Introduction to Digital Communication

by Ziemer, Rodger E.; Peterson, Roger W.

• ISBN13: 9780138964818
• ISBN10: 0138964815
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2000-08-09
• Publisher: Pearson

Summary

This book provides a comprehensive and in-depth practical introduction to digital communications, from fundamental theory to state-of the-art material. It incorporates many practical examples of design issues.The book offers a broad perspective through a wide range of discussion topics, as well as basic background material. It covers a wide range of topics, including digital modulation; signal-space methods; coding; spread spectrum communications; digital cellular communications; and satellite communication link analysis. The book includes derivations as well as tables of special functions. It also provides applications of MATLAB programs useful in communication system design.A valuable reference book for professional communications engineers.y

Table of Contents

Preface	xvii
Introduction to Digital Data Transmission	1	(40)
Introduction	1	(4)
Components of a Digital Communication System	5	(6)
General Considerations	5	(1)
Subsystems in a Typical Communication System	5	(3)
Capacity of a Communications Link	8	(3)
Communications Channel Modeling	11	(14)
Introduction	11	(1)
Specific Examples of Communication Channels	11	(1)
Propagation Channels	11	(2)
Land Line	13	(1)
Compact Disc (CD) Channels	14	(1)
Approaches to Communication Channel Modeling	15	(1)
Discrete Channel Approach	15	(1)
Waveform Description of Communication Channels	16	(1)
Interference and Distortion in Communication Channels	17	(7)
External Channel Propagation Considerations	24	(1)
Communication Link Power Calculations	25	(6)
Decibels in Communication System Performance Calculations	25	(1)
Calculation of Power Levels in Communication Systems; Link Budgets	26	(5)
Driving Forces in Communications	31	(1)
Computer Use in Communication System Analysis and Design	32	(1)
Preview of the Book	33	(8)
References	35	(1)
Problems	36	(5)
Signals, Systems, Modulation, and Noise: Overview	41	(100)
Review of Signal and Linear System Theory	41	(15)
Introduction	41	(1)
Classification of Signals	41	(1)
Fundamental Properties of Systems	42	(2)
Complex Exponentials as Eigenfunctions for a Fixed, Linear System; Frequency Response Function	44	(1)
Orthogonal Function Series	45	(2)
Complex Exponential Fourier Series	47	(4)
The Fourier Transform	51	(2)
Signal Spectra	53	(1)
Energy Relationships	53	(2)
System Analysis	55	(1)
Basic Analog Modulation Techniques	56	(9)
Double-Sideband Modulation	56	(1)
The Hilbert Transform; Single-Sideband Modulation	57	(3)
Angle Modulation	60	(5)
Complex Envelope Representation of Bandpass Signals and Systems	65	(5)
Bandpass Signals	65	(2)
Bandpass Systems	67	(3)
Signal Distortion and Filtering	70	(12)
Distortionless Transmission and Ideal Filters	70	(1)
Group and Phase Delay	70	(9)
Nonlinear Systems and Nonlinear Distortion	79	(3)
Practical Filter Types and Characteristics	82	(6)
General Terminology	82	(3)
Butterworth Filters (Maximally Flat)	85	(1)
Chebyshev Filters (Equal Ripple)	86	(2)
Bessel (Maximally Flat Delay) Filters	88	(1)
Sampling Theory	88	(10)
The Lowpass Sampling Theorem	89	(3)
Nonideal Effects in Sampling	92	(1)
Sampling of Bandpass Signals	92	(2)
Oversampling and Downsampling to Ease Filter Requirements	94	(1)
Pulse Code Modulation	94	(4)
Differential Pulse Code Modulation	98	(1)
Random Processes	98	(21)
Mathematical Description of Random Processes	98	(7)
Input-Output Relationships for Fixed Linear Systems with Random Inputs; Power Spectral Density	105	(1)
Partial Descriptions	105	(3)
Output Statistics of Linear Systems	108	(4)
The Central and Noncentral Chi-Square Distributions	112	(1)
