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James A. Svoboda is an associate professor of electrical and computer engineering at Clarkson University where he teaches courses on topics such as circuits electronics, and computer programming. He earned a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Wisconsin, Madison, and M.S. from the University of Colorado, and a B. S. from General Motors Institute.
Sophomore Circuits is one of Professor Svoboda's favorite courses. He has taught this course to 2500 undergraduates at Clarkson University over the past 21 years. In 1996, he received Clarkson University's Distinguished Teaching Award.
Professor Svoboda has written several research papers describing the advantages of using nullors to model electric circuits for computer analysis. He is interested in the way technology affects engineering education and has developed several software packages for use in Sophomore Circuits.
Chapter 1 Electric Circuit Variables 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Electric Circuits and Current 1
1.3 Systems of Units 5
1.4 Voltage 7
1.5 Power and Energy 7
1.6 Circuit Analysis and Design 11
1.7 How Can We Check ? 13
1.8 Design Example—Jet Valve Controller 14
1.9 Summary 15
Problems 15
Design Problems 19
Chapter 2 Circuit Elements 20
2.1 Introduction 20
2.2 Engineering and Linear Models 20
2.3 Active and Passive Circuit Elements 23
2.4 Resistors 25
2.5 Independent Sources 28
2.6 Voltmeters and Ammeters 30
2.7 Dependent Sources 33
2.8 Transducers 37
2.9 Switches 39
2.10 How Can We Check ? 40
2.11 Design Example—Temperature Sensor 42
2.12 Summary 44
Problems 44
Design Problems 52
Chapter 3 Resistive Circuits 53
3.1 Introduction 53
3.2 Kirchhoff's Laws 54
3.3 Series Resistors and Voltage Division 63
3.4 Parallel Resistors and Current Division 68
3.5 Series Voltage Sources and Parallel Current Sources 74
3.6 Circuit Analysis 77
3.7 Analyzing Resistive Circuits Using MATLAB 82
3.8 How Can We Check ? 86
3.9 Design Example—Adjustable Voltage Source 88
3.10 Summary 91
Problems 92
Design Problems 112
Chapter 4 Methods of Analysis of Resistive Circuits 114
4.1 Introduction 114
4.2 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current Sources 115
4.3 Node Voltage Analysis of Circuits with Current and Voltage Sources 121
4.4 Node Voltage Analysis with Dependent Sources 126
4.5 Mesh Current Analysis with Independent Voltage Sources 128
4.6 Mesh Current Analysis with Current and Voltage Sources 133
4.7 Mesh Current Analysis with Dependent Sources 137
4.8 The Node Voltage Method and Mesh Current Method Compared 139
4.9 Circuit Analysis Using MATLAB 142
4.10 Using PSpice to Determine Node Voltages and Mesh Currents 144
4.11 How Can We Check ? 146
4.12 Design Example—Potentiometer Angle Display 149
4.13 Summary 152
Problems 153
PSpice Problems 167
Design Problems 167
Chapter 5 Circuit Theorems 169
5.1 Introduction 169
5.2 Source Transformations 169
5.3 Superposition 176
5.4 Thévenin’s Theorem 180
5.5 Norton’s Equivalent Circuit 187
5.6 Maximum Power Transfer 191
5.7 Using MATLAB to Determine the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 194
5.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Thévenin Equivalent Circuit 197
5.9 How Can We Check ? 200
5.10 Design Example—Strain Gauge Bridge 201
5.11 Summary 203
Problems 204
PSpice Problems 216
Design Problems 217
Chapter 6 The Operational Amplifier 219
6.1 Introduction 219
6.2 The Operational Amplifier 219
6.3 The Ideal Operational Amplifier 221
