Introduction to Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

by Valentino, James V.; Goldenberg, Joseph

• ISBN13: 9780130142962
• ISBN10: 0130142964
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Hardcover
• Copyright: 1999-08-01
• Publisher: Prentice Hall

Summary

Putting all the elements together, this&book addresses CNC (Computer Numerical Control) technology in a comprehensive format that offers abundant illustrations, examples and exercises. It includes a strong foundation in blue print reading, graphical descriptions of CNC machine tools, a chapter on right triangle trigonometry and programming that uses Fanuc Controllers. It emphasizes program pattern recognition and contains completely solved programming examples and self-contained programming examples. Thoroughly updated for this edition, it includes two new chapters, four new appendices, and is bundled with Predator Simulation and Kwik Trig software. For CNC Programmers/Operators, Machinists, Process Engineers, Industrial Engineers, Shop Operators/Managers, Planners, Coordinators, Sales Personnel

Table of Contents

Introduction to Computer Numerical Control Manufacturing	1	(10)
Chapter Objectives	1	(1)
Introduction	1	(1)
Numerical Control Definition, Its Concepts and Advantages	1	(1)
Definition of Computer Numerical Control and Its Components	2	(2)
Advantages of CNC Compared to NC	4	(1)
Special Requirements for Utilizing CNC	4	(1)
CNC Machining Centers and Turning Centers	5	(2)
Other Types of CNC Equipment	7	(1)
CNC Input and Storage Media	7	(3)
Chapter Summary	10	(1)
Review Exercises	10	(1)
Modern Machine Tool Controls	11	(13)
Chapter Objectives	11	(1)
Introduction	11	(1)
Different Types of System Control	11	(3)
Loop Systems for Controlling Tool Movement	14	(2)
Establishing Locations via Cartesian Coordinates	16	(1)
CNC Machine Axes of Motion	17	(3)
Types of Tool Positioning Modes	20	(1)
Units Used for Positioning Coordinates	21	(1)
Chapter Summary	22	(2)
Review Exercises	22	(2)
Tooling for Hole and Milling Operations	24	(22)
Chapter Objectives	24	(1)
Introduction	24	(1)
Tooling for Drilling Operations	24	(4)
Carbide Insert Technology	28	(2)
Tooling for Hole Operations That Follow Drilling	30	(3)
Tool Speeds and Feeds for Hole Operations	33	(2)
Tooling for Profile Milling and Facing Operations	35	(4)
Coated Tooling	39	(1)
Tool Speeds and Feeds for Milling Operations	39	(2)
Feed Directions for Milling Operations	41	(2)
Cutting Fluids for CNC Operations	43	(1)
Chapter Summary	44	(2)
Review Exercises	44	(2)
Exploring Features of CNC Machining Centers	46	(14)
Chapter Objectives	46	(1)
Introduction	46	(1)
Background on CNC Machining Centers	46	(2)
Tooling Systems Used with Automatic Tool Changers	48	(3)
Methods of Securing Tools in Tool Holders	51	(1)
Methods of Securing Tooling Systems to the CNC Spindle	52	(1)
Automatic Tool Changer Systems	53	(2)
Pallet Loading Systems	55	(3)
Chapter Summary	58	(2)
Review Exercises	59	(1)
Basics of Blueprint Reading for CNC Programmers	60	(85)
Chapter Objectives	60	(1)
Introduction	60	(1)
Sheet Sizes	60	(1)
Drawing Formats	61	(6)
Interpreting Lines in Drawings	67	(4)
Projection Conventions Used in Drawings	71	(2)
Visualizing 3D Objects From 2D Othographic Views	73	(1)
Auxiliary Views	73	(1)
Sectional Views	73	(1)
Reading Dimensions	73	(12)
Reading Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing	85	(18)
Reading Threads and Thread Notes	103	(16)
Reading Surface Finish Symbols and Notes	119	(1)
Reading Material Specifications	120	(13)
Understanding Heat Treatment Notes	133	(2)
Interpreting Surface Coating Notes	135	(7)
Chapter Summary	142	(3)
Review Exercises	142	(1)