Examples of Random Processes	112	(2)
Narrowband Noise Representation	114	(3)
Distributions of Envelopes of Narrowband Gaussian Processes	117	(2)
Computer Generation of Random Variables	119	(10)
Introduction	119	(1)
Generation of Random Variables Having a Specific Distribution	120	(2)
Spectrum of a Simulated White Noise Process	122	(3)
Generation of Pseudo-Noise Sequences	125	(4)
Summary	129	(12)
References	133	(1)
Problems	134	(7)
Basic Digital Communication Systems	141	(58)
Introduction	141	(1)
The Binary Digital Communications Problems	141	(14)
Binary Signal Detection in AWGN	141	(4)
The Matched Filter	145	(3)
Application of the Matched Filter to Binary Data Detection	148	(1)
General Formula for PE	148	(2)
Antipodal Baseband Signaling	150	(1)
Baseband Orthogonal Signaling	150	(1)
Baseband On-Off Signaling	151	(3)
Correlator Realization of Matched Filter Receivers	154	(1)
Signaling Through Bandlimited Channels	155	(13)
System Model	155	(2)
Designing for Zero ISI: Nyquist's Pulse-Shaping Criterion	157	(3)
Optimum Transmit and Receive Filters	160	(4)
Shaped Transmit Signal Spectra	164	(2)
Duobinary Signaling	166	(2)
Equalization in Digital Data Transmission	168	(16)
Introduction	168	(1)
Zero-Forcing Equalizers	169	(4)
Minimum Mean-Square Error Equalization	173	(4)
Adaptive Weight Adjustment	177	(5)
Other Equalizer Structures	182	(1)
Equalizer Performance	183	(1)
A Digital Communication System Simulation Example	184	(6)
Noise Effects in Pulse Code Modulation	190	(4)
Summary	194	(5)
References	195	(1)
Problems	196	(3)
Signal--Space Methods in Digital Data Transmission	199	(108)
Introduction	199	(3)
Optimum Receiver Principals in Terms of Vector Spaces	202	(17)
Maximum a Posteriori Detectors	202	(3)
Vector Representation of Signals	205	(1)
K-Dimensional Signal Space Representation of the Received Waveform	206	(1)
Scalar Product	206	(1)
Gram-Schmidt Procedure	207	(2)
Schwarz's Inequality	209	(1)
Parseval's Theorem	210	(2)
MAP Detectors in Terms of Signal Spaces	212	(3)
Performance Calculations for MAP Receivers	215	(4)
Performance Analysis of Coherent Digital Signaling Schemes	219	(13)
Coherent Binary Systems	219	(1)
Coherent M-ary Orthogonal Signal Schemes	220	(4)
M-ary Phase-Shift Keying	224	(3)
Quadrature--Amplitude Modulation	227	(5)
Signaling Schemes Not Requiring Coherent References at the Receiver	232	(9)
Noncoherent Frequency-Shift Keying (NFSK)	232	(3)
Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK)	235	(6)
Comparison of Digital Modulation Systems	241	(4)
Bit Error Probabilities from Symbol Error Probabilities	243	(1)
Bandwidth Efficiencies of M-ary Digital Communication Systems	244	(1)
Comparison of M-ary Digital Modulation Schemes on Power and Bandwidth-Equivalent Bases	245	(3)
Coherent Digital Modulation Schemes	245	(2)
Noncoherent Digital Modulation Schemes	247	(1)
Some Commonly Used Modulation Schemes	248	(18)
Quadrature-Multiplexed Signaling Schemes	249	(1)
Quadrature Multiplexing	249	(2)
Quadrature and Offset-Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying	251	(3)
Minimum-Shift Keying	254	(1)
Performance of Digital Quadrature Modulation Systems	254	(4)
Gaussian MSK	258	(1)
π/4-Differential QPSK	258	(3)
Power Spectra for Quadrature Modulation Schemes	261	(5)
Design Examples and System Tradeoffs	266	(5)
Multi-h Continuous Phase Modulation	271	(13)
Description of the Multi-h CPM Signal Format	271	(5)
Calculation of Power Spectra for Multi-h CPM Signals	276	(6)
Synchronization Considerations for Multi-h CPM Signals	282	(2)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing	284	(12)
Introduction	284	(2)
The Idea behind OFDM	286	(1)
Mathematical Description of DFT-Implemented OFDM	286	(5)
Effect of Fading on OFDM Detection	291	(2)
