensor Visualization	525	(2)
12.8 Summary	527	(1)
12.9 Suggested Readings	527	(1)
Exercises	528	(1)
Appendix A Sample Programs	529	(42)
A.1 Sierpinski Gasket Program	530	(2)
A.2 Recursive Generation of Sierpinski Gasket	532	(2)
A.3 Three-Dimensional Sierpinski Gasket	534	(2)
A.4 Recursive Three-Dimensional Sierpinski Gasket	536	(2)
A.5 Square Drawing Program	538	(3)
A.6 Paint Program	541	(8)
A.7 Double Buffering Example	549	(2)
A.8 Rotating-Cube Program	551	(3)
A.9 Rotating Cube Using Vertex Arrays	554	(3)
A.10 Rotating Cube with Trackball	557	(5)
A.11 Moving Viewer	562	(3)
A.12 Sphere Program	565	(6)
Appendix B Spaces	571	(10)
B.1 Scalars	571	(1)
B.2 Vector Spaces	572	(2)
B.3 Affine Spaces	574	(2)
B.4 Euclidean Spaces	576	(1)
B.5 Projections	577	(1)
B.6 Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization	577	(1)
8.7 Suggested Readings	578	(1)
Exercises	579	(2)
Appendix C Matrices	581	(10)
C.1 Definitions	581	(1)
C.2 Matrix Operations	582	(2)
C.3 Row and Column Matrices	584	(1)
C.4 Rank	585	(1)
C.5 Change of Representation	586	(1)
C.6 The Cross Product	587	(1)
C.7 Suggested Readings	588	(1)
Exercises	588	(3)
References	591	(8)
Function Index	599	(2)
Index	601
Review and Introduction	1	(12)
PART I: NOMINAL STRUCTURE	13	(180)
Chapter 1--Nouns	13	(38)
1.1. Conceptual Basis	13	(9)
1.1.1. A Cognitive Model	13	(2)
1.1.2. An Abstract Characterization	15	(4)
1.1.3. A Polar Opposition	19	(3)
1.2. Nominalization	22	(29)
1.2.1. Kinds	23	(1)
1.2.1.1. Alternate Profiling	23	(8)
1.2.1.2. Type vs. Instance Nominalizations	31	(4)
1.2.2. Periphrasis	35	(8)
1.2.3. Predictability	43	(8)
Chapter 2--Nominals: Functional Organization	51	(45)
2.1. Semantic Functions	51	(4)
2.2. Instantiation	55	(18)
2.2.1. Type vs. Instance	55	(3)
2.2.2. Proper Names	58	(2)
2.2.3. Type Hierarchies	60	(4)
2.2.4. Predicate Nominative Constructions	64	(7)
2.2.5. Role Specifications	71	(2)
2.3. Quantity	73	(16)
2.3.1. Number	74	(7)
2.3.2. Quantifiers	81	(8)
2.4. Epistemic Predications	89	(7)
Chapter 3--Nominals: Grounding and Quantification	96	(46)
3.1. Definiteness	96	(11)
3.1.1. The Definite Article	97	(6)
3.1.2. The Indefinite Article	103	(4)
3.2. Relative Quantifiers	107	(11)
3.2.1. Proportional Quantifiers	107	(4)
3.2.2. Other Universal Quantifiers	111	(7)
3.3. Quantificational Interactions	118	(24)
3.3.1. Replicate Processes and Participants	118	(7)
3.3.2. Quantifier Scope	125	(7)
3.3.3. Scope of Negation	132	(10)
Chapter 4--Nominal Constructions	142	(51)
4.1. Structural Organization	142	(10)
4.1.1. Canonical Structure	142	(6)
4.1.2. Other Configurations	148	(4)
4.2. Patterns and Restrictions	152	(11)
4.2.1. Class Schemas	152	(4)
4.2.2. Constructional Schemas	156	(3)
4.2.3. Larger Configurations	159	(4)
4.3. Functional Alternatives	163	(17)
4.3.1. Noun Classifiers	164	(3)
4.3.2. Possessive Constructions	167	(2)
4.3.2.1. Abstract Possession	169	(3)
4.3.2.2. Basic Constructions	172	(3)
4.3.2.3. Other Constructions	175	(5)
4.4. Inflection and Agreement	180	(13)
4.4.1. Noun Classes	180	(5)
4.4.2. Gender Inflections	185	(1)
4.4.3. Agreement Patterns	186	(7)
PART II: CLAUSE STRUCTURE	193	(224)
Chapter 5--The Auxiliary: Clausal Head	193	(47)
5.1. Function and Organization	193	(7)
5.2. Voice and Aspect	200	(25)
5.2.1. The Passive Construction	200	(7)
5.2.2. The Progressive Construction	207	(4)
5.2.3. The Perfect Construction	211	(1)
5.2.3.1. Current Relevance	211	(4)
5.2.3.2. Subjectification	215	(5)
5.2.3.3. Synthesis	220	(5)
5.3. Patterns and Structure	225	(15)
5.3.1. The Basic System	225	(3)
5.3.2. Restrictions	228	(5)
5.3.3. Componentiality	233	(5)
5.3.4. Auxiliary Verbs	238	(2)
