International Encyclopedia of Human Rights

by Maddex, Robert L.

• ISBN13: 9781568024905
• ISBN10: 1568024908
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2000-11-01
• Publisher: Cq Pr

Summary

The global importance of human rights issues has sparked an ongoing need to develop a universal language for human rights and the procedures for remedying violations, where remedies are, in fact, available. Giving the broadest scope to the terms human rights and freedoms, this reference encompasses constitutional rights and freedoms as well as those addressed in international and regional agreements.''''Through entries that define and describe concepts and terms, to text excerpts of documents, charts depicting global comparisons, essays on organizations, and biographies of activists and theorists, this reference will serve the research and information needs of students, scholars, activists, and interested citizens.''''As the title suggests, International Encyclopedia of Human Rights: Freedoms, Abuses, and Remedies goes beyond the abstract to include practical information on remedies for violations of a person's rights and freedoms by a national government, and on the private and government rights organizations that assist in reporting on or enforcing human rights.''''All around the world, there is a growing interest in developing a universal language for human rights and the procedures for remedying violations. International Encyclopedia of Human Rights: Freedoms, Abuses, and Remedies is written for both students of the subject and those who are actively working in the field. This reference work points readers in the right direction for enforcing their rights rather than merely setting them forth in the abstract.''

Table of Contents

Subjects Entries Arranged by Category	xi
Foreword	xviii
Mary Robinson
Foreword The Most Reverend Desmond Tutu, Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town, South Africa	xx
Preface	xxiii
Key to the Symbols	xxv
Introduction	xxvi
Abortion	1	(1)
Accused	2	(1)
Adoption	3	(1)
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (Banjul Charter)	4	(1)
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child	5	(1)
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights	6	(1)
Aged	7	(2)
AIDS	9	(1)
Alfonsin Foulkes, Raul	10	(1)
Aliens	10	(1)
American Convention on Human Rights	11	(1)
American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man	12	(1)
Amnesty	13	(1)
Amnesty International	14	(1)
Amparo	14	(1)
Apartheid	15	(1)
Appeals	16	(1)
Aquino, Corazon	17	(1)
Arab Charter on Human Rights	17	(1)
Aristotle	18	(1)
Artists	19	(1)
Assembly	20	(1)
Association	21	(1)
Asylum	22	(1)
Augustine, St.	23	(1)
Aung San Suu Kyi	23	(1)
Awards and Prizes	24	(3)
Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners	27	(1)
Basic Principles on the Role of Lawyers	28	(1)
Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law Enforcement Officials	29	(1)
Beccaria, Cesare	30	(1)
Bills of Rights	30	(1)
Body of Principles for the Protection of All Persons under Any Form of Detention or Imprisonment	31	(1)
Bunche, Ralph	32	(3)
Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam	35	(1)
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms	36	(1)
Capital Punishment	37	(1)
Carter, James Earl	38	(1)
Center for Human Rights	38	(1)
Charter of Paris for a New Europe	39	(1)
Charter of the United Nations	40	(1)
Charter 77 (Czechoslovakia)	41	(1)
Children	42	(2)
Cicero, Marcus Tullius	44	(1)
Civil Rights	44	(1)
Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials	45	(1)
Collective Rights	46	(1)
Commission on Human Rights	47	(2)
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women	49	(1)
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination	50	(1)
Communication	50	(1)
Compensation	51	(1)
Complaints	52	(2)
Conscience	54	(1)
Constitutional Rights	54	(2)
Constitutionalism	56	(1)
Convention against Discrimination in Education	57	(1)
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	58	(1)
Convention Concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organize	59	(1)
Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage	59	(2)
Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others	61	(1)
Convention on Consent to Marriage, Minimum Age for Marriage and Registration of Marriages	62	(1)
Convention on Prohibitions or Restrictions on the Use of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed to Be Excessively Injurious or to Have Indiscriminate Effects	62	(1)
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women	63	(2)
Convention on the International Right of Correction	65	(1)
Convention on the Political Rights of Women	66	(1)
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide	66	(1)
Convention on the Rights of the Child	67	(1)
Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees	68	(2)
Counsel	70	(1)
Crimes against Humanity	71	(1)
Cultural Rights	72	(3)
Declaration of Alma Ata (Asian Press)	75	(1)
Declaration of Alma Ata (Health)	76	(1)
Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power	76	(1)
Declaration of Independence (United States)	77	(1)
Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (France)	78	(1)
Declaration of the Rights of the Child	79	(1)
Declaration on Fundamental Principles Concerning the Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War	80	(1)
Declaration on Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in Accordance with the Charter of the United Nations	81	(1)
Declaration on Social and Legal Principles Relating to the Protection and Welfare of Children, with Special Reference to Foster Placement and Adoption Nationally and Internationally	82	(1)
Declaration on Social Progress and Development	83	(2)
Declaration on Territorial Asylum	85	(1)
Declaration on the Control of Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse	85	(1)
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief	86	(1)
Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	87	(1)
Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women	88	(1)
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women	89	(1)
Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples	90	(1)
Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who Are Not Nationals of the Country in Which They Live	91	(1)
Declaration on the Prohibition of the Use of Nuclear and Thermo-Nuclear Weapons	92	(1)
Declaration on the Promotion among Youth of the Ideals of Peace, Mutual Respect and Understanding between Peoples	93	(1)
Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Being-Subjected to Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	93	(1)
Declaration on the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance	94	(1)
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict	95	(1)
Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	96	(1)
Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace	97	(1)
Declaration on the Right to Development	98	(1)
Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons	99	(1)
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities	100	(1)
Declaration on the Use of Scientific and Technological Progress in the Interests of Peace and for the Benefit of Mankind	101	(1)
Defenders of Human Rights	102	(1)
Democracy	103	(1)
Deportation	104	(1)
Derogation	105	(1)
Detention	106	(1)
Development	107	(1)
Die, Right to	107	(1)
Dignity	108	(1)
Diplomats and Consuls	109	(1)
Disabled Persons	110	(1)
Disappearance	111	(1)
Discrimination	112	(2)
Doctors without Borders	114	(1)
Domestic Violence	114	(1)
Drugs	115	(2)
Due Process of Law	117	(2)
Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)	119	(1)
Economic Rights	120	(1)
Education	121	(2)
Enforcement	123	(1)
Environment	124	(1)
Equality	125	(2)
Equality of Arms	127	(1)
Erga Omnes	127	(1)
European Commission of Human Rights	128	(1)
European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	129	(1)
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	130	(1)
European Court of Human Rights	131	(1)
European Social Charter	132	(1)
Exhaustion of Remedies	133	(1)
Expression	134	(1)
Expulsion	135	(1)
Extradition	136	(3)
Fair Trial	139	(1)
Families	140	(2)
Fang Lizhi	142	(1)
Federalism	142	(1)
Food	143	(1)
Forced Eviction	144	(1)
Forced Labor	145	(1)
Forefront	146	(1)
Freedom House	147	(1)
Fundamental Rights	147	(4)
Gandhi, Mohandas K.	151	(1)
Geneva Conventions	152	(1)
Genocide	153	(1)
Grotius, Hugo	154	(1)
Guidelines for Action on Human Resources Development in the Field of Disability (Tallinn Guidelines)	155	(1)
Guidelines for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency (Riyadh Guidelines)	156	(3)
Habeas Corpus	159	(1)
Havel, Vaclav	160	(1)
Health	161	(1)
Helsinki Final Act	162	(1)
High Commissioner for Human Rights	163	(1)
High Commissioner for Refugees	164	(1)
Homosexuals	165	(1)
Hostages	166	(1)
Housing	167	(1)
Human Rights	168	(3)
Human Rights Committee	171	(1)
Human Rights Internet	171	(1)
Human Rights Watch	172	(3)
Immigrants	175	(1)
Impunity	176	(2)
Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention	178	(1)
Indigenous Peoples	179	(1)
Information	180	(1)
Institute for Global Communications	181	(1)
Inter-American Charter of Social Guarantees	182	(1)
Inter-American Commission of Women	183	(1)
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights	183	(2)
Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Civil Rights to Women	185	(1)
Inter-American Convention on the Granting of Political Rights to Women	185	(1)
Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of Violence against Women	186	(1)
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture	187	(1)
Inter-American Court of Human Rights	188	(1)
International Bill of Human Rights	189	(1)
International Commission of Jurists	190	(1)
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination	191	(1)
International Court of Justice (World Court)	192	(1)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights	193	(2)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, First Optional Protocol	195	(1)
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Second Optional Protocol, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty	195	(1)
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	196	(1)
International Criminal Court	197	(2)