Parameter Choices and Implementation Issues in OFDM	293	(1)
OFDM Symbol Rate for Combating Delay Spread	293	(1)
Realizing Diversity in OFDM	294	(1)
Implementation Issues	295	(1)
Simulation of OFDM Waveforms	295	(1)
Summary	296	(11)
References	299	(2)
Problems	301	(6)
Channel Degradations in Digital Communications	307	(59)
Introduction	307	(1)
Synchronization in Communication Systems	307	(14)
Carrier Synchronization	308	(9)
Symbol Synchronization	317	(2)
Frame Synchronization	319	(2)
The Effects of Slow Signal Fading in Communication Systems	321	(28)
Performance of Binary Modulation Schemes in Rayleigh Fading Channels	321	(1)
Introduction	321	(1)
Bit Error Probability Performance in Slow Rayleigh Fading	322	(2)
The Use of Path Diversity to Improve Performance in Fading	324	(5)
DPSK Performance in Moderately Fast Rayleigh Fading	329	(3)
Performance of M-ary Modulation Schemes in Slow Fading	332	(1)
Introduction	332	(1)
M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Rayleigh Fading	333	(3)
M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Ricean Fading	336	(2)
M-ary QAM Performance in Slow Rayleigh Fading	338	(3)
M-ary Noncoherent FSK Performance in Slow Ricean Fading	341	(1)
M-ary PSK and DPSK Performance in Slow Fading with Diversity	342	(1)
Rayleigh Fading	342	(2)
Ricean Fading	344	(5)
Diagnostic Tools for Communication System Design	349	(9)
Introduction	349	(1)
Eye Diagrams	350	(1)
Envelope Functions for Digital Modulation Methods	351	(2)
Phasor Plots for Digital Modulation Systems	353	(5)
Summary	358	(8)
References	361	(1)
Problems	362	(4)
Fundamentals of Information Theory and Block Coding	366	(104)
Introduction	366	(2)
Basic Concepts of Information Theory	368	(26)
Source Coding	368	(6)
Lempel-Ziv Procedures	374	(10)
Channel Coding and Capacity	384	(1)
General Considerations	384	(1)
Shannon's Capacity Formula	385	(2)
Capacity of Discrete Memoryless Channels	387	(4)
Computational Cutoff Rate	391	(3)
Fundamentals of Block Coding	394	(28)
Basic Concepts	395	(1)
Definition of a Block Code	395	(1)
Hamming Distance and Hamming Weight	395	(2)
Error Vectors	397	(1)
Optimum Decoding Rule	398	(2)
Decoding Regions and Error Probability	400	(2)
Coding Gain	402	(1)
Summary	403	(1)
Linear Codes	404	(1)
Modulo-2 Vector Arithmetic	404	(2)
Binary Linear Vector Spaces	406	(2)
Linear Block Codes	408	(3)
Systematic Linear Block Codes	411	(1)
Distance Properties of Linear Block Codes	412	(1)
Decoding Using the Standard Array	413	(4)
Error Probabilities for Linear Codes	417	(5)
Cyclic Codes	422	(28)
Definition of Cyclic Codes	423	(1)
Polynomial Arithmetic	423	(3)
Properties of Cyclic Codes	426	(1)
Encoding of Cyclic Codes	427	(1)
Decoding of Cyclic Codes	427	(2)
Hamming Codes	429	(1)
Definition of Hamming Codes	429	(1)
Encoding of Hamming Codes	430	(2)
Decoding of Hamming Codes	432	(1)
Performance of Hamming Cods	432	(4)
BCH Codes	436	(1)
Defintion and Encoding for BCH Codes	436	(5)
Decoding of BCH Codes	441	(2)
Performance of BCH Codes	443	(1)
Reed--Solomon Codes	444	(1)
Definition of Reed--Solomon Codes	444	(2)
Decoding the Reed--Solomon Codes	446	(1)
Performance of the Reed--Solomon Codes	446	(1)
The Golay Code	447	(1)
Definition of the Golay Code	447	(1)
Decoding the Golay Code	448	(1)
Performance of the Golay Code	449	(1)
Coding Performance in Slow Fading Channels	450	(2)
Summary	452	(18)
References	462	(1)
Problems	463	(7)
Fundamentals of Convolutional Coding	470	(66)
Introduction	470	(1)
Basic Concepts	470	(19)
Definition of Convolutional Codes	471	(7)
Decoding Convolutional Codes	478	(4)
Potential Coding Gains for Soft Decisions	482	(3)
Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes	485	(4)
The Viterbi Algorithm	489	(18)
Hard Decision Decoding	489	(11)
Soft Decision Decoding	500	(4)
Decoding Error Probability	504	(2)