Chapter 6--The Auxiliary: Grounding	240	(42)
6.1. Epistemic Distance	240	(9)
6.2. Tense	249	(20)
6.2.1. A Naive Characterization	250	(3)
6.2.2. Sequence of Tenses	253	(1)
6.2.2.1. Indirect Speech	253	(3)
6.2.2.2. Reported Modals	256	(4)
6.2.2.3. Additional Matters	260	(2)
6.2.3. Present Tense	262	(1)
6.2.3.1. A Structured World	263	(3)
6.2.3.2. A Shifted Deictic Center	266	(3)
6.3. Modals	269	(13)
6.3.1. Historical Development	269	(6)
6.3.2. The Dynamic Evolutionary Model	275	(7)
Chapter 7--Transitivity and Grammatical Relations	282	(48)
7.1. The Conception of Events	282	(11)
7.1.1. Models and Archetypes	283	(3)
7.1.2. Conceptual Autonomy	286	(5)
7.1.3. Starting Points	291	(2)
7.2. The Coding of Events	293	(11)
7.2.1. Coding and Construal	294	(4)
7.2.2. Unmarked Coding	298	(6)
7.3. Basic Grammatical Relations	304	(26)
7.3.1. Subject	305	(1)
7.3.1.1. Topicality	306	(3)
7.3.1.2. A Schematic Definition	309	(4)
7.3.1.3. Subject and Topic	313	(4)
7.3.1.4. Universality	317	(4)
7.3.2. Direct Object	321	(3)
7.3.3. Indirect Object	324	(6)
Chapter 8--Marked Clause Structure	330	(48)
8.1. Choice of Subject	330	(25)
8.1.1. The Effect of Profiling	331	(4)
8.1.2. Voice	335	(8)
8.1.3. Setting vs. Participant	343	(1)
8.1.3.1. Relevance to Transitivity	343	(2)
8.1.3.2. Setting-Subject Constructions	345	(3)
8.1.3.3. Double-Subject Constructions	348	(3)
8.1.3.4. Abstract Settings	351	(4)
8.2. Choice of Object	355	(7)
8.3. Nondistinct Argument Phenomena	362	(16)
8.3.1. Process vs. Participant	362	(5)
8.3.2. Reflexivization	367	(5)
8.3.3. Unspecificity	372	(6)
Chapter 9--Ergativity and Case	378	(39)
9.1. Ergative vs. Accusative	378	(8)
9.2. Ergativity	386	(12)
9.2.1. Correlates of Autonomy	386	(3)
9.2.2. Absolute Construal	389	(4)
9.2.3. Discourse Function	393	(1)
9.2.3.1. Introducing Discourse Participants	393	(1)
9.2.3.2. Antipassives	394	(2)
9.2.4. Split Ergativity	396	(2)
9.3. Case Marking	398	(10)
9.3.1. Meaningfulness	398	(6)
9.3.2. Case-Marking Constructions	404	(4)
9.4. Causative Constructions	408	(9)
9.4.1. Grammatical Relations	409	(2)
9.4.2. Case	411	(6)
PART III: BEYOND THE CLAUSE	417	(120)
Chapter 10--Complex Sentences	417	(47)
10.1. General Discussion	417	(21)
10.1.1. Internal Elaboration	419	(4)
10.1.2. Connectors	423	(6)
10.1.3. Referential Linkage	429	(6)
10.1.4. Global Organization	435	(3)
10.2. Complementation	438	(26)
10.2.1. Complementizers	439	(1)
10.2.1.1. Conceptual Subordination	439	(3)
10.2.1.2. Temporal Coincidence	442	(3)
10.2.1.3. Objectivity	445	(4)
10.2.2. Raising	449	(1)
10.2.2.1. Critique	450	(3)
10.2.2.2. The Active-Zone Analysis	453	(4)
10.2.2.3. Raising vs. Equi	457	(7)
Chapter 11--Further Issues	464	(43)
11.1. Rule Interactions	464	(8)
11.2. Coordination	472	(18)
11.2.1. Conjunctions	472	(4)
11.2.2. Level of Coordination	476	(3)
11.2.3. Differentiation of Conjuncts	479	(6)
11.2.4. Phonological Coinstantiation	485	(5)
11.3. Anaphora	490	(4)
11.4. Speech Acts	494	(13)
11.4.1. Domains and Organization	495	(3)
11.4.2. Viewing Arrangements	498	(5)
11.4.3. Basic Sentence Types	503	(4)
Chapter 12--Theoretical Discussion	507	(30)
12.1. Metaphors, Goals, and Expectations	507	(7)
12.2. The Autonomy Issue	514	(11)
12.2.1. Defining the Issue	515	(5)
12.2.2. Assessing the Symbolic Alternative	520	(5)
12.3. Processing, Rules, and Representations	525	(12)
12.3.1. The Connectionist Alternative	526	(2)
12.3.2. The Representation of Linguistic Structure	528	(1)
12.3.2.1. A Spectrum of Positions	528	(5)
12.3.2.2. The Nature of Linguistic Rules	533	(4)
Conclusion and Prospectus	537	(6)
REFERENCE MATTER	543
Glossary	543	(14)
References	557	(18)
Index	575