International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights	199	(1)
International Human Rights Instruments	199	(2)
International Labor Organization	201	(1)
International Law	201	(1)
International League for Human Rights	202	(1)
International Peace Bureau	203	(1)
Internet Resources	203	(1)
Inviolable Rights	204	(3)
Jefferson, Thomas	207	(1)
Judicial Independence	208	(1)
Judicial Review	209	(1)
Jus Cogens	210	(1)
Justice	211	(4)
Kampala Declaration on Human Rights	215	(1)
King, Martin Luther, Jr.	216	(3)
Language	219	(1)
Las Casas, Bartolome de	220	(1)
Law Enforcement	221	(1)
Lawyers Committee for Human Rights	222	(1)
Liberty	223	(1)
Life	224	(1)
Limburg Principles on the Implementation of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights	225	(1)
Limitations	226	(2)
Locke, John	228	(3)
Magna Carta	231	(1)
Majority Rule	232	(1)
Mandela, Nelson	233	(1)
Marriage	233	(1)
Mason, George	234	(1)
Maternity	235	(1)
Menchu, Rigoberta	236	(1)
Military Personnel	237	(1)
Mill, John Stuart	238	(1)
Minorities	238	(2)
Monitoring Compliance	240	(1)
Movement	241	(4)
Names	245	(1)
Nationality	246	(1)
Natural Resources	247	(1)
Natural Rights	248	(1)
Ngugi wa Thiong'o	249	(1)
Nongovernmental Organizations	250	(1)
Norms	251	(1)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)	252	(3)
Ombudsmen	255	(1)
Opinion	256	(1)
Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe	257	(1)
Oxfam International	258	(3)
Paine, Thomas	261	(1)
Participatory Rights	262	(1)
Pax Christi International	263	(1)
Peace	263	(1)
Peace Brigades International	264	(1)
Peoples' Rights	265	(1)
Perez Esquivel, Adolfo	266	(1)
Personality	266	(1)
Petition	267	(1)
Physicians for Human Rights	268	(1)
Plato	269	(1)
Pluralism	269	(1)
Political Rights	270	(1)
The Press	271	(2)
Principles of Medical Ethics Relevant to the Role of Health Personnel, Particularly Physicians, in the Protection of Prisoners and Detainees against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment	273	(1)
Principles on the Effective Prevention and Investigation of Extra-Legal, Arbitrary and Summary Executions	274	(1)
Prisoners	274	(2)
Privacy	276	(1)
Proclamation of Teheran	277	(1)
Project Diana	278	(1)
Property	278	(1)
Proportionality	279	(2)
Punishment	281	(2)
Race Discrimination	283	(1)
Ramos-Horta, Jose	284	(1)
Ramphal, Shridath	285	(1)
Ratification	285	(1)
Red Cross and Red Crescent	286	(1)
Refoulement	287	(1)
Refugees	288	(1)
Regional Human Rights Systems	289	(2)
Rehabilitation	291	(1)
Religion	291	(2)
Remedies	293	(2)
Reporting Violations	295	(1)
Resolution 1503 Procedure	296	(2)
Retroactive Laws	298	(1)
Rights	299	(1)
Rights International	300	(1)
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development	301	(1)
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court	302	(1)
Romero, Oscar	303	(1)
Roosevelt, Eleanor	303	(1)
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques	304	(1)
Rule of Law	305	(1)
Rules for the Protection of Juveniles Deprived of Their Liberty	306	(3)
Safeguards Guaranteeing Protection of the Rights of Those Facing the Death Penalty	309	(1)
Sakharov, Andrei	310	(1)
Security	311	(1)
Self-Determination	312	(1)
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions	313	(1)
Separation of Church and State	314	(1)
Sex Discrimination	315	(2)
Shcharansky, Anatoly	317	(1)
Slavery	317	(1)
Slavery Convention	318	(1)
Social Rights	319	(1)
Sovereignty	320	(1)
Speech	321	(2)
Spinoza, Benedict	323	(1)
Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice (Beijing Rules)	323	(2)
Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners	325	(1)
Standard of Living	326	(1)
Stanton, Elizabeth Cady	327	(1)
Statelessness	328	(1)
Students	329	(1)
Subcommission on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights	330	(1)
Summary Executions	331	(1)
Suzman, Helen	332	(3)
Teachers	335	(1)
Teresa, Mother	336	(1)
Territorial Jurisdiction	337	(1)
Terrorism	338	(1)
Thomas Aquinas, St.	339	(1)
Thought	340	(1)
Timerman, Jacobo	341	(1)
Tolerance	341	(1)
Torture	342	(2)
Treaties	344	(1)
Tubman, Harriet	345	(1)
Tutu, Desmond	345	(2)
United Nations	347	(2)
United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF)	349	(1)
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)	349	(1)
United Nations Program of Technical Cooperation in the Field of Human Rights	350	(1)
Universal Copyright Convention	351	(1)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights	352	(1)
Universal Declaration on the Eradication of Hunger and Malnutrition	353	(2)
Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights	355	(2)
Vancouver Declaration on Human Settlements	357	(1)
Victims	358	(1)
Vienna Declaration and Program of Action	359	(2)
Violations	361	(1)
Voting	362	(3)
Walesa, Lech	365	(1)
Wallenberg, Raoul	366	(1)
War	366	(1)
War Crimes	367	(1)
Weapons	368	(2)
Wei Jingsheng	370	(1)
Welfare	370	(1)
Wiesel, Elie	371	(1)
Wiesenthal, Simon	372	(1)
Wollstonecraft, Mary	373	(1)
Women	373	(2)
Workers	375	(1)
Working Groups	376	(1)
World Council of Churches	377	(1)
World Declaration on the Survival, Protection and Development of Children	377	(1)
World Health Organization	378	(3)
Youth	381	(3)
Index	384