Bit Error Probability	506	(1)
Good Convolutional Codes and Their Performance	507	(3)
Other Topics	510	(16)
Sequential Decoding	511	(1)
Theshold Decoding	511	(1)
Concatenated Reed--Solomon/Convolutional Coding	512	(2)
Punctured Convolutional Codes	514	(2)
Trellis-Coded Modulation	516	(6)
Turbo Codes	522	(4)
Applications	526	(1)
Summary	526	(10)
References	530	(2)
Problems	532	(4)
Fundamentals of Repeat Request Systems	536	(26)
Introduction	536	(1)
General Considerations	537	(1)
Three ARQ Strategies	538	(13)
Stop-and-Wait ARQ	538	(1)
General Description	538	(1)
Throughput Calculation	539	(5)
Go-Back-N ARQ	544	(1)
General Description	544	(2)
Throughput Calculation	546	(2)
Selective Repeat ARQ	548	(1)
General Description	548	(2)
Throughput Calculation	550	(1)
Codes for Error Detection	551	(6)
General Considerations	551	(4)
Hamming Codes	555	(1)
BCH Codes	556	(1)
Golay Codes	556	(1)
Summary	557	(5)
References	559	(1)
Problems	559	(3)
Spread-Spectrum Systems	562	(88)
Introduction	562	(1)
Two Communication Problems	563	(5)
Pulse-Noise Jamming	563	(3)
Low Probability of Detection	566	(2)
Types of Spread-Spectrum Systems	568	(21)
BPSK Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum	569	(8)
QPSK Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum	577	(6)
Noncoherent Slow-Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum	583	(3)
Noncoherent Fast-Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum	586	(1)
Hybrid Direct-Sequence/Frequency-Hop Spread Spectrum	586	(3)
Complex-Envelope Representation of Spread-Spectrum Systems	589	(5)
Generation and Properties of Pseudorandom Sequences	594	(17)
Definitions and Mathematical Background	594	(2)
m-Sequence Generator Configurations	596	(1)
Properties of m-Sequences	597	(2)
Power Spectrum of m-Sequences	599	(2)
Tables of Polynomials Yielding m-Sequences	601	(3)
Security of m-Sequences	604	(1)
Gold Codes	605	(2)
Kasami Sequences (Small Set)	607	(1)
Quaternary (Four-Phase) Sequences	608	(2)
Walsh Codes	610	(1)
Synchronization of Spread-Spectrum Systems	611	(3)
Performance of Spread-Spectrum Systems in Jamming Environments	614	(10)
Introduction	614	(2)
Types of Jammers	616	(1)
Combating Smart Jammers	616	(2)
Error Probabilities for Barrage Noise Jammers	618	(3)
Error Probabilities for Optimized Partial Band or Pulsed Jammers	621	(3)
Performance in Multiple User Environments	624	(4)
Multiuser Detection	628	(5)
Examples of Spread-Spectrum Systems	633	(8)
Space Shuttle Spectrum Despreader	633	(3)
Global Positioning System	636	(5)
Summary	641	(9)
References	642	(2)
Problems	644	(6)
Introduction to Cellular Radio Communications	650	(114)
Introduction	650	(1)
Frequency Reuse	651	(7)
Channel Models	658	(40)
Path Loss and Shadow Fading Models	659	(1)
Free Space Path Loss	660	(1)
Flat Earth Path Loss	661	(3)
Okumura/Hata Path Attenuation Model	664	(2)
Log-Normal Shadow Fading	666	(1)
Multipath Channel Models	667	(2)
Rayleigh Fading (Unresolvable-Multipath) Models	669	(18)
Ricean (Unresolvable) Fading	687	(4)
Summary	691	(1)
Resolvable Multipath Components	692	(1)
A Mathematical Model for the WSSUS Channel	693	(5)
Mitigation Techniques for the Multipath Fading Channel	698	(8)
Introduction	698	(3)
Space Diversity	701	(1)
Frequency Diversity	701	(1)
Time Diversity	702	(1)
Multipath Diversity and RAKE Receivers	703	(3)
System Design and Performance Prediction	706	(9)
Introduction	706	(1)
Performance Figures of Merit	707	(1)
Frequency Reuse	708	(5)
Cells Are Never Hexagons	713	(1)
Interference Averaging	713	(2)
Advanced Mobile Phone Service	715	(5)
Introduction	715	(2)
Call Setup and Control	717	(1)
Modulation and Signaling Formats	718	(2)
Global System for Mobile Communications	720	(11)
Introduction	720	(2)
System Overview	722	(2)