Bibliography	143	(2)
Mathematics for CNC Programming	145	(10)
Chapter Objectives	145	(1)
Introduction	145	(1)
Determining Sides of Right Triangles	145	(1)
Useful Angle Concepts	146	(4)
Determining Angles of Right Triangles	150	(1)
Oblique Triangles	151	(1)
Chapter Summary	152	(3)
Review Exercises	152	(3)
An Overview of CNC Shop Activities	155	(12)
Chapter Objectives	155	(1)
Introduction	155	(1)
Essential CNC Shop Activities	155	(1)
Part Drawing Study	155	(3)
Methodizing of Operations	158	(1)
Deciding on a CNC Machine	158	(1)
Methods of Holding the Part During Machining	159	(1)
Machining Determination	160	(1)
Cutting Conditions	160	(1)
Writing a Part Programming Manuscript	160	(1)
Inputting Programs to the MCU	160	(2)
Setup and Machining Documentation	162	(1)
Setup Procedure	163	(2)
Debugging the Program	165	(1)
Part Production	165	(1)
Chapter Summary	165	(2)
Review Exercises	166	(1)
Word Address Programming	167	(12)
Chapter Objectives	167	(1)
Introduction	167	(1)
Programming Language Format	167	(1)
Programming Language Terminology	168	(2)
Arrangement of Addresses in a Block	170	(1)
Program and Sequence Numbers (O, N Codes)	170	(1)
Preparatory Functions (G Codes)	171	(2)
Dimension Words (X, Y, Z...Codes)	173	(1)
Feed Rate (F Code)	174	(1)
Spindle Speed (S Code)	174	(1)
Miscellaneous Machine Functions (M Codes)	175	(1)
Automatic Tool Changing (M06 Code)	175	(1)
Tool Length Offset and Cutter Radius Compensation (H, D Codes)	176	(1)
Comments	176	(1)
Chapter Summary	177	(2)
Review Exercises	177	(2)
Programming Hole Operations	179	(19)
Chapter Objectives	179	(1)
Introduction	179	(1)
Fixed or Canned Cycles	179	(1)
Hole Operation Commands	180	(6)
Writing a Hole Operation Program	186	(7)
Chapter Summary	193	(5)
Review Exercises	193	(5)
Programming Linear Profiles	198	(27)
Chapter Objectives	198	(1)
Introduction	198	(1)
Linear Interpolation Commands	198	(1)
Writing a Linear Profiling Program	198	(6)
Determining Cutter Offsets for Inclined Line Profiles	204	(15)
Chapter Summary	219	(6)
Review Exercises	219	(6)
Programming Circular Profiles	225	(32)
Chapter Objectives	225	(1)
Introduction	225	(1)
Specifying the Plane for Circular Arc Interpolation	225	(1)
Circular Interpolation Commands	225	(6)
Circular Interpolation via Direct Radius Specification	231	(2)
Profiling Arcs at Constant Feed Rate	233	(1)
Determining Cutter Offsets for Line-Arc Profiles	234	(13)
Chapter Summary	247	(10)
Review Exercises	247	(10)
Programming with Cutter Diameter Compensation	257	(23)
Chapter Objectives	257	(1)
Introduction	257	(1)
Cutter Diameter Compensation	257	(2)
Advantages of Using Cutter Diameter Compensation	259	(1)
Some Restrictions with Cutter Diameter Compensation	259	(2)
Cutter Diameter Compensation Commands	261	(7)
Cutter Diameter Compensation with Z-Axis Movement	268	(1)
Cutter Diameter Compensation Interruptions	268	(6)
Chapter Summary	274	(6)
Review Exercises	275	(5)
Programming with Subprograms	280	(29)
Chapter Objectives	280	(1)
Introduction	280	(1)
Subprogram Concept	280	(1)
Fanuc Commands for Calling a Subprogram and Returning to the Main Program	281	(3)
Additional Subprogram Control Features	284	(1)
General Rules for Subprogramming	285	(17)
Chapter Summary	302	(7)
Review Exercises	303	(6)
Introduction to the CNC Lathe	309	(15)
Chapter Objectives	309	(1)
Introduction	309	(1)
Components of Modern CNC Lathes	309	(3)
CNC Lathe Axes of Motion	312	(1)
Basic Lathe Operations	313	(2)
Tooling for CNC Lathe Operations	315	(4)
Tool Speeds and Feeds for Lathe Operations	319	(1)
Feed Directions and Rake Angles for Lathe Operations	320	(2)
Chapter Summary	322	(2)
Review Exercises	322	(2)