6.4 Nodal Analysis of Circuits Containing Ideal Operational Amplifiers 223
6.5 Design Using Operational Amplifiers 228
6.6 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Algebraic Equations 233
6.7 Characteristics of Practical Operational Amplifiers 238
6.8 Analysis of Op Amp Circuits Using MATLAB 245
6.9 Using PSpice to Analyze Op Amp Circuits 247
6.10 How Can We Check ? 248
6.11 Design Example—Transducer Interface Circuit 250
6.12 Summary 252
Problems 253
PSpice Problems 265
Design Problems 267
Chapter 7 Energy Storage Elements 268
7.1 Introduction 268
7.2 Capacitors 269
7.3 Energy Storage in a Capacitor 275
7.4 Series and Parallel Capacitors 278
7.5 Inductors 280
7.6 Energy Storage in an Inductor 285
7.7 Series and Parallel Inductors 287
7.8 Initial Conditions of Switched Circuits 288
7.9 Operational Amplifier Circuits and Linear Differential Equations 292
7.10 Using MATLAB to Plot Capacitor or Inductor Voltage and Current 298
7.11 How Can We Check ? 300
7.12 Design Example—Integrator and Switch 301
7.13 Summary 304
Problems 305
Design Problems 321
Chapter 8 The Complete Response of RL and RC Circuits 322
8.1 Introduction 322
8.2 First-Order Circuits 322
8.3 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Constant Input 325
8.4 Sequential Switching 338
8.5 Stability of First-Order Circuits 340
8.6 The Unit Step Source 342
8.7 The Response of a First-Order Circuit to a Nonconstant Source 346
8.8 Differential Operators 351
8.9 Using PSpice to Analyze First-Order Circuits 352
8.10 How Can We Check ? 355
8.11 Design Example—A Computer and Printer 359
8.12 Summary 362
Problems 363
PSpice Problems 374
Design Problems 375
Chapter 9 The Complete Response of Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 378
9.1 Introduction 378
9.2 Differential Equation for Circuits with Two Energy Storage Elements 379
9.3 Solution of the Second-Order Differential Equation—The Natural Response 383
9.4 Natural Response of the Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit 386
9.5 Natural Response of the Critically Damped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit 389
9.6 Natural Response of an Underdamped Unforced Parallel RLC Circuit 390
9.7 Forced Response of an RLC Circuit 392
9.8 Complete Response of an RLC Circuit 396
9.9 State Variable Approach to Circuit Analysis 399
9.10 Roots in the Complex Plane 403
9.11 How Can We Check ? 404
9.12 Design Example—Auto Airbag Igniter 407
9.13 Summary 409
Problems 411
PSpice Problems 422
Design Problems 423
Chapter 10 Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis 425
10.1 Introduction 425
10.2 Sinusoidal Sources 426
10.3 Phasors and Sinusoids 430
10.4 Impedances 435
10.5 Series and Parallel Impedances 440
10.6 Mesh and Node Equations 447
10.7 Thévenin and Norton Equivalent Circuits 454
10.8 Superposition 459
10.9 Phasor Diagrams 461
10.10 Op Amps in AC Circuits 463
10.11 The Complete Response 465
10.12 Using MATLAB to Analyze AC Circuits 472
10.13 Using PSpice to Analyze AC Circuits 474
10.14 How Can We Check ? 476
10.15 Design Example—An Op Amp Circuit 479
10.16 Summary 481
Problems 482
PSpice Problems 502
Design Problems 503
Chapter 11 AC Steady-State Power 504
11.1 Introduction 504
11.2 Electric Power 504
11.3 Instantaneous Power and Average Power 505
11.4 Effective Value of a Periodic Waveform 509
11.5 Complex Power 512
11.6 Power Factor 519
11.7 The Power Superposition Principle 527
11.8 The Maximum Power Transfer Theorem 530
11.9 Coupled Inductors 531
11.10 The Ideal Transformer 539
11.11 How Can We Check ? 546
