International Petroleum Accounting

by Wright, Charlotte J., Ph.D.; Gallun, Rebecca A.

• ISBN13: 9781593700164
• ISBN10: 1593700164
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 2004-12-31
• Publisher: Pennwell Corp

Table of Contents

Preface	x
PART I BACKGROUND	1	(82)
Introduction	3	(16)
International Trade and Shipping	3	(1)
The Actors in Shipping	3	(1)
The Shipowner	4	(2)
Safety and Economy	6	(3)
Maritime Safety Regime	9	(1)
Why Safety Improvement is Difficult	9	(3)
The Risk Concept	12	(1)
Acceptable Risk	13	(1)
Conflict of Interest	14	(1)
Expertise and Rationality	14	(5)
Maritime Risk Picture	19	(34)
Introduction	19	(1)
Definitions	19	(1)
Maritime Activity	20	(1)
Concept of Accident Types	20	(4)
Quantitative Risk picture	24	(4)
Fatality Risk	28	(2)
Pollution	30	(1)
The Risk Concept	31	(6)
Large-Scale Accidents	37	(3)
The Accident Phenomenon	40	(13)
Rules and Regulations	53	(30)
Introduction	53	(3)
Scandinavian Star Fire Accident	56	(1)
International Maritime Organization (IMO)	57	(7)
Flag State Control	64	(5)
Port State Control	69	(6)
Classification Societies	75	(8)
PART II STATISTICAL METHODS	83	(48)
Statistical Risk Monitoring	85	(34)
Introduction	85	(1)
Statistical Measures	85	(3)
Discrete Probability Distributions	88	(7)
Continuous Distributions	95	(11)
Consequence Estimation	106	(13)
Decisions in Operation	119	(12)
Introduction	119	(1)
Work Accident Measurement	119	(4)
Safety Competence: Correlation Analysis	123	(2)
Testing of a Distribution Model	125	(2)
Choosing Among Alternative Training Programs	127	(4)
PART III RISK ANALYSIS	131	(180)
Traffic-Based Models	133	(40)
Introduction	133	(1)
Basic Theory	133	(2)
A General Model of Impact Accidents	135	(1)
Grounding and Stranding Models	136	(6)
Loss of Navigational Control	142	(5)
Collision	147	(9)
A General Collision Model	156	(5)
Loss of Traffic Control	161	(4)
Visibility	165	(8)
Damage Estimation	173	(34)
Introduction	173	(1)
Survey of Damage Data	173	(7)
Estimation of Impact Energy	180	(7)
Stranding and Grounding	187	(4)
High-speed Craft (HSC) Damage	191	(1)
Damage Consequences	192	(2)
Boston Harbour Collision Risk Study	194	(2)
Risk Assessment for a Production and Storage Tanker	196	(8)
Rules and Regulations	204	(3)
Risk Analysis Techniques	207	(38)
Introduction	207	(1)
Risk Analysis and Risk Assessment	208	(4)
Basic Theory	212	(4)
Preliminary Hazard Analysis (PHA)	216	(1)
Hazard and Operability Studies (HAZOP)	217	(5)
Failure Mode, Effect and Criticality Analysis (FMECA)	222	(3)
Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)	225	(13)
Event Tree Analysis (ETA)	238	(7)
Cost-Benefit Analysis	245	(36)
Introduction	245	(1)
Basic Theory	246	(9)
CBA in a Risk Assessment Context	255	(7)
Alternative Problem-Solving Approaches	262	(10)
CBA of Oil Spill Prevention Measures for Tankers	272	(9)
Formal Safety Assessment	281	(30)
Introduction	281	(2)
The FSA Approach	283	(3)
Hazard Identification	286	(3)
Risk Assessment	289	(4)
Establish Safety Measures	293	(4)
Cost-Benefit Assessment	297	(4)
Recommendations for Decision-Making	301	(1)
Application of the FSA Methodology	301	(10)
PART IV MANAGEMENT AND OPERATIONS	311	(192)
Human Factors	313	(28)
Introduction	313	(1)
Human Error	314	(2)
Accident Characteristics	316	(1)
Human Information Processing	316	(3)
Sensing and Observation	319	(4)
Perception and Decision-Making	323	(2)
Physical Work Environment	325	(4)
Effect of Sea Motion	329	(2)
Human Reliability Assessment	331	(10)
Occupational Safety	341	(20)
Introduction	341	(1)
Lives Lost at Sea	341	(3)
Occupational Accidents	344	(2)
Accident Situation	346	(2)
Job-Related Problems	348	(7)
Work Conditions and Flag Standard	355	(1)
The Global Labour Market	356	(5)
Accident Analysis	361	(64)
Introduction	361	(1)
Safety and Learning	361	(2)
Why Analysis Accidents?	363	(1)
The Maritime System	364	(3)
Accident Theories	367	(1)
What is an Accident?	367	(4)
Reconstruction of Events	371	(3)
The Loss Causation Model	374	(9)
Alternative Accident Models	383	(3)
Official Accident Investigation	386	(6)
Accident Analysis Software	392	(2)
Human Factors Analysis	394	(4)
The Casmet Approach	398	(12)
Case-Oriented Analysis	410	(4)
Incident Reporting	414	(11)
Emergency Preparedness	425	(38)
Introduction	425	(1)
Examples of Accidents	426	(4)
Emergency and Life-Saving Regulations	430	(3)
Emergency Preparedness Activities and Functions	433	(5)
Human Behaviour in Catastrophes	438	(4)
Evacuation Risk	442	(4)
Evacuation Simulation	446	(8)
Pollution Emergency Planning	454	(9)
Safety Management	463	(40)
Introduction	463	(5)
Total Quality Management (TQM)	468	(13)
The ISM Code	481	(7)
Auditing	488	(5)
Corporate Safety Culture	493	(4)
A Final Comment	497	(6)
Index	503