Fundamental Concepts of CNC Lathe Programming	324	(25)
Chapter Objectives	324	(1)
Introduction	324	(1)
Establishing Locations via Cartesian Coordinates (CNC Lathes)	325	(1)
Types of Tool Positioning Modes (CNC Lathes)	326	(2)
Reference Point, Machining Origin, and Program Origin	328	(1)
Setup Procedures for CNC Lathes	329	(1)
Important Preparatory Functions (G Codes) for Lathes	330	(1)
Important Miscellaneous Functions (M Codes) for Lathes	330	(1)
``Zero Offset'' Command	331	(1)
Feed Rate (F Code)	331	(1)
Spindle Speed (S Code)	332	(1)
Spindle Speed with Constant Surface Speed Control	333	(1)
Spindle Speed with Clamp Speed and Constant Surface Speed Controls	333	(2)
Automatic Tool Changing	335	(1)
Linear Interpolation Commands (CNC Lathes)	336	(1)
Determining Cutter Offsets for CNC Lathe Operations	336	(3)
Circular Interpolation Commands (CNC Lathes)	339	(3)
Grooving Commands	342	(1)
Return to Reference Point Command	343	(1)
Chapter Summary	344	(5)
Review Exercises	344	(5)
Techniques and Fixed Cycles for CNC Lathe Programming	349	(49)
Chapter Objectives	349	(1)
Introduction	349	(1)
Tool Edge Programming	349	(1)
Tool Nose Radius Compensation Programming	350	(1)
Setting Up Tool Nose Radius Compensation	351	(2)
Some Restrictions with Tool Nose Radius Compensation	353	(1)
Tool Nose Radius Compensation Commands	353	(6)
Turning and Boring Cycle: G90	359	(3)
Facing Cycle: G94	362	(2)
Multiple Repetitive Cycles: G70 to G75	364	(1)
Stock Removal in Turning and Boring Cycle: G71	364	(2)
Finish Turning and Boring Cycle: G70	366	(6)
Peck Drilling and Face Grooving Cycle: G74	372	(5)
Peck Cutoff and Grooving Cycle: G75	377	(4)
Thread Cutting on CNC Lathes and Turning Centers	381	(1)
Single-Pass Threading Cycle: G32	382	(3)
Multiple-Pass Threading Cycle: G92	385	(2)
Multiple Repetitive Threading Cycle: G76	387	(2)
Chapter Summary	389	(9)
Review Exercises	389	(9)
Modern Computer-Aided Part Programming	398	(25)
Chapter Objectives	398	(1)
Introduction	398	(1)
Modern Developments in the Process of CNC Programming	398	(1)
Using an Off-Line Computer to Write and Store CNC Programs	399	(1)
An Introduction to Computer-Aided Programming Languages	399	(1)
Elements of the APT Programming Language	400	(4)
Writing a Complete Program in APT	404	(4)
An Introduction to CAD/CAM Technology	408	(1)
The Elements Comprising CAD	408	(3)
The Elements Comprising CAM	411	(1)
Knowledge-Based Machining (KBM)	412	(2)
Creating a Complete Part Program Using PARTMAKER KBM Software	414	(6)
Chapter Summary	420	(3)
Review Exercises	421	(2)
Elements of the Computer-Controlled Factory	423	(10)
Chapter Objectives	423	(1)
Introduction	423	(1)
Computer-Integrated Manufacturing	423	(2)
Operational Strategies Within CIM	425	(1)
Flexible Manufacturing Systems	425	(2)
Important Elements of Flexible Manufacturing Systems	427	(1)
Flexible Manufacturing Cells	428	(1)
Important Elements of Flexible Manufacturing Cells	428	(2)
Networking Within CIM	430	(1)
Need for Training	431	(1)
Chapter Summary	432	(1)
Review Exercises	432	(1)
APPENDIX A	433	(2)
Important Safety Precautions	433	(2)
APPENDIX B	435	(6)
Summary of G Codes for Milling Operations (Fanuc Controllers)	435	(2)
Summary of G Codes for Turning Operations (Fanuc Controllers)	437	(1)
Summary of M Codes for Milling and Turning Operations (Fanuc Controllers)	438	(1)
Summary of Codes for Auxiliary Functions (Fanuc Controllers)	439	(2)
APPENDIX C	441	(4)
Recommended Speeds and Feeds for Drilling	441	(1)
Recommended Speeds and Feeds for Milling	442	(1)
Recommended Speeds and Feeds for Turning	443	(2)
APPENDIX D	445	(2)
Summary of Important Machining Formulas	445	(2)
Glossary	447	(8)
Index	455