Modulation and Signaling Formats	724	(6)
Summary and Additional Comments	730	(1)
Code Division Multiple Access	731	(22)
Introduction	731	(4)
Forward Link Description	735	(8)
Reverse Link Description	743	(4)
Capacity of CDMA	747	(5)
Additional Comments	752	(1)
Recommended Further Reading	753	(11)
Cellular Concepts and Systems	754	(1)
Channel Modeling and Propagation	754	(2)
Concluding Remarks	756	(1)
References	756	(3)
Problems	759	(5)
Satellite Communications	764	(43)
Introduction	764	(7)
A Brief History of Satellite Communications	764	(2)
Basic Concepts and Terminology	766	(2)
Orbital Relationships	768	(2)
Antenna Coverage	770	(1)
Allocation of a Satellite Transmission Resource	771	(6)
FDMA	772	(2)
TDMA	774	(3)
CDMA	777	(1)
Link Power Budget Analysis	777	(13)
Bent-Pipe Relay	779	(2)
Demod/Remod (Regenerative) Digital Transponder	781	(3)
Adjacent Channel Interference	784	(1)
Adjacent Satellite Interference	785	(3)
Power Division in Limiting Repeaters	788	(2)
Examples of Link Power Budget Calculations	790	(11)
Low- and Medium-Earth Orbit Voice Messaging Satellite Systems	801	(2)
Summary	803	(4)
References	803	(1)
Problems	804	(3)
A Probability and Random Variables	807	(22)
A.1 Probability Theory	807	(4)
A.1.1 Definitions	807	(1)
A.1.2 Axioms	808	(1)
A.1.3 Joint, Marginal, and Conditional Probabilities	809	(2)
A.2 Random Variables, Probability Density Functions, and Averages	811	(4)
A.2.1 Random Variables	811	(1)
A.2.2 Probability Distribution and Density Functions	811	(3)
A.2.3 Averages of Random Variables	814	(1)
A.3 Characteristic Function and Probability Generating Function	815	(5)
A.3.1 Characteristic Function	815	(3)
A.3.2 Probability Generating Function	818	(2)
A.4 Transformations of Random Variables	820	(6)
A.4.1 General Results	820	(5)
A.4.2 Linear Transformations of Gaussian Random Variables	825	(1)
A.5 Central Limit Theorem	826	(3)
References	826	(1)
Problems	826	(3)
B Characterization of Internally Generated Noise	829	(6)
References	833	(1)
Problems	833	(2)
C Attenuation of Radio-Wave Propagation by Atmospheric Gases and Rain	835	(4)
D Generation of Coherent References	839	(40)
D.1 Introduction	839	(1)
D.2 Description of Phase Noise and Its Properties	839	(7)
D.2.1 General Considerations	839	(1)
D.2.2 Phase and Frequency Noise Power Spectra	840	(5)
D.2.3 Allan Variance	845	(1)
D.2.4 Effect of Frequency Multipliers and Dividers on Phase-Noise Spectra	845	(1)
D.3 Phase-Lock Loop Models and Characteristics of Operation	846	(21)
D.3.1 Synchronized Mode: Linear Operation	846	(6)
D.3.2 Effects of Noise	852	(4)
D.3.3 Phase-Locked-Loop Tracking of Oscillators with Phase Noise	856	(1)
D.3.4 Phase Jitter Plus Noise Effects	857	(2)
D.3.5 Transient Response	859	(4)
D.3.6 Phase-Locked-Loop Acquisition	863	(3)
D.3.7 Effects of Transport Delay	866	(1)
D.4 Frequency Synthesis	867	(12)
D.4.1 Digital Synthesizers	868	(2)
D.4.2 Direct Synthesis	870	(1)
D.4.2.1 Configurations	870	(1)
D.4.2.2 Spurious Frequency Component Generation in Direct Synthesizers	871	(1)
D.4.3 Phase-Locked Frequency Synthesizers	871	(1)
D.4.3.1 Configurations	872	(2)
D.4.3.2 Output Phase Noise	874	(1)
D.4.3.3 Spur Generation in Indirect Synthesizers	875	(1)
References	875	(1)
Problems	875	(4)
E Gaussian Probability Function	879	(2)
References	880	(1)
F Mathematical Tables	881	(8)
F.1 The Sinc Function	881	(1)
F.2 Trigonometric Identities	881	(1)
F.3 Indefinite Integrals	882	(1)
F.4 Definite Integrals	883	(1)
F.5 Series Expansions	884	(2)
F.6 Fourier Transform Theorems	886	(1)
F.7 Fourier Transform Pairs	887	(2)
Index	889

Excerpts