11.12 Design Example—Maximum Power Transfer 547
11.13 Summary 549
Problems 551
PSpice Problems 566
Design Problems 567
Chapter 12 Three-Phase Circuits 568
12.1 Introduction 568
12.2 Three-Phase Voltages 569
12.3 The Y-to-Y Circuit 572
12.4 The Δ-Connected Source and Load 581
12.5 The Y-to-Δ Circuit 583
12.6 Balanced Three-Phase Circuits 586
12.7 Instantaneous and Average Power in a Balanced Three-Phase Load 588
12.8 Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement 591
12.9 How Can We Check ? 594
12.10 Design Example—Power Factor Correction 597
12.11 Summary 598
Problems 599
PSpice Problems 602
Design Problems 603
Chapter 13 Frequency Response 604
13.1 Introduction 604
13.2 Gain, Phase Shift, and the Network Function 604
13.3 Bode Plots 616
13.4 Resonant Circuits 633
13.5 Frequency Response of Op Amp Circuits 640
13.6 Plotting Bode Plots Using MATLAB 642
13.7 Using PSpice to Plot a Frequency Response 644
13.8 How Can We Check ? 646
13.9 Design Example—Radio Tuner 650
13.10 Summary 652
Problems 653
PSpice Problems 666
Design Problems 668
Chapter 14 The Laplace Transform 670
14.1 Introduction 670
14.2 Laplace Transform 671
14.3 Pulse Inputs 677
14.4 Inverse Laplace Transform 680
14.5 Initial and Final Value Theorems 687
14.6 Solution of Differential Equations Describing a Circuit 689
14.7 Circuit Analysis Using Impedance and Initial Conditions 690
14.8 Transfer Function and Impedance 700
14.9 Convolution 706
14.10 Stability 710
14.11 Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB 713
14.12 How Can We Check ? 718
14.13 Design Example—Space Shuttle Cargo Door 720
14.14 Summary 723
Problems 724
PSpice Problems 738
Design Problems 739
Chapter 15 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform 741
15.1 Introduction 741
15.2 The Fourier Series 741
15.3 Symmetry of the Function f(t) 750
15.4 Fourier Series of Selected Waveforms 755
15.5 Exponential Form of the Fourier Series 757
15.6 The Fourier Spectrum 765
15.7 Circuits and Fourier Series 769
15.8 Using PSpice to Determine the Fourier Series 772
15.9 The Fourier Transform 777
15.10 Fourier Transform Properties 780
15.11 The Spectrum of Signals 784
15.12 Convolution and Circuit Response 785
15.13 The Fourier Transform and the Laplace Transform 788
15.14 How Can We Check ? 790
15.15 Design Example—DC Power Supply 792
15.16 Summary 795
Problems 796
PSpice Problems 802
Design Problems 802
Chapter 16 Filter Circuits 804
16.1 Introduction 804
16.2 The Electric Filter 804
16.3 Filters 805
16.4 Second-Order Filters 808
16.5 High-Order Filters 816
16.6 Simulating Filter Circuits Using PSpice 822
16.7 How Can We Check ? 826
16.8 Design Example—Anti-Aliasing Filter 828
16.9 Summary 831
Problems 831
PSpice Problems 836
Design Problems 839
Chapter 17 Two-Port and Three-Port Networks 840
17.1 Introduction 840
17.2 T-to-P Transformation and Two-Port Three-Terminal Networks 841
17.3 Equations of Two-Port Networks 843
17.4 Z and Y Parameters for a Circuit with Dependent Sources 846
17.5 Hybrid and Transmission Parameters 848
17.6 Relationships Between Two-Port Parameters 850
17.7 Interconnection of Two-Port Networks 852
17.8 How Can We Check ? 855
17.9 Design Example—Transistor Amplifier 857
17.10 Summary 859
Problems 859
Design Problems 863
Appendix A Getting Started with PSpice 865
Appendix B MATLAB, Matrices, and Complex Arithmetic 873
Appendix C Mathematical Formulas 885
Appendix D Standard Resistor Color Code 889
References 891
Index 893
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