Introduction to Ergonomics, 2nd Edition

by Bridger, R. S.

• ISBN13: 9780415273787
• ISBN10: 0415273781
• Edition: 2nd
• Format: Paperback
• Copyright: 2003-04-10
• Publisher: C R C PUBLICATIONS

Summary

Introduction to Ergonomics gives a comprehensive introduction to ergonomics as the study of the relationship between people and their working environment and sets out the fundamental principles. This new edition includes updated questions at the end of each chapter, new sections on cost effectiveness of ergonomics and more case studies and an updated reading list. The instructor's manual gives answers to the questions in the book and provides guidance on teaching and assessment. The text provides a new emphasis on the teaching of implementable skills and fits well with the requirements for the registration of ergonomists and provides a balanced introduction of ergonomics for students and professionals.

Table of Contents

Preface to the second edition	xii
Introduction	1	(32)
The focus of ergonomics	2	(8)
Ergonomics and its areas of application in the work system	10	(1)
A brief history of ergonomics	11	(8)
Attempts to `humanise' work	19	(2)
Modern ergonomics	21	(5)
Effectiveness and cost effectiveness	26	(5)
Future directions for ergonomics	31	(1)
Summary	31	(1)
Essays and exercises	32	(1)
Anatomy, posture and body mechanics	33	(25)
Some basic body mechanics	34	(2)
Anatomy of the spine and pelvis related to posture	36	(6)
Postural stability and postural adaptation	42	(2)
Low back pain	44	(4)
Risk factors for musculoskeletal disorders in the workplace	48	(5)
Behavioural aspects of posture	53	(2)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	55	(1)
Research directions	56	(1)
Summary	56	(1)
Essays and exercises	57	(1)
Anthropometric principles in workspace and equipment design	58	(31)
Designing for a population of users	58	(1)
Sources of human variability	58	(2)
Anthropometry and its uses in ergonomics	60	(9)
Principles of applied anthropometry in ergonomics	69	(7)
Application of anthropometry in design	76	(3)
Design for everyone	79	(4)
Anthropometry and personal space	83	(1)
Effectiveness and cost-effectivness	84	(2)
Research directions	86	(1)
Summary	86	(1)
Essays and exercises	87	(2)
Static work: Design for standing and seated workers	89	(32)
Fundamental aspects of standing and sitting	90	(6)
An ergonomic approach to workstation design	96	(7)
Design for standing workers	103	(4)
Design for seated workers	107	(3)
Worksurface design	110	(2)
Visual display units	112	(1)
Guidelines for the design of static work	113	(3)
Effectiveness and cost-effectivness	116	(2)
Research directions	118	(1)
Summary	119	(1)
Essays and exercises	120	(1)
Design of repetitive tasks	121	(37)
Introduction to work-related musculoskeltal disorders	121	(7)
Injuries to the upper body at work	128	(1)
Review of tissue pathomechanics and WMSDs	129	(5)
Disorders of the neck	134	(3)
Carpal tunnel syndrome	137	(2)
Tennis elbow (epicondylitis)	139	(1)
Disorders of the shoulder	140	(2)
Lower limbs	142	(1)
Ergonomic interventions	143	(8)
Trends in work-related musculoskeltal disorders	151	(2)
Effectiveness and cost-effectivness	153	(3)
Research directions	156	(1)
Summary	156	(1)
Essays and exercises	157	(1)
Design of manual handling tasks	158	(29)
Anatomy and biomechanics of manual handling	158	(3)
Prevention of manual handling injuries in the workplace	161	(10)
Design of manual handling tasks	171	(7)
Carrying	178	(6)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	184	(2)
Research issues	186	(1)
Summary	186	(1)
Essays and exercises	186	(1)
Work capacity, stress and fatigue	187	(27)
Stress and fatigue	187	(1)
Muscles, structure, function and capacity	188	(11)
The cardiovascular system	199	(1)
The respiratory system	200	(1)
Physical work capacity	200	(5)
Factors affecting work capacity	205	(5)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	210	(2)
Research issues	212	(1)
Summary	212	(1)
Essays and exercises	213	(1)
Industrial applications of physiology	214	(19)
Measurement of the physiological cost of work	215	(3)
Applied physiology in the workplace	218	(5)
Fitness for work	223	(5)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	228	(2)
Research issues	230	(1)
Summary	230	(1)
Essays and exercises	231	(2)
Heat, cold and the design of the physical environment	233	(29)
Fundamentals of human thermoregulation	233	(2)
Measuring the thermal environment	235	(2)
Thermoregulatory mechanisms	237	(2)
Work in hot climates	239	(3)
Work in cold climates	242	(4)
Skin temperature	246	(1)
Protection against extreme climates	247	(3)
Comfort and the indoor climate	250	(6)
ISO standards	256	(1)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	256	(4)
Research directions	260	(1)
Summary	260	(1)
Essays and exercises	261	(1)
Vision, light and lighting	262	(33)
Vision and the eye	262	(12)
Measurement of light	274	(4)
Lighting design considerations	278	(8)
Visual fatigue, eyestrain and near work	286	(2)
Psychological aspects of indoor lighting	288	(1)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	289	(4)
Research issues	293	(1)
Summary	293	(1)
Essays and exercises	293	(2)
Hearing, sound, noise and vibration	295	(34)
Terminology	296	(1)
The ear	296	(7)
Measurement of sound	303	(6)
Ear protection	309	(2)
Design of the acoustic environment	311	(3)
Industrial noise control	314	(3)
Noise and communication	317	(1)
The auditory environment outdoors	317	(1)
Effects of noise on task performance	318	(1)
Non-auditory effects of noise on health	319	(1)
Noise and satisfaction	320	(1)
Vibration	321	(2)
Effectiveness and cost effectiveness	323	(4)
Research issues	327	(1)
Summary	327	(1)
Essays and exercises	328	(1)
Human information processing, skill and performance	329	(31)
A general information processing model of the user	329	(22)
Cognitive systems	351	(1)
Problem solving	352	(5)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	357	(1)
Research issues	358	(1)
Summary	358	(1)
Essays and exercises	358	(2)
Displays, controls and virtual environments	360	(41)
Principles for the design of visual displays	360	(15)
Auditory displays	375	(4)
Design of controls	379	(7)
Combining displays and controls	386	(6)
Virtual (`synthetic') environments	392	(4)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	396	(3)
Research issues	399	(1)
Summary	399	(1)
Essays and exercises	400	(1)
Human--computer interaction, memory and language	401	(35)
Human--centred design processes for interactive systems	402	(5)
Designing information in external memory stores	407	(6)
Human-computer dialogues	413	(5)
Memory and language in everyday life	418	(9)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	427	(6)
Research issues	433	(1)
Summary	434	(1)
Essays and exercises	434	(2)
Human--machine interaction, human error and safety	436	(41)
Human error and equipment design	436	(6)
Mental workload in human machine interaction	442	(3)
Psychological aspects of human error	445	(9)
Characterising human-machine interaction	454	(5)
GOMS	459	(1)
Prevention of error in human-machine interaction	460	(7)
Accidents and safety	467	(4)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	471	(4)
Research issues	475	(1)
Summary	476	(1)
Essays and exercises	476	(1)
System design: organisational and social aspects	477	(32)
Systems design methods for ergonomics	477	(4)
Organisational aspects: some macroergonomic examples	481	(14)
Psychosocial factors	495	(8)
Litigation	503	(1)
Cross-cultural considerations	504	(1)
Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness	505	(2)
Research directions	507	(1)
Summary	507	(1)
Essays and exercises	508	(1)
Further reading	509	(2)
References	511	(32)
Index	543