PrefaceThe philosophy of this book remains the same as that of the first edition, in particular to provide an introduction to the essentials of digital communications based on sound mathematical underpinnings and anchored in the literature of the various topics considered. After providing a treatment of the basic theory of digital modulation and coding in the first eight chapters, the three additional specialized areas of spread spectrum, cellular, and satellite communications are given one-chapter overviews. The intent is to not only provide firm foundation in the basic theory of digital communications, but to give an introduction to three areas that have provided the basis of a number of applications in recent years and show avenues of research that are currently receiving much attention. For example, spread-spectrum communications includes the subareas of code families with good correlation properties, multiuser detection, and ultra wideband communications for resolving multipath channels. Cellular radio provides a host of research areas, such as capacity optimization of multiuser communication systems and means for accommodating mixed-rate traffic. Satellite communications has enjoyed a resurgence of interest with the proposed (with one realized) low-earth orbit mobile voice communication systems, satellite navigational systems, and small aperture antenna system applications. With this philosophy, we feel that both the needs of the practicing engineer in the communications industry and the senior/beginning graduate student are met. The former is provided with a means to review or self-study a topic of importance on the job, and the latter is provided background in basic theory with an introduction to possible topics for further research.Virtually all electrical engineering programs include a course on linear systems in the junior year, and this book is written under that assumption. However, since the content of these linear systems courses varies from program to program, an overview of linear systems is included in Chapter 2. An additional reason for providing this information is to set notation and define special signals used throughout the book.Another assumption of the authors is that the typical student taking a course using this book will have had a junior-level course on probability. Often such courses contain additional topics from statistics and random processes. However, since coverage of these topics varies from program to program, the necessary material on random processes for this book is included in Chapter 2. For those students that may not have had a prior course on probability, our recommendation is that one be taken before a course taught using this book is taken. However, for very diligent students who may not wish to do this, or whose probability course was taken in the distant past, Appendix A of this book provides a brief overview of the necessary topics from probability. This material may be reviewed in conjunction with Chapter 1 and will not be needed until the latter part of Chapter 2, where random processes are covered.After an introduction to the general features of digital communication systems, Chapter 1 includes an overview of channel characteristics and an introduction to link power calculations. The latter subject is returned to in Chapters 10 and 11 in conjunction with a consideration of cellular radio and satellite communication links, respectively. The introduction of this subject in Chapter 1 provides a link between performance requirements of communication systems in terms of signal-to-noise ratio at the receiver input and the requirements of transmitter power implied by the performance desired and the channel attenuation characteristics.As already mentioned, Chapter 2 is a review of signal and system theory, analog modulation, and random processes. In addition to providing definitions of basic signals and setting notation, a very simple sim